New England's "Dark Day." May 19, 1780
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- On May 19, 1780, Historian Thomas Campanella explains, “A preternatural gloom settled upon the New England landscape, and by noon the sun had been all but blotted from the sky.” New England’s “Dark Day” was read as an omen, even, perhaps, as the biblical end of days. But the question has persisted for nearly two and a half centuries- what could have blotted out the Sun?
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First video. Totally subscribed. Love the presentation, especially as someone from CT lol , keep up the great work =D
So you're not going to tell us what caused the phenomenon? Smh
As a New Yorker who experienced the ominous looking skies over the city two days ago along with the hazardous air caused by wildfires in Canada, I think I understand what New Englanders were experiencing in 1780.
You're a New Yorker? My condolences.
@@deemikait depends if he’s from state or city.
State can be very beautiful.
City?
Meh..not so much.
I’ll never understand how people can choose concrete over nature.
Something must be fundamentally wrong with them..
@@rolux4853 it's not just the city that suffers.... Even western NY, for all it's beauty, suffers from the tyranny of Albany.
@@rolux4853 Agreed!
@@deemikanew york’s great.
there’s something to do at almost any hour… you can’t get bored enough in new york to post stupid bullsh*t like sending someone condolences for wherever they live.
My great great .... whatever grandmother wrote of this in her journal. It was bad, they were worried about food and man's sinful behavior :). She was the third generation, her journal was one of the more interesting ones. She was dramatic and into damnnation. I always remembered her stories.
My mom used to read from the journals sometimes at night when we were up there (NH) as kids. It was the 70s people did stuff like that then.
You should publish them, sir! Have them added to a historic registry maybe, New England's history is fascinating.
New Hampshire is still a place of dark forests and among the ancient twisted trees roam monsters, serpents and the spirits of the dead.
My great great grandfather who emigrated in 1870 from County Mayo was named John Patrick Moran! 😊
@@johncasey1020 you think that’s bad I’m from Cleveland 😂
Thank you for your contribution to this vid
Stories of dark days has filtered down through my family. 2 branches of my family had settled New England many years before the pilgrims. I love it when something matches up with what I heard as a child.
That’s very cool.
a few of my relatives were in North America thousands of years before the Europeans came and destroyed it and murdered most of the native inhabitants
A few weeks of celibacy would make anyone shake!
Shadowace . What was their origin as I am curious of settlers before the pilgrims. I grew up not far away from Plymouth rock and thinks that it is history that deserves to be remembered. Thanks
@@327JohnnySS Part of the family were fishermen that came from Scotland, I have less info on the English side, though I would imagine they immigrated for the same reason.
Literally living through this right now in NJ from Canadian forest fires. It’s crazy. It’s like dusk at noon.
Sorry about that but we're doing the best we can to get it under control, It's been a rough summer.
Abraham Davenport is the sort of politician we need.
Dead ????
@@rhuephus Not sure that stops them. Pretty sure Feinstein's a zombie.
He sure was no golfer!
@@RevQuads who cares if they golf as long as they lead and not mumble and stay in a basement.
They dont make them like that anymore.
Politicians with honor, I mean.
"Red sky at night, sailors delight; red sky in morning, sailors take warning". The coastal sailors of New England must have been confused, perhaps terrified....
It's Red Sky at night. It's about the clouds.👍
@@walterdebnam8021 , that's what happens when insomnia strikes. I'll fix it. It was a rough night.....
@Aqua Fyre, geologist Simon Winchesters' book about Krakatoa was an excellent read.
So this is a coastal New England saying? This explains much. The saying never made sense to me, but I was raised nearer the Pacific coast.
We say shepherds delight … shepherds warning. Brought up far from the coast 😀
My Sisters and Brothers (of which I am the youngest at 58) all agree that we would like to have you as a guest at our next get-together. All 6 of us are history nerds. Normally our conversations start at food, but inevitably wind up with interesting historical events. The banter is light hearted, fun, and always factual. We study like you. You would fit right in and enjoy yourself. We would welcome a fellow history nerd like you. Hell, you even look like you could be my brother.
Thanks THG for enlightening us on the doom and gloom and not blowing smoke at us. 😂
While other lawmakers were "sprawled scross the Davenport of Despair" (a Warren Zevon lyric), legislator Abe Davenport says, "here, hold my candle!"😂
If I could give you TWO thumbs up I would simply for the Warren Zevon reference. kudos good sir, KUDOS!
