Highly informative conversation ...clear and concise...at each point....20:21 for neutrino mass problem...26:00 for rise and fall of super-symmetry ... 34:00 for problem posed by colliding hadrons.... 49:00 problems and benefits of a muon collider..cost benefit benefits of the muon collider alternative 1:04 ... Eloquent defense of physics as a life choice in the last minutes..
A delightful conversation. She has a great sense of humor. It's good to learn more about an important area of particle physics. Good luck with the muon collider!
I’ve listened to this twice. If only our elections we’re approaching this level of discussion. informed, civil, thoughtful, balanced, considerate, scientific. We’d have plenty of reason to be hopeful for a prosperous future.
"the first real hint that we could see of new physics that would affect the electroweak sector is really four pi times the VEV", an explanation of what '4π x VEV' would be nice!
This is a conversation, not a course. I much prefer to hear the natural flow of the discussion than to have it interrupted to explain every technical term.
For those who prefer Knowledge over "natural flow of discussion", after a bit of searching the VEV is the Vacuum Expectation Value and is about 246GeV for the Higgs field so times 4π would put it at about 3.1TeV which is maybe why Cari mentioned the 3TeV range as a good energy to test at. th-cam.com/video/ELe3fvuTsdE/w-d-xo.html
1:19:00 Electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) may show up around 4π times the vacuum expectation value (VEV) of the Higgs at 246 GeV, so around 3.1 TeV. The Higgs VEV gives masses to the W,Z bosons of electroweak theory, then fermion masses are proportional to the Higgs VEV. The VEV arises from the Mexican Hat shaped potential of the Higgs field, such that the lowest energy is offset from zero field value, settling the vacuum in the brim of the hat, undergoing radial and circular excitations, that have certain spectra of energies. Her desire to see a Heavy Z' electroweak boson requires at least this energy, but perhaps a lot more. Various GUTs, SU(5), SUSY, Kaluza-Klein extra dimensions, Little Higgs, Twin Higgs, Un-Unified, .. predict different versions of heavy Z', so any real observation would discriminate between theories. See the survey paper by Langacker (2009).
Hey Sean! What if the wave function collapse is determined by another field. The field that carries the information of where and how and when and what matter particles should be. So the wave function collapses after interacting with that field and it's collapse is determined/governed by that field which carries the information about how and where matter particles should emerge.
I wonder, the European Spallation Source will accellerate protons to GeV territory and bang them into dense metal, but to make neutrons, not mesons as in the imagined muon collider muon source. What's the difference?
_Why has the universe taken on this profile?_ I can't imagine such a thing is even answerable. I bet Douglas Adams would say that the instant* someone discovers the answer, the universe would cease to exist. In fact, he might say that this has already occurred. *one Planck time in duration
It’s obvious that the profile of the Universe is to Ensure a Dance Floor for Dougal Adams to meet Eurynome in a state of improbabability with 42 dolphins.The mice said onelove
It’s OBVIOUS the profile of the Universe is a to Ensure a Dance floor for Douglas Adams to meet Eurynome in a state of improbablity and gift her 42 dolphins.The Mice said so
If you want to have scientists and engineers you have to grow them. That means projects. Projects like particle accelerators. Now we have proton therapy for cancer
Took me ten minutes to figure out why her right earring doesn’t follow gravity: because it wasn’t at rest. - Maybe I need to go back to some Newtonian Lesson first. ^^ - On the other hand: maybe it’s a perspective thing? Back to some Photography or Art lessons?
Do both of you have the same freaky mathematics abilities that someone like Grant Sanderson of 3Blue1Brown has? Do you see/create complex equations and just know by looking at them what they are saying about the phenomenon they describe?
I’m hesitant to even raise the subject but I have to say how incredibly refreshing it is to see that at the time of writing, there isn’t a single comment referring to Cari’s appearance - something that almost never happens online where women are judged on looks first and everything else second. Sean should be so proud to have a audience which values her intellect and ideas. It reminds me of my own undergraduate physics lab, mostly men but with a couple of women (highly skewed) when it was gate-crashed by a strippogram, in some kind of prank. I believe this was in 1988. Everyone looked up, noticed there was a stripper in the lab and went back to their work. Our professor later said he was incredibly proud that nobody judged or reacted negatively but neither did anyone have any interest in playing along. We were making lasers and holograms. Cari is a talented communicator who, like Sean, uses simplifying, clear language instead of trying to obfuscate or dazzle. Without referring to anyone in particular on the current political scene regarding rank misogyny (do I need to?), it gives me hope.
