I made a UVC HCl reactor via chloroalkali cell and noticed that this reaction if the Chlorine + hydrogen mix is wet and passed at a slow enough rate doesnt really explode and ive ran it for several days straight to get a few liters of conc HCl. I wonder if theres some threshold concentration it has to reach before it can explode. I of course have a bubbler both in the reactor and a seperate one along with some pop off caps in the reactor chamber incase the worst happens.
Chris, thanks a lot for your video! Why isn't the reaction triggered by the ambient white light in the room (since white light already contains the energetic "blue" photons). I understand that there must be some critical number of blue photons hitting the gas? What explains this threshold? Why doesn't the reaction start when the number of blue photons is ambient? Are these few blue photons just missing Clorine?
A pretty commonly asked question. With a low fluence of blue photons, there simply aren't enough reactive radicals generated in any given region of space to sustain a chain reaction. In a classroom with fluorescent lighting and the gas in a glass tube surrounded by a plastic shroud, the fluence is very low until the laser hits. I wouldn't want to take the unprotected test tube out into bright summer sunlight, though...
@@ChemProfCramer ⚠️ God has said in the Quran: 🔵 { O mankind, worship your Lord, who created you and those before you, that you may become righteous - ( 2:21 ) 🔴 [He] who made for you the earth a bed [spread out] and the sky a ceiling and sent down from the sky, rain and brought forth thereby fruits as provision for you. So do not attribute to Allah equals while you know [that there is nothing similar to Him]. ( 2:22 ) 🔵 And if you are in doubt about what We have sent down upon Our Servant [Muhammad], then produce a surah the like thereof and call upon your witnesses other than Allah, if you should be truthful. ( 2:23 ) 🔴 But if you do not - and you will never be able to - then fear the Fire, whose fuel is men and stones, prepared for the disbelievers.( 2:24 ) 🔵 And give good tidings to those who believe and do righteous deeds that they will have gardens [in Paradise] beneath which rivers flow. Whenever they are provided with a provision of fruit therefrom, they will say, "This is what we were provided with before." And it is given to them in likeness. And they will have therein purified spouses, and they will abide therein eternally. ( 2:25 ) ⚠️ Quran
thank you chris , that was very interesting . i have a question , is the heat released from the reaction of Cl2 an H2 more then the heat from O2 and H2? i hope you answer my question.
The standard heats of formation of hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, water, and hydrogen chloride are 0, 0, 0, -241.8, and -92.3 kcal/mol, respectively. So, if you want to compute the exothermicity on a per-mole-of-hydrogen-atom basis, you would compare one half of -241.8 (=-120.9) to -92.3 and see that the reaction to make water is more electrophilic (the OH bonds are stronger than the HCl bonds).
When i search about chemical laser it shows Fluorine and hydrogen based laser but why there's not any chlorine hydrogen based chemical lasers if chlorine is chemically similar to fluorine ? Is Cl Hydrogen laser posible ?
INNOVATION...........Man your really into getting a laser. Never heard of a CHEMICAL laser. Your post is a year old. Have you gotten a laser yet? You know if you just want a laser to break bonds on chlorine or other bonds you could just buy an LED. Each color LED puts out a specific range of light. red 660nm/orange 620 to 630nm/ yellow sodium lamp 589nm(not sure what yellow LED is)/green 520 nm usually/ blue 450 to 460nm/most UV LED sold to people are usually 390 to 395 nm
An electrical discharge would certainly initiate the reaction as well. As for harnessable, sure, but to be as efficient as possible, you'd want to avoid an explosion, like that demonstrated here. An electrochemical cell that reduces Cl₂ while oxidizing H₂, run near its equilibrium potential, would capture the free energy change efficiently. Of course, since neither H₂ nor Cl₂ are naturally abundant, by the time you factor in the energy cost necessary to generate the gases, this isn't the most attractive fuel cell you'll ever find...