The description of the red moon and darkening sun sounds a lot like what I see when there’s a major forest fire going on to the east. The only thing that was missing from the story is the smell - I can always tell there’s a fire going on by the smell of smoke in the air which tells me it’s not safe to be outdoors. Now that I think about it, two centuries ago people’s homes didn’t have very good insulation, did they?
I've witnessed this in Australia a couple of times during intense bushfires. Truly frightening given what followed.
Also people probably used wood to heat and cook their homes, so smoke was probably a common smell.
@@DigitalDiabloUK Good point.
@@DigitalDiabloUK why would you cook your home?
@@Marin3r101 the why doesn't matter - the simple fact is that in that time and place, if you wanted to cook your home (or even your neighbor's home), your only option would be to use a wood fire.
How odd is it that I'm watching this after two days of the sun being blotted out by Canadian forest fires? It's not so bad today.
Watching this a second time. So interesting! Hysteria. Bravery. Duty. Faith. History that should be remembered!
Back then, it was the Day of Judgement, and today it is Climate Change. Neither narrative likes perspective very much.
We had a large forest fire in the Columbia Gorge a few years ago. The sun looked similar to this Thank You
As we sit in Denver under a "dark day" from Canadian forest fires watching this wonderful video, I can't help but hope that more than one bloke in New England looked west that day and knowing that out there was forest as far as the eye can see, felt the wind in his face and smelled the faint whiff of ash and said to himself "Ayuh, they's a far out there somewhar's, an itsa big un."
I didn't play this until a couple of weeks later. This made for interesting timing as we just relived this event due to the widespread Canadian forest fires of June 2023.
Yesterday, 300 miles south of the Canadian border, we were down to 1 mile visibility because of smoke from the fires north of the border.
1 mile is plenty, don't be greedy 😜
@@edwardfletcher7790 It looked like LA 1970.
@@mikemaricle9941 I'm in Australia, if you want to see some crazy 💩, search for our "driving in a bushfire" videos 😕
Having seen The Day of Orange Sky here in the SF Bay Area in August 2021, the “big forest fire” explanation is the most plausible IMO. And yes, we could use a man like Davenport (or better yet, several) in government today.
that was a crazy day
I'm here in Denver having a "dark day" from fires up in Alberta! Its odd people didn't put two and two together back in those days. Its literally just smoke. Ive experienced the blood red sun/moon and dark haze too many times here in CO the last few years, it looks like dusk all day. We had our 3 largest wildfires and single most destructive fire in state history within a two year span (20-21). Now we're on track to have the wettest spring on record. strange weather!
The issues is that forest fires are extremely rare here in the east, and forest fires large enough to inject enough smoke into the atmosphere to be visible at distances of more than a couple dozen miles basically don’t exist. They wouldn’t really have anything to compare it to.
I'm in London, in south western Ontario, about half way between Toronto and Detroit. We had haze and a red moon and sun last week from the Alberta fires. Where I live what's left of the forests are dominated by hardwoods, but the further north one goes, it gradually shifts to a coniferous dominated forest. If the "Algonquin" referred to in the video is the area now called "Algonquin Park", a huge forest fire would not be only possible, but periodically expected. Given that the water ways in that area were not only important to the fur trade, but the rivers being the "highways" from Montreal to the Great Lakes and beyond, I would think there would be written record of a forest fire of that size in the 1780's.
Forest fires are extremely rare in New England so they would have no knowledge of any fires or smoke that would be causing it
@@SapphireX413 True. And even if the fires were noted at the time in Canada, it's likely that this news would never become associated with the May 19th event-- even if it eventually made it to New England.
Same here in Montana...maybe dimmer.
I live in the middle of the USA. A day or so ago, we had some seriously dim skies. There was quite a bit of cloud cover, but the dimness was obviously from smoke. You could even vaguely smell it. Someone thought we must have had a grass fire going in the area because that tends to happen here. However, I read that it was from fires up in Canada. That's a very long way away, I can only imagine how bad it must have been up there.
A great forest fire to the west was the first thought that came to mind. The phenomenon was too regionalized to have been a volcano.
