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1:51 he's trying to trivialize the concept of singularity that was there before the Big Bang, it's advanced physics, it's better explained to non adepts in that way. 5:58 The other two populations I think became extinct in that "oh no", the one encircled survived and evolved in dinosaurs. 24:08 Yes, they cut the thinnest part of the american continent to avoid going all the way to the strait of Magellano to go in the Pacific Ocean by ship.
To be white, to be male, to grow up in a country with compulsory education... And to still not have a clue while a guy uses cartoons to REVIEW BASIC SCIENCE THAT YOU LEARNED IN SCHOOL!!!! Only a gamer can be that ill-informed about the basics of life on Earth. #sad
You should really listen to and watch your own videos, so they aren't filled with lies. If you can't trust someone to do what they say they will. you really shouldn't give them the time or support.
It's in the news currently for drying out and impacting shipping. In case you are wondering: it's not connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans directly. Ships still have to go up several levels through locks to a plateau of lakes. It does not help that every time a ship goes through, the water in the lock surrounding it flows into the ocean and is lost.
...y'know, I knew the Panama Canal was artificial, but... I somehow also never knew that canals, by definition, are all man-made 😂 Thank you for teaching me things!
15:42 Bro Luke. The Holy Roman Empire was a construct that lasted from 800 to 1806. It was a conglomerate of hundreds of smaller kingdoms that made up what is today Germany. The idea of a unified gernany exists only since a little over a century ago. That's why there are such big cultural, regional and language differences thoughout Germany. They were all split among hundreds of kingdoms (over 300) I think. Also the reason why we have over 20 000 castles (The UK has around 4 000 for comparison) We germans call it the "Flickenteppich" or "patchwork rug" because of how it looked on the map. Btw. The reason why there are such big regional rivalries in soccer or in general can be tracked back to those times
The most funny part about the holy roman empire was that is wasn't holy, not really roman and not really an empire :) So it's essentially just a name :P
To be fair, we won the battles but ended up losing the war. The unfortunate truth was that we suffered a logistic defeat - the guerilla tactics and quick retreats from the Emus meant that very few could be shot at a time - and since bullets didn't come cheap - each one was worth more than the Emu they only MIGHT hit... The rest of the world is only laughing because the Emus haven't figured out swimming yet. @@Zephyr2z
As an university-educated historian, I actually have heard of everything mentioned in this video. But, as you said, there is more to every topic than a single lifetime can give to time to study. So while I have heard of basically everything in this video, I can only give you proper detailed info on my speciality (which is early modern Europe). History is vast and most of it sadly lost.
@@Bunny99swhich honestly shows how impressive it was that bill could gather all that information and simplify it into a coherent and funny 20 minute video
I don't these videos use the US versions of history by either not mentioning or completely twisting historical events,you only need to see the lacking mention of the soviet victory in ww2 while the complete enactment of the useless western front in his other vids.
@@GOTGamesAnd it's definitely more relaxed. Still, so fast compared to anything else, but if you compare it to The history of the entire world, at least it's about one topic only and that makes it much easier to comprehend, you don't have to switch context every 2 or even every second to a completely different place on the world. Still I think, this is one of the greatest videos created. So much information and so entertaining, that people WANT to watch it over and over again, learning so much stuff about our history.