It's a very serious concern. Vinyl chloride is a potent human carcinogen. While incineration can be a reasonable approach to detoxification of a dangerous chemical (as was done with decommissioned chemical weapons, for example) one's ability to incinerate cleanly is badly hampered by the environmental situation in this case (derailed train cars -- probably poor oxygen flow to the flames -- other fuels in the mix). Some combustion products will combine with moisture in the air to make hydrochloric acid, a significant aerosol irritant and acidification agent for soil and groundwater. Continued HazMat monitoring and clean-up is certainly warranted.
I am in little confusion ... That , before the reaction there is Hydrogen H and Chlorine Cl in this tube so it's called HCl . And the other hand After reaction Of H with Cl gives also called HCL . So if someone gives me the gas and call it Hcl how can i distinguish if it's reached Hcl or un reacted ?
Before the reaction, what is in the tube is a mixture of hydrogen gas (H2) and chlorine gas (Cl2), which is NOT called HCl. The reaction itself is initiated by light splitting enough Cl2 molecules into individual Cl atoms, which are sufficiently reactive to initiate chain reactions in which the Cl atom strips an H atom from an H2 molecule, the leftover H atom strips a Cl atom from a Cl2 molecule, and the chain continues until essentially everything has converted to HCl (ignoring unproductive chain termination processes, reaction with possible contaminants or defects on the walls of the tube, etc.)
@@ChemProfCramer it mean splitting Nacl aqueous solution with electrolysis not gives HCl (ignoring oxy )which many peoples says but it gives mixture of H and cl ?
It's home-built by UMN Chemistry's Lecture Demonstration leader, so it doesn't have a name, per se. It protects against the tube potentially shattering explosively, instead of ejecting the cork.
No simple way to do that if you mean starting from a system that is pure hydrogen and chlorine and moving to one that is pure HCl. The huge temperature increase generates a corresponding huge pressure increase, of course, and no normal balloon will survive that. Of course, you could enclose the entire system in some very, very large container (balloon or otherwise) and detect the HCl afterwards, but diluted in the atmospheric air that made up the original system.
Chris Cramer ok but can I burn hydrogen in chlorine atmosphere and produce HCI? and can i even do that? because I saw a video about a dude burning hydrogen in chlorine atmosphere and he said that when you do that it produces HCI
In a demonstration for a general audience, I try to use general language where possible. Quoting the source of all general knowledge (Wikipedia, of course!): "A blue laser is a laser that emits electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 360 and 480 nanometers..." (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_laser) This point made, I concur that your assertion that light of 405 nm is violet light is unassailable. 🙇🏼♂️
@@ChemProfCramer ........Thanks. I do not know much about lasers. I been studying up on LED light when i heard they only give off one wavelength or a small band of wavelength. Tring to make free radicals. So far i have only made chlorine free radicals. I thought (wrongly) that lasers were the same way. But 360 to 480nm is NOT a small band of wavelengths. I learn something new every day. That amazes me that a laser has such a broad band of wavelengths.
@@johnblacksuperchemist2556 Oh, each laser of a given design is indeed a single wavelength -- as you note, that sort of DEFINES a laser! The colloquialism is simply to call any laser falling within that range "blue".
The blue light has the smallest wavelength, which means it has the highest frequency. The Planck relationship between frequency and energy means that it also has the highest energy, and indeed, just enough energy to break an H-Cl bond.
Yes, very, but the nature of its acidity is really only revealed when the gas dissolves into another substance (e.g., water) because in the gas phase a free proton will not separate from the chloride anion -- it takes a condensed phase to stabilize the ions. Of course, your lungs or your eyes are nice and moist, so this is a demonstration best done in a large room, where the small amount of HCl gas can dissipate harmlessly.
The term "hydrochloride" is used to refer to a salt generated by the action of HCl reacting with a weak base, e.g., ammonia, which would generate "ammonium hydrochloride". The gas itself is hydrogen chloride.