We endured horrible fires here in Napa County a few years back (twice between 2015 and 2017!!!). The skies were so dark and filled with suffocating smoke, my 'automatic' headlight setting in my car kept turning on the lights as the computer (along with the forward-looking camera) thought it was nighttime during daylight hours. We had to leave the county several times because the air quality was so bad. It defined eerie and conjured up images of the end of the world and with the fires raging for weeks without restraint, it felt like it. It doesn't take too much for things to go sideways and for people to get crazy as we all did during Covid-19. Sadly, it will happen again. Even now, Canada right now is offering horrific forest fires that will repeat the effects of 1780 for some regions of the north.
Shortly into this episode I thought, "that sounds a lot like a forest fire in Canada." I grew up in Massachusetts and lived in Melrose (a city north of Boston) for a few years. One day about 10 years ago I came outside and thought there was a fire in downtown Melrose because it was SO smokey and hazy. No, there was a fire in Canada somewhere above the Great Lakes region! Truly amazing how much land must've been burning to produce enough smoke to make my clothes smell like I'd been at a campfire.
Happened here in Pinellas Co, FL. The fires were far north of us, but the smoke moved in early in the morning and I could smell burning. I went outside and could see smoke at the street level, and the sky was dim. The fires were more than a hundred miles away, but the winds carried them to us while feeding the fire.
There have been recent wildfires to the north of us in Canada that produce smoke and haze here in Minnesota, hundred of miles away. It's been ongoing for days, depending on the wind. We've had to keep the windows closed at times, as the smell of smoke is so strong.
My mother grew up in a house on Hillcrest off Upham on the east side. It was my grandma's home for 67 years.
I'm in Rhode island. Today, May 30, 2023, smoke from the Tantallon Fire in Nova Scotia has blocked out the sun. It's way cooler than normal and the smell of smoke is thick in the air. You can SEE it moving in, like a fog bank only higher in the atmosphere. I can barely see across the Seekonk River now, which is very narrow. It started as a bright, late spring day. Now it's a mucky gray day.
@@jabbermocky4520 There are bigger fires burning near Shelbourne NS and St Andrews in NB - both closer to you. And I am sure there are fires in Maine. But yeah smoke travels far.
Just watched the video last week, and here we are again in 2023 and the New York area getting a fresh blast of Canadian smoke!
Your oratory makes listening to your channel a pleasure.
Thank you, History Guy! I've read a fair amount of history and even taught it a few years, but you just keep surprising and delighting me with interesting history I had not heard about. Keep up the great work!
As soon as you started talking about this I surmised it was from a forest fire. Right this moment as I write in Southern CT our air quality is threatened due to particles and dense smoke from fires in Nova Scotia. Some things don’t change.
In May of 2010 there were forest fires burning in the Canadian Province of Quebec. I remember it well, as it was the Memorial Day weekend and my father had just passed away. There was a light gray haze throughout New Hampshire as a result of those fires. Just an eerie look.
Ahh we are living through this right now in Wisconsin. The give away was the red sun in the am and red sun at sunset along with the obscured sun most of the day. Fires in Canada has made for a couple weeks of very bad air in our area. Great story.
This brought to mind a Saturday at my home on the mid-Atlantic coast of the US. Everything turned a strange yellow like you sometimes hear in stories of events before a tornado. Only thing was that it was clear with no threatening weather visible. Turns out that it was the smoke plume from a forest fire in Canada. The satellite photos showed it being blown almost due south and a little to the east. No, it was not overly dark, just strangely lighted.
I wager Joseph Turner is not too happy about being dead now.
Presently, we are having a huge cloud of smoke here in Connecticut just like they had in 1780. There are over 400 huge forest fires in Canada and the huge smoke clouds have gone South and we have an incredible about of smoke. Looks like History does repeat itself.
I was in high school when this happened. We had to use candles just to find our way to the chamber pot in the center of our one room cabin.
That connection to the Shakers is fascinating! My 6th great grandfather had a nephew and three nieces who joined the Shakers in Alfred, Maine some 25 years after the Dark Day. They were all born after it, but probably heard about it throughout their childhoods.
I’ve been to Algonquin many times & didn’t know this! Thank you, THG!
It's happening again. I live in New York and the sun was barely there because of the Canadian fires.😮
My first thought was fire. A couple years ago there were fires in BC Canada and here in the Pacific Northwest we had very dark red skys for a week or two. Unlike in 1780 we had the news to tell us what was going on.