5:48 these are all real creatures with neat relationships. So to answer your question. We had Thrinaxodon, lystrosaurus, and proterosuchus. - Proterosuchus is an "archosaur" ancestor. Meaning that their populations evolving directly lead to every crocodilian, crocodilomorph, pterosaur, and dinosaur including modern birds and crocodilians. (Birds are in fact archosaurs since they evolved from theropod dinosaurs, meaning birds are warm blooded reptiles) This also means that the closest relative of alligators, crocs, and gharials is in fact birds not lizards. So a family reunion for archosaurs would include gators, crocs, songbirds, penguins, ratites, chickens, and caiman. But no lizards. Lizards are actually more closely related to snakes, mosasaurs, and other extinct marine reptiles. - Lystrosaurus (the thing in the middle) was part of its own little group that was closely related to next creature. It is one of the many transitional species between reptiles and mammals. So yes that thing is technically our evolutionary cousin. Unfortunately no modern relatives of the lystro are alive today. - finally the far left is Thrinaxodon. This weird lizard dog looking thing is one of the ancestors to every mammal to ever exist and is also part of the the reptile -> mammal conversion. If you want to learn more about prehistory and the insane animals that inhabited it there are many channels i highly recommend. Clint's Reptiles and Lindsay Nicole do a bunch with modern and extinct animals in humorous and educational ways. This is actually a perfect time to do so as well since Clint is currently doing "Dinosaur December" so for the whole month every video is Dinosaur themed and Lindsay just recently started "the history of life as we know it" where she gives us the full overview of every part of earth's biological history without boring you to death. For a mix of fictional and factual Goji Center and DinoFax are great channels too. YDAW (Your dinosaurs are wrong) is also a great series. Where they use bad children's toys to teach you what your favorite dinosaurs were actually like. The best part is they come back and make follow ups as we learn more. Which is honestly one of the coolest things ever. The Paleo news is a great way to learn about whats happening on the weekly in the paleontology world and is basically daily dose of internet for Palaeo-nerds. New discoveries, studies, conclusions, etc. Such as the recent story of how potentially the largest animal to ever walk was accidentally given the same name as medium sized theropod. The best channels for that being Ben G Thomas, Vividen, and EDGE science. HarrisTzang is part of trash talk side of the community where he roasts the hell out of videos making bad or incorrect claims about prehistoric animals. And the budget museum is also a great place to learn. If your interested in evolution itself i recommend the "Light of evolution" series by forest valkai. If you aren't particularly bothered by religious talk then his reacteria series is great. He goes through videos done by people who don't believe in usually evolution but sometimes other things and uses their horrible arguments to teach about the way things actually work. If you want deep dives in to specific species or time periods then Chimerasuchus has you covered. In general though prehistory is a rabbit hole of epic proportions. Pick a poison and react or watch freely and learn about the world we never got to see.
Unless Im wildly misinterpreting some parts of your comment(in which case lmao silly me), there wasn't really a reptile->mammal transition. Sure, PHYSICALLY some of our earliest synapsid ancestors looked a lot like your average lizard, they were still not reptiles. Synapsids didnt descend from Sauropsids(the reptiles group), but we do share a common ancestor. It's like, synapsida is the brother of the sauropsida, not its son(or something like that, it's not a perfect analogy but still)
@EG-hy9mv nope your fine! It was just easiest way to explain it implying the listeners have no in depth knowledge of prehistoric creatures. I can throw around synapsid and some other words, but they aren't as easily visualized as something like lizard rat. It is technically incorrect but I'll let the less nerdy people discover thar for themselves if they choose to learn more. Edit: Okay I must've written the original at a weird time because I was very wrong in many parts. I might need to change that.
YES! I love watching people react to this, it's just an amazing video and 1000% deserves a place as part of the history of the internet! Never get tired of people struggling to find how to properly react to this because it simply has no chill so you just sit there the entire time like 😮 Also, if none of the jingles get stuck in your head, I'm going to be very surprised 🤣 Every time I watch this I just hope that more and more teachers actually show this to school kids.
Agreed, the jingles are iconic! I think the two main ones are "the sun is a deadly laser" (pretty sure laser is spelled with an 's', unlike ehat the video says, because the initials of something) and "you could make a religion out of this" lol
I can't tell you how many times "Iiittt'sss the Seljuk Turks! AAH!" has randomly popped into my head, and I had never even heard the word "Seljuk" before seeing the video 😂
This is one of those classics. I can't even say how many times I've seen people react to this but it's funny to see how mind blown everyone gets. TBH, this has a way of getting knowledge to stick. Those jingles always reside in the deepest crevices of my mind
“Is the Panama Canal man made?” Me: “Wait, let me double check but I was under the impression that the definition of “canal” is “man made water connection”” Edit: I looked it up and this is the definition from Oxford (as stated by Google): “an artificial waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or ships inland or to convey water for irrigation.”
@@aronth Not really a river as that would imply that it has to flow downward. If it's just a water connection between two water bodies I think it would be a strait.
If you want to see more history content, i recomend you Oversimplified. Its also History oriented channel, he focus more on one topic and still try to make it fun for viewer while not losing his interesting historical values.
near the start of "history of the entire world, i guess" the white screen narration is relevant and quite accurate if you consider that this is start of the physics of time and space.