Mr D.............क्लोरीन क्लोरीन बंधन को तोड़ने के लिए आपको 494nm या उससे कम तरंग दैर्ध्य के साथ प्रकाश की आवश्यकता होती है। इसलिए जब आप क्लोरीन पर नीली रोशनी डालते हैं तो आप बंधन तोड़ते हैं और क्लोरीन मुक्त कण बनाते हैं। क्लोरीन मुक्त रेडिकल एक H2 अणु पर हमला करता है और हाइड्रोक्लोरिक एसिड और एक हाइड्रोजन मुक्त रेडिकल बनाता है और वह हाइड्रोजन फ्री रेडिकल हाइड्रोक्लोरिक एसिड और एक अन्य क्लोरीन रेडिकल बनाने वाले क्लोरीन अणु पर हमला करता है और यदि प्रकाश चमकना जारी रखता है तो यह बार-बार दोहराता है kloreen kloreen bandhan ko todane ke lie aapako 494nm ya usase kam tarang dairdhy ke saath prakaash kee aavashyakata hotee hai. isalie jab aap kloreen par neelee roshanee daalate hain to aap bandhan todate hain aur kloreen mukt kan banaate hain. kloreen mukt redikal ek h2 anu par hamala karata hai aur haidroklorik esid aur ek haidrojan mukt redikal banaata hai aur vah haidrojan phree redikal haidroklorik esid aur ek any kloreen redikal banaane vaale kloreen anu par hamala karata hai aur yadi prakaash chamakana jaaree rakhata hai to yah baar-baar doharaata hai
Nice vid! I liked the way you tied electromagnetic energy to chemical energy.
Wonderful demonstration and very informative. Thank you!
I made a UVC HCl reactor via chloroalkali cell and noticed that this reaction if the Chlorine + hydrogen mix is wet and passed at a slow enough rate doesnt really explode and ive ran it for several days straight to get a few liters of conc HCl.
I wonder if theres some threshold concentration it has to reach before it can explode.
I of course have a bubbler both in the reactor and a seperate one along with some pop off caps in the reactor chamber incase the worst happens.
Very helpful to clarify
Can somebody tell me whats the reaction in which you hear sound of sirens
great video! go Twins!
Thanks
If (HCl) was so easy to form
Why it is not so stable as a strong acid ?
Chris, thanks a lot for your video! Why isn't the reaction triggered by the ambient white light in the room (since white light already contains the energetic "blue" photons). I understand that there must be some critical number of blue photons hitting the gas? What explains this threshold? Why doesn't the reaction start when the number of blue photons is ambient? Are these few blue photons just missing Clorine?
A pretty commonly asked question. With a low fluence of blue photons, there simply aren't enough reactive radicals generated in any given region of space to sustain a chain reaction. In a classroom with fluorescent lighting and the gas in a glass tube surrounded by a plastic shroud, the fluence is very low until the laser hits. I wouldn't want to take the unprotected test tube out into bright summer sunlight, though...
@@ChemProfCramer ⚠️ God has said in the Quran:
🔵 { O mankind, worship your Lord, who created you and those before you, that you may become righteous - ( 2:21 )
🔴 [He] who made for you the earth a bed [spread out] and the sky a ceiling and sent down from the sky, rain and brought forth thereby fruits as provision for you. So do not attribute to Allah equals while you know [that there is nothing similar to Him]. ( 2:22 )
🔵 And if you are in doubt about what We have sent down upon Our Servant [Muhammad], then produce a surah the like thereof and call upon your witnesses other than Allah, if you should be truthful. ( 2:23 )
🔴 But if you do not - and you will never be able to - then fear the Fire, whose fuel is men and stones, prepared for the disbelievers.( 2:24 )
🔵 And give good tidings to those who believe and do righteous deeds that they will have gardens [in Paradise] beneath which rivers flow. Whenever they are provided with a provision of fruit therefrom, they will say, "This is what we were provided with before." And it is given to them in likeness. And they will have therein purified spouses, and they will abide therein eternally. ( 2:25 )
⚠️ Quran
thank you chris , that was very interesting . i have a question , is the heat released from the reaction of Cl2 an H2 more then the heat from O2 and H2? i hope you answer my question.
The standard heats of formation of hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, water, and hydrogen chloride are 0, 0, 0, -241.8, and -92.3 kcal/mol, respectively. So, if you want to compute the exothermicity on a per-mole-of-hydrogen-atom basis, you would compare one half of -241.8 (=-120.9) to -92.3 and see that the reaction to make water is more electrophilic (the OH bonds are stronger than the HCl bonds).
thanks , it was helpful.