Good morning from Connecticut, fellow History students! Hey there Mr. Fort Worth and Sin City! Enjoy today’s lesson!
^_^
We had a few days like that here in San Francisco on 2020Sep09. I have a photo taken midday, although I couldn't past it into the comment. The sky was red, caused by smoke from surrounding wildfires being sucked in over our city. We live in modern times, with science and meteorologists. I can only imagine the panic if it was the 18th century.
It was like that in Humboldt, too. Ash on cars and plants, air unsafe to breathe and way too close for comfort...
The panic in the 18th century? Do you watch the news?!😂
I was gonna say, sounds like 9/9/2020, the height of the fires in Nor Cal, when everything was dark and “apocalyptic orange.” I’ve seen red moons during fire season several times. Lots of smoke and ash in the air would cause this … especially if there was also an eclipse at the same time, but that’s just me speculating. :)
How timely this came today, as we have been dealing with smog from Canadian wildfires the last three days!
I immediately thought of a volcanic eruption. Krakatoa had the same effects and some lasted 2 or 3 years.
And then there is the possibility that same Krakatoa made 536 c.e. the "worst year in history."
Release a video on the exact date AND day of the week as the historic event? BRILLIANT!
Can you say IRONY??? Two weeks after this video it happened again! I am so loving this!
Amazed you haven't done The Walking Purchase yet.. or at least one that I have found. Would love to see you do that event one day, as that I feel it is one of the most, needs to be remembered, moments in history. Yet many people give me blank stares whenever I mention it. I live and grew up along it's path, so I think that is what sparked my fascination with history at a young age as I was able to realize what I learned in history class in school actually was real and it's effects were all around us.
@BSCHULER What is the Walking Purpose?
@@throne1797 The Walking Purchase, not Walking Purpose. I hesitate to even begin to explain it here as it is very complicated and remains even somewhat controversial today. But it was a scam deal devised and used to steal land from the Indians living in the eastern part of what is now Pennsylvania.The children of late colonist William Penn claimed their father had signed a deal with the local indian tribe before his death that they now wanted to carry out. It was called The Walking Purchase, because the fake forged deal, was a land purchase that would be based on how far a man can walk in 3 days. After the walk was done, the scammed Indians realized it was a scam right away, but our judicial system wasn't at all fair at the time, and thus did nothing to help the Indians. Since then, using modern technological advances, the evidence has been conclusive that the scam was a total scam. Even the supposed deal was a fake forgery. But before modern science, people back then knew it was a scam as one just needs to look at the original Walking Purchase map to see the first scam. They were to draw a straight line to the Delaware River as their northern border.. but instead of going the shortest straight line route to the river as they were supposed to, they drew a line along the longest path they could to the river to make the purchased land larger. Anyway, I just find it amazing as I live along the walking path itself and I think it is also an amazing story and example of one way arriving colonists stole the Indians land. I find the way the Indians were treated by the court system the most interesting these days. But overall, I just find every part of this historic Walking Purchase story very interesting and compelling.
The Walking Purchase exemplifies how all subsequent deeds are "fatality flawed" & mute🔕
@@bschuler didn’t they also find one of the best colonial runners to grab as much land as possible?
@@ElleCee62978 Yes they did. I omitted it as I was just trying to be concise. But growing up along it's path, that is what used to fascinate me when I was a child. I was amazed at the distance he was able to travel over rivers, creeks, hills, valleys, etc. in the time allowed. Nowadays, the legal process afterwards is what fascinates me. I am sort of amazed nobody ever made a Hollywood movie out of the Walking Purchase, as it is a fascinating tale and many people don't know about it. But I guess the movie target audience would be very limited and it is a somewhat controversial subject.
Thanks for another great presentation.
Massachusetts, born and raised (20 minutes outside Boston). This was really interesting!
It is a fun idea and i hope The History Guy comes to boring ol' Iowa at some point to check out what history has been forgotten here!
I live in Southeastern Massachusetts and our skies haven't been blue for a week due to 🔥 fires in Western Canada. Today's the first blue sky day in a while.
We visited California in 2003 during the fires fed by the Santa Anna winds. There was constant Ash in the air and the sky was always dark like a really cloudy day.
Exactly 200 yrs later, I was born. Coincidence? Me thinks not. 🤔
Happy Birthday!