Do you need a new tape measure to measure the Universe? Let's work with the postulates of Einstein's theory of relativity. And if we apply new technologies for this, using the experience of Michelson Morley on the airplane fixing speed 200, 300, 400 m/s., we will see how quantum gravity works. Such measurements are impossible on the satellite due to weightlessness.
During 1905 Einstein gave an alternative explanation for the experiments that had already been done, which explained the "Photoelectric Effect". The concept of the "Aether" has not really been abandoned. It was revived and is now known as the "Higgs Field". Can one extra spatial dimension produce a geometric explanation of the 1/2 spin of electrons? The following is an extension of the old Kaluza-Klein theory. What do the Twistors of Roger Penrose and the Geometric Unity of Eric Weinstein and the exploration of one extra spatial dimension by Lisa Randall and the "Belt Trick" of Paul Dirac have in common? Is the following idea a “Quantized” model related to the “Vortex Theory” proposed by Maxwell and others during the 19th century? In Spinors it takes two complete turns to get down the "rabbit hole" (Alpha Funnel 3D--->4D) to produce one twist cycle (1 Quantum unit). Can both Matter and Energy be described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature? (A string is revealed to be a twisted cord when viewed up close.) Mass= 1/Length, with each twist cycle of the 4D Hypertube proportional to Planck’s Constant. In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137. 1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface 137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted. The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.) If quarks have not been isolated and gluons have not been isolated, how do we know they are not parts of the same thing? The tentacles of an octopus and the body of an octopus are parts of the same creature. Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the constant exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together. Therefore, the gluon is a synthetic particle (zero mass, zero charge) invented to explain the Strong Force. The "Color Force" is a consequence of the XYZ orientation entanglement of the twisted tubules. The two twisted tubule entanglement of Mesons is not stable and unwinds. It takes the entanglement of three twisted tubules to produce the stable proton.
@@kovex-pulthul The following is a more complete version of the model. Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: “We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question which divides us is whether it is crazy enough to have a chance of being correct.” Neils Bohr (lecture on a theory of elementary particles given by Wolfgang Pauli in New York, c. 1957-8, in Scientific American vol. 199, no. 3, 1958) The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with some aspects of the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose, and the work of Eric Weinstein on “Geometric Unity”, and the work of Lisa Randall on the possibility of one extra spatial dimension, and the “belt trick” of Paul Dirac? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics? When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if Quark/Gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks where the tubes are entangled? (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Charge" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry. Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Gluons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to with this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. The twist in the torus can either be Right-Hand or Left-Hand. Some twisted donuts can be larger than others, which can produce three different types of neutrinos. If a twisted tube winds up on one end and unwinds on the other end as it moves through space, this would help explain the “spin” of normal particles, and perhaps also the “Higgs Field”. However, if the end of the twisted tube joins to the other end of the twisted tube forming a twisted torus (neutrino), would this help explain “Parity Symmetry” violation in Beta Decay? Could the conversion of twist cycles to writhe cycles through the process of supercoiling help explain “neutrino oscillations”? Spatial curvature (mass) would be conserved, but the structure could change. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons? Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension? Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons . Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The production of the torus may help explain the “Symmetry Violation” in Beta Decay, because one end of the broken tube section is connected to the other end of the tube produced, like a snake eating its tail. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process, which is also found in DNA molecules. Could the production of multiple writhe cycles help explain the three generations of quarks and neutrinos? If the twist cycles increase, the writhe cycles would also have a tendency to increase. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves. ( Mass=1/Length ) The “Electric Charge” of electrons or positrons would be the result of one twist cycle being displayed at the 3D-4D surface interface of the particle. The physical entanglement of twisted tubes in quarks within protons and neutrons and mesons displays an overall external surface charge of an integer number. Because the neutrinos do not have open tube ends, (They are a twisted torus.) they have no overall electric charge. Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms. In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137. 1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface 137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted. The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.) How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter? Why did Paul Dirac use the twist in a belt to help explain particle spin? Is Dirac’s belt trick related to this model? Is the “Quantum” unit based on twist cycles? Does it take two full turns to get down the rabbit-hole (Alpha funnel)? I started out imagining a subatomic Einstein-Rosen Bridge whose internal surface is twisted with either a Right-Hand twist, or a Left-Hand twist producing a twisted 3D/4D membrane. This topological Soliton model grew out of that simple idea.