6:17 actually, aside from a funny joke, it kinda puts into perspective that the dinosaurs were just a little time in here, compared to the things that came before them and all the millions and millions of years of difference of time
Yeah, except that makes the decision to spend so much time with the humans seem even less logical considering how much less time humans have existed for. Dinosaurs managed to survive over 100 million years. Humans only around 200,000. Also, plants and other non-humans have had giant impacts on the ecosystem which has caused it to become the way it is now -- so humans aren't the only ones with significant impact on the planet. Humans might do it via tools, but non-humans have those tools inbuilt and also have a large-scale effect on their surroundings. Trees, whales, heck even tiny things like bacteria all have had and continued to have an effect, and they help shape their environment. They might act as carbon sinks or produce oxygen, or on the other hand take up oxygen and choke out the life in a lake. Humans are actually pretty insignificant when you think about it (our own impacts depend on the organisms around us and our environment as much as anything) -- and we would've never have come to exist if it weren't for all the creatures that came before us.
I love watching reactions to this because everyone has different levels of knowledge of each era so they’ll start doing a mini deep dive into an era they have an interest in and I always learn something new
I feel like this video should be mandatory for the intro to any history/social studies class. Play it on the first day and have each student write a page about one part that they knew about and do a large research project on a piece that they don't. The possibilities would be endless
It is always great to see people react to this masterpiece. It's a looooot of information crammed into your brain at high speed and in an entertaining and relatively memorable way.
Very unexpected but pleasant surprise. I do really love this video. Its done in such an entertaining way that it keeps your interest throughout. Plus its a good way to learn. After I watched it the first time I researched more into certain topics.
I do wanna say, I've seen SO MANY of the reactions to this video from other react channels and it seems like more than 90% of the time the reactors only pause like twice for maybe a minute each time, then end the reaction within 30 seconds of the video they're reacting to being over. It's so refreshing and nice to see someone pause more than just a couple times, comment on things, and then not immediately end the video once they were done watching. Fantastic reaction video, you're an amazing artist and content creator. Thank you for reacting to this even though it's outside your wheelhouse of usual reactions. Keep up the amazing work.
Since someone else recommended the History of Japan already I would like to recommend the Three Kingdoms by Oversimplified. Its a similar video style to Bill Wurtz about the Three Kingdom period in China.
I should write this comment on the original video, but this is the most unique view on the history of the world that I've ever seen! Wow! Mel Brooks would be proud!
Every time I hear the Habsburg part I remember that I went to school with a girl that is related to that circle of a family tree (even still using the "von Habsburg" family name) I do wonder what she's doing now, cause I haven't seen her since and that was 10 years ago at this point
Immediately clicked once I saw the thumbnail! I've seen so many reactions to this and it's awesome! So much history in that small amount of time and you can understand everything! Plus adding some jokes here and there to make the video more entertaining while you learn/relearn history! Honestly it's genius!
In my opinion, another video (or I should say videos) that has the same "must watch" status on TH-cam as this one, is Alan Beckers Animation versus Animator series. That and Animation vs Minecraft are two of the most legendary animated series on TH-cam, and I would love to see Luke react to them!
I love watching people react to this video. It's so packed with content that there's always some good reactions to be had. Also, I'm shocked you didn't know the Panama Canal was man-made. It was literally the biggest construction project in the world since like the Great Wall of China I think.
yep, the roots of germany are actually the roman empire. To be precise: it was named "das heilige römische Reich deutscher Nation" ("the holy roman empire of the german nation"). To this day, there are still remains of old roman cities getting discovered occasionally. In fact: i´m living in such a city that used to be one of the major trade-cities in germany/the holy roman empire of the german nation. we have an entire museum of stuff related to the holy roman empire, such as coins, statues and much more. It´s also the origin of a lot of german and english words, as many of them were intially latin. for example "Keller" ("basement" or "cellar") which is "cellar" or "cellarium" in latin. Or a distinct relative: "Mensch" ("human in english"), which means the same as "Person" (german or english) coming from "persona" in latin.