What a fun idea!! I would love to join THG and group on a learning adventure!
Regarding this day, I've read before of Davenport's rationale for remaining in assembly. Very sensible and calm!
I appreciate you, thank you for making content.
Anyone 3lse watching this during the crazy weather from the wildfires?
It is interesting that this video appeared in my suggested videos today. The Canadian fires of June 2023 are causing very dark weather in New England and even down into Virginia?
I didn't know Danny DeVito was a Shaker!
We had a day like this in Maine last week. Yellow hue during the day. Forest fires in Canada.
Thank you for this documentary. I really enjoyed it.
Way to go History Guy😊 Thanks for your dedicated work and the history lesson.❤😊
History Guy, this may be one of the finest and most poignant episodes you've ever made, to me. I am well aware of the 1815 Mt. Tambora eruption in Indonesia that cause the "year without a summer" in America's north east. This is simply fascinating and oh so timely. Just yesterday upon returning home from work, here in the beautiful Rocky Mountain West (where everything is the best 😄) I noticed the valley air had turned hazy from the smoke from a fire. A quick search of the internet showed that a massive fire in Canada was the cause. Today, Saturday May 21st, 2023 and the air is still gross, but improving. It's easy to see how people could come to all kinds of conclusions as to the cause of this dark day, some 230+ years ago. But I most admire the man who said something close to, perhaps it is not the end, perhaps it is, but I'd rather be found doing my duty. Simple duty has no place for fear. Then there is the religious fervor that resulted. Indeed that fervor has shaped American history and our lives, my life, to this day. Well done History Guy! Bravo!
The Year Without a Summer represents the first anthropogenic climate change scare in history. Prior to 1816, unusual weather phenomena like the Dark Day of New England were attributed to God's wrath, but in the summer of 1816, claims abounded that Ben Franklin had messed up the world's climate by inventing and marketing the lightning rod. Since then Climate Change and Luddites have been closely intertwined.
Wildfires in Canada.
Same as today, June 8, 2023, with wildfires in Canada blotting out the sun in New York City.
Just a couple of weeks, and you would've been describing New York in the present day. That must've been an enormous fire to have so darkened the skies.
Great presentation and explanation. Thank you.
Thanks, as always.
Good morning from Ft Worth TX to the History Guy and everyone watching. Can't wait for your Memorial Day video next week...OS1(SW/AW) USN Retired
don't matter where you're from brother. i solute u and support u but c'mon that' little much.
It is strange that I should watch this episode today, 19 May 2023 b/c today here in Colorado we experienced a very dark day (Denver was the 2nd city that had a very dark day from forest fires in Canada). Smoke from those fires came down here to Colorado & it was not a pleasant day today. Not as dark as your history lesson but dark it was. :) ps. that is 243 yrs ago today.
Talk about timing. The one about hail the day after they had to plow 5 inches of hail off the highway between Haigler, Nebraska and Wray, Colorado.
Show about a forest fire darkening the northeast, the day after smoke from Canadian fires extended across Kansas.
Lol! My first thought was a volcano. The changed to a forest fire conflagration off in the North West because it was prolonged. I'm a retired firefighter that was a forestry (wildland) firefighter (for only one season, part time).
I was too back in the 1970s for a summer fighting a fire that wouldn't go out near Big Sur, CA. Pay was $2.35 for state land and $7 something for federal land. Big suspicion fell on some out of state/in-state firefighters re-starting the fires for very good pay.
NYC had our Dark Day 06/07/23. Same conditions
Back in 1988 there were huge fires in Yellowstone and the Black Hills, etc. The ash and smoke blew all the way to Minneapolis and the sky was an eerie yellow/orange and the sun dark red for many dark days.
last year was the worst in some years for forest fires, here in the sunny okanagan
September 9, 2020 was a day to remember in San Francisco and much of the west coast. Heavy wildfire smoke rendered the sky an eerie reddish black for nearly the entire day, lightening up later in the afternoon. Air quality at ground level that day was surprisingly not terrible that day, as the smoke was higher up. The terrible ground level air quality would come the next day, as my photos of shining a flashlight beam up into the night sky on September 10th illustrate.
Yeah, the red moon really points towards a forest fire, you did see a similar thing in Australia a while back known as "Black Saturday bushfires". Red moon and dark as night there too. There are of course other things that can cause a similar effect but none likely to hit New England out of nowhere and the tree rings proves it pretty well.