Hmm. Being 'cool' isn't a good justification. This all seemed a good argument against the investment. Sure, there's something to be said for just finding stuff out (even if it's only to show there's nothing to find out) but that's quite an indulgence. What real-world problem would all the expense potentially solve? Nothing? With no obvious issues to resolve this stuff is getting harder to justify, isn't it?
@@CliffSedge-nu5fv Not with public funds, no. And even on private funds of significant scale there really should be some accountability. I mean, I'm sure setting fire to a billion dollars is "fun" and "interesting" - and maybe one could even learn something from it. It's perfectly legitimate to question such stuff. It needs be justified. Where are the billions (of scarce resource) getting us?
![ILLSLICK - KILLSHOT REMIX [FULL VERSION]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/RIK8RrqIAzE/mqdefault.jpg)
Highly informative conversation ...clear and concise...at each point....20:21 for neutrino mass problem...26:00 for rise and fall of super-symmetry ... 34:00 for problem posed by colliding hadrons.... 49:00 problems and benefits of a muon collider..cost benefit benefits of the muon collider alternative 1:04 ... Eloquent defense of physics as a life choice in the last minutes..
A delightful conversation. She has a great sense of humor. It's good to learn more about an important area of particle physics. Good luck with the muon collider!
She's an excellent communicator - one of the best I've ever heard.
Some refreshing candor.
This was a good one.
one of the best episodes, great guest! i need that muon collider
I’ve listened to this twice. If only our elections we’re approaching this level of discussion. informed, civil, thoughtful, balanced, considerate, scientific. We’d have plenty of reason to be hopeful for a prosperous future.
Fabulous ! Next gen experimental physicists inspired by theory 🎉
Great listen! Reminds me of episode 212 with Chiara Mingarelli. A young, bright and very enthusiastic guest 😃
Thank you for the logically sound arguments.
Plausible -> Possible -> Unlikely -> Likely -> ❤
Very engaging conversation.
"the first real hint that we could see of new physics that would affect the electroweak sector is really four pi times the VEV", an explanation of what '4π x VEV' would be nice!
Vacuum Expectation Value en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_expectation_value
This is a conversation, not a course. I much prefer to hear the natural flow of the discussion than to have it interrupted to explain every technical term.
For those who prefer Knowledge over "natural flow of discussion", after a bit of searching the VEV is the Vacuum Expectation Value and is about 246GeV for the Higgs field so times 4π would put it at about 3.1TeV which is maybe why Cari mentioned the 3TeV range as a good energy to test at. th-cam.com/video/ELe3fvuTsdE/w-d-xo.html
Also timestamp
1:19:00 Electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) may show up around 4π times the vacuum expectation value (VEV) of the Higgs at 246 GeV, so around 3.1 TeV. The Higgs VEV gives masses to the W,Z bosons of electroweak theory, then fermion masses are proportional to the Higgs VEV.
The VEV arises from the Mexican Hat shaped potential of the Higgs field, such that the lowest energy is offset from zero field value, settling the vacuum in the brim of the hat, undergoing radial and circular excitations, that have certain spectra of energies.
Her desire to see a Heavy Z' electroweak boson requires at least this energy, but perhaps a lot more. Various GUTs, SU(5), SUSY, Kaluza-Klein extra dimensions, Little Higgs, Twin Higgs, Un-Unified, .. predict different versions of heavy Z', so any real observation would discriminate between theories. See the survey paper by Langacker (2009).
Great listen, thanks!
"Tunnels are so expensive .. Ooh my Goodness"😂
This gal is gonna have a Nobel prize on her wall one day.
Thanks for letting us dream together
Hey Sean! What if the wave function collapse is determined by another field. The field that carries the information of where and how and when and what matter particles should be. So the wave function collapses after interacting with that field and it's collapse is determined/governed by that field which carries the information about how and where matter particles should emerge.