Wonderful video! may i know what is the wavelength of the UV laser?
Not UV, just blue. The three laser pointers have wavelengths of 635, 520, and 445 nm, respectively.
When i search about chemical laser it shows Fluorine and hydrogen based laser but why there's not any chlorine hydrogen based chemical lasers if chlorine is chemically similar to fluorine ? Is Cl Hydrogen laser posible ?
INNOVATION...........Man your really into getting a laser. Never heard of a CHEMICAL laser. Your post is a year old. Have you gotten a laser yet? You know if you just want a laser to break bonds on chlorine or other bonds you could just buy an LED. Each color LED puts out a specific range of light. red 660nm/orange 620 to 630nm/ yellow sodium lamp 589nm(not sure what yellow LED is)/green 520 nm usually/ blue 450 to 460nm/most UV LED sold to people are usually 390 to 395 nm
@@johnblacksuperchemist2556 yes i aware of that , Hydrogen and Cl2 reaction excited by Blue Light
Does this reaction occur naturally also? Lightning may produce enough energy to break the Cl bond and make HCl right? And is this energy harnessable?
An electrical discharge would certainly initiate the reaction as well. As for harnessable, sure, but to be as efficient as possible, you'd want to avoid an explosion, like that demonstrated here. An electrochemical cell that reduces Cl₂ while oxidizing H₂, run near its equilibrium potential, would capture the free energy change efficiently. Of course, since neither H₂ nor Cl₂ are naturally abundant, by the time you factor in the energy cost necessary to generate the gases, this isn't the most attractive fuel cell you'll ever find...
Amazing video, but what if is used a UV light with a smaller wavelenght? for example 365nm, the reaction start anyway or not?
Any wavelength blue or shorter (e.g., UV) will have sufficient energy to initiate the reaction.
What are your thoughts on the train derailment in East Palestine, OH that had thousands of gallons of vinyl chloride spilled and burned for days?
It's a very serious concern. Vinyl chloride is a potent human carcinogen. While incineration can be a reasonable approach to detoxification of a dangerous chemical (as was done with decommissioned chemical weapons, for example) one's ability to incinerate cleanly is badly hampered by the environmental situation in this case (derailed train cars -- probably poor oxygen flow to the flames -- other fuels in the mix). Some combustion products will combine with moisture in the air to make hydrochloric acid, a significant aerosol irritant and acidification agent for soil and groundwater. Continued HazMat monitoring and clean-up is certainly warranted.
I am in little confusion ...
That , before the reaction there is Hydrogen H and Chlorine Cl in this tube so it's called HCl .
And the other hand
After reaction Of H with Cl gives also called HCL .
So if someone gives me the gas and call it Hcl how can i distinguish if it's reached Hcl or un reacted ?
Before the reaction, what is in the tube is a mixture of hydrogen gas (H2) and chlorine gas (Cl2), which is NOT called HCl. The reaction itself is initiated by light splitting enough Cl2 molecules into individual Cl atoms, which are sufficiently reactive to initiate chain reactions in which the Cl atom strips an H atom from an H2 molecule, the leftover H atom strips a Cl atom from a Cl2 molecule, and the chain continues until essentially everything has converted to HCl (ignoring unproductive chain termination processes, reaction with possible contaminants or defects on the walls of the tube, etc.)
@@ChemProfCramer it mean splitting Nacl aqueous solution with electrolysis not gives HCl (ignoring oxy )which many peoples says but it gives mixture of H and cl ?
Thanks
I was sure for something explosive to occur 💣💥 as he wore those headphones 🎧
What is the name of the apparatus
It's home-built by UMN Chemistry's Lecture Demonstration leader, so it doesn't have a name, per se. It protects against the tube potentially shattering explosively, instead of ejecting the cork.
Hello my dr how i can contact you ?
How can I get to collect the gas that it produces, with a baloon?
No simple way to do that if you mean starting from a system that is pure hydrogen and chlorine and moving to one that is pure HCl. The huge temperature increase generates a corresponding huge pressure increase, of course, and no normal balloon will survive that. Of course, you could enclose the entire system in some very, very large container (balloon or otherwise) and detect the HCl afterwards, but diluted in the atmospheric air that made up the original system.