I can see why it scared people, America was a bit chaotic at the time and for some it might have felt as the end of days.
Wildfire smoke from Alberta cloaked the Lower 48 this week.
I love the irony of seeing this video after New York and much of the North and Midwest US have been eclipsed by the smoke from Canadian wildfires. I'm not sure that it's any better just because we know why it's happening. But I think that we all ought to get used to it.
Thank you
I would imagine it is a day never forgotten by the candlemakers of the region, they must have had a bumper year for sales!
Having seen the day the Sky turned orange in Northern California due to wildfires - I believe the researchers.
Connecticut State Library used to get many questions on the Dark Day. CT State Archives has resources like original documents of General Assembly.
If you travel to Connecticut let me know! State Library has a Hiking Through History program
Reminds me of our area of Arizona back in spring 2011 when we had a MAJOR forest fire in the mountains nearby.
This exact scenario is happening now (Pennsylvania) secondary to wildfires in Nova Scotia and primarily the same on a larger scale the wildfires in Québec
As soon as this started, I simply thought "wildfire." And a second later, remembering that pretty much the entire east coast is under hazy skies and air quality alerts today...due to a wildfire in Canada. Plus ca change and all that
Question: How about we organize a gathering for the historical April 8th, 2024 "X" marks the spot crossing of the solar Eclipses near Cape Girardeau, Missouri. With any luck, we can observe the Mississippi River flow backwards as the New Madrid fault makes a solar induced cameo appearance.
I wonder, then, if New Englanders experienced similar after effects because of the great fires around Lake Michigan in 1871.
I want you to tell me wild history about people and places along the Mississippi River, while we cruise down it on a Pattleboat. You dressed as Mark Twain. With a live band to play the music of each era we pass thru. Yes costumes as well. 😊
LOL- I'll see if I can set that up.
These stories are awesome. Great work!
And again our Northern neighbors are smoking us out again. I live near Buffalo and it is smokey!!
In 1980, Spokane Washington had a similar day due to the eruption of Mt St Helens
Interesting that your topic is something that you may be about to experience in the midwest. Wild fires in Alberta and Saskatchewan are inside of a heat dome that will push the smoke towards your region as the jet stream pushes the system across North America. I hope it does not get as dark as this historical note describes, we don't want that level of burning so as to cause that thick a smoke.
I'd love to introduce you to the endless skiens of social and cultural tradition run through the small village I grew up in. It has a Hollywood conection, two in fact. 😐 place called Rottingdean.
As a coincidence, there are raging forest fires in Canada today (June 7,2023), and the news and the New Englanders act as if this occurrence is unique.They should all be told to watch "The History Guy" more, and not get excited.
Great story! Thank you.
Living in NY and hearing the description of this "dark day", I definitely recognized how similar that historic event sounds to the wildfire smoke that came down recently. Imagine not having electrical lights these days and the smoke would probably be almost as darkening as the 1780's event. Heck, NYC was straight up brown even with fluorescent lights.
"The common exhalations of the earth and water"..... Now there's a sentence you don't hear everyday!!! 😊❤
I LOVE the idea of joining a history guy trip!!! Would likely not join though due to limitations.
Wait to see what options we come up with- our goal is to be both affordable and accessible.
Visiting any historic location with an excellent teacher is the best way to truly learn about its history…to truly understand and make meaningful connections helps any curious student retain their learnings. I would love to join you on any such trip! Will look forward to any announcements!
Thanks for this bit of history.
Another interesting Moon story is the Canterbury monks' description in 1178 of a possible lunar crater event (Bruno Crater?).
Also, the 1833 Leonid Meteor Storm would be another interesting subject. I have early Virginia ancestors who were shocked into Methodism after that event! Their descriptions were recorded in the family bible.
Our wildfires in Santa Cruz in 2020 made it dark as night at 3PM. At that point the smoke was high enough it was not significantly affecting the air quality but blocking all light from above.
The exact same thing is happening right now in new england .. scary
Just had this happen in Michigan about three weeks ago.
I'm in NE, few weeks ago Canadian forest fires spread ash into the sky and you could not only smell and choke a bit on the air but also could see a haze in the sky.
Field trips with The History Guy!! What fun
This is perfectly normal for New Jersey. Just a gloomy place. We still live this way