I feel like she has a beautiful soul to go with her beautiful mind. Thanks for this insightful gem!
I feel like the host has a handsome mind with a handsome soul.
I wonder, the European Spallation Source will accellerate protons to GeV territory and bang them into dense metal, but to make neutrons, not mesons as in the imagined muon collider muon source. What's the difference?
Really good.
_Why has the universe taken on this profile?_
I can't imagine such a thing is even answerable.
I bet Douglas Adams would say that the instant* someone discovers the answer, the universe would cease to exist. In fact, he might say that this has already occurred.
*one Planck time in duration
It’s obvious that the profile of the Universe is to Ensure a Dance Floor for Dougal Adams to meet Eurynome in a state of improbabability with 42 dolphins.The mice said
onelove
@@nicolawright4771 LOL.
Thank you for the content!
In my fantasy universe, we build colliders in space!
In my fantasy universe we don't need to bother.
It’s OBVIOUS the profile of the Universe is a to Ensure a Dance floor for Douglas Adams to meet Eurynome in a state of improbablity and gift her 42 dolphins.The Mice said so
I like your other types of interviews well enough, but it's the talks with other Physicists that makes yours one of a kind.
Great Convo 🤝
If you want to have scientists and engineers you have to grow them. That means projects. Projects like particle accelerators. Now we have proton therapy for cancer
If you believe in the measurement of many worlds, wouldn't mega-Carroll ensure with it's synchronistic mind that it's worst fears don't happen?
Took me ten minutes to figure out why her right earring doesn’t follow gravity: because it wasn’t at rest. - Maybe I need to go back to some Newtonian Lesson first. ^^ - On the other hand: maybe it’s a perspective thing? Back to some Photography or Art lessons?
Come one on TH-cam… my comment about a certain pipeline and German Blankets gets auto-deleted?
Excellent
Cari knows what muons taste like. She just isn't telling us.
Hola profe algún día me gustaría trabajar con usted de mis ideas.
Why the hell is she ashamed of being about 30 years old
Do both of you have the same freaky mathematics abilities that someone like Grant Sanderson of 3Blue1Brown has? Do you see/create complex equations and just know by looking at them what they are saying about the phenomenon they describe?
Wow
Wow.
💥
Yeeeeeeee
I’m hesitant to even raise the subject but I have to say how incredibly refreshing it is to see that at the time of writing, there isn’t a single comment referring to Cari’s appearance - something that almost never happens online where women are judged on looks first and everything else second. Sean should be so proud to have a audience which values her intellect and ideas. It reminds me of my own undergraduate physics lab, mostly men but with a couple of women (highly skewed) when it was gate-crashed by a strippogram, in some kind of prank. I believe this was in 1988. Everyone looked up, noticed there was a stripper in the lab and went back to their work. Our professor later said he was incredibly proud that nobody judged or reacted negatively but neither did anyone have any interest in playing along. We were making lasers and holograms. Cari is a talented communicator who, like Sean, uses simplifying, clear language instead of trying to obfuscate or dazzle. Without referring to anyone in particular on the current political scene regarding rank misogyny (do I need to?), it gives me hope.
Do you need a new tape measure to measure the Universe? Let's work with the postulates of Einstein's theory of relativity. And if we apply new technologies for this, using the experience of Michelson Morley on the airplane fixing speed 200, 300, 400 m/s., we will see how quantum gravity works. Such measurements are impossible on the satellite due to weightlessness.
Keep us posted!
Excuse me while I kiss the sky 🥬💨🌬
Excuse me while I kiss this guy.
During 1905 Einstein gave an alternative explanation for the experiments that had already been done, which explained the "Photoelectric Effect".
The concept of the "Aether" has not really been abandoned. It was revived and is now known as the "Higgs Field".
Can one extra spatial dimension produce a geometric explanation of the 1/2 spin of electrons? The following is an extension of the old Kaluza-Klein theory.
What do the Twistors of Roger Penrose and the Geometric Unity of Eric Weinstein and the exploration of one extra spatial dimension by Lisa Randall and the "Belt Trick" of Paul Dirac have in common? Is the following idea a “Quantized” model related to the “Vortex Theory” proposed by Maxwell and others during the 19th century?