Chris Cramer ok but can I burn hydrogen in chlorine atmosphere and produce HCI? and can i even do that? because I saw a video about a dude burning hydrogen in chlorine atmosphere and he said that when you do that it produces HCI
Large light spring loaded one way pressure valve and an empty thrash bag that has a high volume
GREAT VIDEO. VERY COOL .........but 405 nm light is violet light and not blue light. You need 494nm or shorter wavelength to break a Cl/Cl bond
In a demonstration for a general audience, I try to use general language where possible. Quoting the source of all general knowledge (Wikipedia, of course!): "A blue laser is a laser that emits electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 360 and 480 nanometers..." (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_laser) This point made, I concur that your assertion that light of 405 nm is violet light is unassailable. 🙇🏼♂️
@@ChemProfCramer ........Thanks. I do not know much about lasers. I been studying up on LED light when i heard they only give off one wavelength or a small band of wavelength. Tring to make free radicals. So far i have only made chlorine free radicals. I thought (wrongly) that lasers were the same way. But 360 to 480nm is NOT a small band of wavelengths. I learn something new every day. That amazes me that a laser has such a broad band of wavelengths.
@@johnblacksuperchemist2556 Oh, each laser of a given design is indeed a single wavelength -- as you note, that sort of DEFINES a laser! The colloquialism is simply to call any laser falling within that range "blue".
Wow we ll try this in ozone layer explode.
Why the Blue light?
The blue light has the smallest wavelength, which means it has the highest frequency. The Planck relationship between frequency and energy means that it also has the highest energy, and indeed, just enough energy to break an H-Cl bond.
Thanks 😃
Its not blue its ultraviolet light that causes the reaction
@@miguelchacon2717 are you nigga?
Is hydrogen chloride acidic
Yes, very, but the nature of its acidity is really only revealed when the gas dissolves into another substance (e.g., water) because in the gas phase a free proton will not separate from the chloride anion -- it takes a condensed phase to stabilize the ions. Of course, your lungs or your eyes are nice and moist, so this is a demonstration best done in a large room, where the small amount of HCl gas can dissipate harmlessly.
เมือถึงเวล่ามันจะได้ใช้งานมัน
can i call it hydrochloride
The term "hydrochloride" is used to refer to a salt generated by the action of HCl reacting with a weak base, e.g., ammonia, which would generate "ammonium hydrochloride". The gas itself is hydrogen chloride.
singlet oxygen
Pls describe in hindi
Mr D.............क्लोरीन क्लोरीन बंधन को तोड़ने के लिए आपको 494nm या उससे कम तरंग दैर्ध्य के साथ प्रकाश की आवश्यकता होती है। इसलिए जब आप क्लोरीन पर नीली रोशनी डालते हैं तो आप बंधन तोड़ते हैं और क्लोरीन मुक्त कण बनाते हैं। क्लोरीन मुक्त रेडिकल एक H2 अणु पर हमला करता है और हाइड्रोक्लोरिक एसिड और एक हाइड्रोजन मुक्त रेडिकल बनाता है और वह हाइड्रोजन फ्री रेडिकल हाइड्रोक्लोरिक एसिड और एक अन्य क्लोरीन रेडिकल बनाने वाले क्लोरीन अणु पर हमला करता है और यदि प्रकाश चमकना जारी रखता है तो यह बार-बार दोहराता है
kloreen kloreen bandhan ko todane ke lie aapako 494nm ya usase kam tarang dairdhy ke saath prakaash kee aavashyakata hotee hai. isalie jab aap kloreen par neelee roshanee daalate hain to aap bandhan todate hain aur kloreen mukt kan banaate hain. kloreen mukt redikal ek h2 anu par hamala karata hai aur haidroklorik esid aur ek haidrojan mukt redikal banaata hai aur vah haidrojan phree redikal haidroklorik esid aur ek any kloreen redikal banaane vaale kloreen anu par hamala karata hai aur yadi prakaash chamakana jaaree rakhata hai to yah baar-baar doharaata hai
It blows the same as my meth lab when bain gives me bad instructions.