In Spinors it takes two complete turns to get down the "rabbit hole" (Alpha Funnel 3D--->4D) to produce one twist cycle (1 Quantum unit).
Can both Matter and Energy be described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature? (A string is revealed to be a twisted cord when viewed up close.) Mass= 1/Length, with each twist cycle of the 4D Hypertube proportional to Planck’s Constant.
In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137.
1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface
137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted.
The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.)
If quarks have not been isolated and gluons have not been isolated, how do we know they are not parts of the same thing? The tentacles of an octopus and the body of an octopus are parts of the same creature.
Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the constant exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together. Therefore, the gluon is a synthetic particle (zero mass, zero charge) invented to explain the Strong Force. The "Color Force" is a consequence of the XYZ orientation entanglement of the twisted tubules. The two twisted tubule entanglement of Mesons is not stable and unwinds. It takes the entanglement of three twisted tubules to produce the stable proton.
Keep going
@@kovex-pulthul The following is a more complete version of the model.
Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules:
“We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question which divides us is whether it is crazy enough to have a chance of being correct.” Neils Bohr
(lecture on a theory of elementary particles given by Wolfgang Pauli in New York, c. 1957-8, in Scientific American vol. 199, no. 3, 1958)
The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with some aspects of the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose, and the work of Eric Weinstein on “Geometric Unity”, and the work of Lisa Randall on the possibility of one extra spatial dimension, and the “belt trick” of Paul Dirac? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics?
When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if Quark/Gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks where the tubes are entangled? (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Charge" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry.
Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Gluons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to with this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other.
Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. The twist in the torus can either be Right-Hand or Left-Hand. Some twisted donuts can be larger than others, which can produce three different types of neutrinos. If a twisted tube winds up on one end and unwinds on the other end as it moves through space, this would help explain the “spin” of normal particles, and perhaps also the “Higgs Field”. However, if the end of the twisted tube joins to the other end of the twisted tube forming a twisted torus (neutrino), would this help explain “Parity Symmetry” violation in Beta Decay? Could the conversion of twist cycles to writhe cycles through the process of supercoiling help explain “neutrino oscillations”? Spatial curvature (mass) would be conserved, but the structure could change.
Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons?
Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension?
Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons
. Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The production of the torus may help explain the “Symmetry Violation” in Beta Decay, because one end of the broken tube section is connected to the other end of the tube produced, like a snake eating its tail. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process, which is also found in DNA molecules. Could the production of multiple writhe cycles help explain the three generations of quarks and neutrinos? If the twist cycles increase, the writhe cycles would also have a tendency to increase.
Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves. ( Mass=1/Length )
The “Electric Charge” of electrons or positrons would be the result of one twist cycle being displayed at the 3D-4D surface interface of the particle. The physical entanglement of twisted tubes in quarks within protons and neutrons and mesons displays an overall external surface charge of an integer number. Because the neutrinos do not have open tube ends, (They are a twisted torus.) they have no overall electric charge.
Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms.
In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137.
1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface
137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted.
The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.)
How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter?
Why did Paul Dirac use the twist in a belt to help explain particle spin? Is Dirac’s belt trick related to this model? Is the “Quantum” unit based on twist cycles? Does it take two full turns to get down the rabbit-hole (Alpha funnel)?
I started out imagining a subatomic Einstein-Rosen Bridge whose internal surface is twisted with either a Right-Hand twist, or a Left-Hand twist producing a twisted 3D/4D membrane. This topological Soliton model grew out of that simple idea.
@@SpotterVideo fascinating...!
Hmm. Being 'cool' isn't a good justification. This all seemed a good argument against the investment. Sure, there's something to be said for just finding stuff out (even if it's only to show there's nothing to find out) but that's quite an indulgence. What real-world problem would all the expense potentially solve? Nothing? With no obvious issues to resolve this stuff is getting harder to justify, isn't it?
Practical application is overrated.
Because it's fun or because it's interesting should be a good enough reason.
@@CliffSedge-nu5fv Not with public funds, no. And even on private funds of significant scale there really should be some accountability. I mean, I'm sure setting fire to a billion dollars is "fun" and "interesting" - and maybe one could even learn something from it.
It's perfectly legitimate to question such stuff. It needs be justified. Where are the billions (of scarce resource) getting us?
Nobody needed electricity when it was discovered.