THis is the best video on TH-cam =)) And your reaction was very good. Thank you for pausing when you talking, because this video don't give even a second to squeeze a word =)
lol, love the dumbfounded expressions. XD History of Japan by the same creator is pretty good, and going back to music i'd also recommend Welcome to the Internet by Bo Burnham
im honestly kinda surprized he coudlnt keep up with like some parts or the jokes at the start, not saying i can the whole time i mean this is the 10+ reaction I've seen to this over the years
24:09 "Is the Panama Canal man-made?" WTF Luke? If it wasn't man-made it would be a river going through a canyon. Asking if a canal is man-made is like asking if railroad tracks are man-mad!
As a companion to this, i would highly recommend checking out the Kurzgesagt video "All of History", which is a stunningly animated hour long video that covers the 4.5 billion years of earths history in one hour, at a pace of 500,000 years roughly every 1.5 seconds (I think)...so our entire human civilasation is literally a split second at the end of the hour. As such, it expands significantly on the the formation of the planet, the geological periods and the evolution of life. Its maybe not a "reactable" video... but worth a look in your own time for sure...
4:25 - Bill Wurtz just does this kind of stuff for the fun of it. And this is probably the best overview lecture going from the big bang through abiogenesis to sociology and world history.
I like to think of this absurdly succinct overview of history as a sort of appetizer for aspiring history nerds. Like you could use it to decide which area of focus seems the most interesting, and then dig deeper on that specific topic. As far as a complete summary of all of history, it's pretty damn impressive in its own right, but there's only so much detail you can go into when you need to talk about EVERY SINGLE CULTURE AND MAJOR MILESTONE SINCE THE DAWN OF TIME. Edit: It's also crazy to me that we only really care about the most recent three nanoseconds of the Earth's history, cause prior to the dawn of society, nothing all that noteworthy was happening. You have the proto-dinosaurs, extinction event, the actual dinosaurs, extinction event, proto-humans, then a loooooooong period of no significant change, then you have society and everything pops the hell off so goddamn fast it's unbelievable. I think the reason for this disparity is that natural evolution is incredibly slow, while cultural and technological advancement are obscenely rapid, so genuinely only one or two noteworthy natural developments might happen in a ten million year period, but society can develop, unnaturally, from being completely nonexistent to the present day within a period of less than ten thousand years.
There used to be a game show in the United States called "Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?" The show has not had any HD remasters because a majority of geographical information in that show is no longer correct. In fact, there was even a fluke where a question's answer changed in the middle of them recording and airing the third season. Resulting in a losing contender being given a second chance due to the final question no longer being valid.
There is one I would love to see you watch, it's called something like "How the universe is way bigger than you think". It'll blow your mind, and isn't as fast paced as this video.
Ah yes. The video that is possibly my favourite in all of the web. An internet world heritage video. The same guy made another one in similar style for Japan. Can recommend.
You should react to “Timelapse of the future” by melodysheep. As well as “the ocean is way deeper than you think, what’s the deepest hole you can possibly dig and how the universe is way bigger than you think” the last three videos are by reallifelore.
6:42 technically the term 'history' in academics only refers to studies of the past since the invention of writing - anything before that is prehistory.
I think this video as great in giving a rough overview of history. Knowing all the details isnt all that important for the most part anyway (unless you are specifically interested or if it is relevant to a discussion today: e.g. Israel/Palestine). Just having this timeline that puts things into a framework is very valuable. Stuff like knowing, that first you have the Persians, then Alexander, then the successor states, then Rome, etc. that is a good way to put things relative to each other. Knowing exact dates isnt that important.
Ah, really fun to watch your reactions to something fun like this, id love for you to continue to react to more comedy centred stuff , as always thanks for the amazing content luke 🙏✌️
(1)To start, a common misconception is that "nothing became something," but in reality, the concept of "nothing" doesn't exist. There is never nothing and was never a nothing. At one point, all the matter in the universe was condensed down into a singularity. We can even pinpoint where in space this singularity was. For some reason, the singularity started to expand. There was never a "big bang," and that is a bad description of the event. It is better to describe it as an "everywhere stretch." Of course, all matter being condensed means it was extraordinarily hot when it first expanded. This leads to bonds and fusion events of different molecules. Hydrogen was, of course, the first as it is the simplest. It also happens to be the most reactive because of this. Almost all stars start their life as hydrogen being condensed together with gravity. Through more and more pressure, as more and more hydrogen comes together, things like nuclear fusion kick off. New elements start to fuse into existence. When these stars go supernova as they start to produce iron. Iron really messes everything up. The star can no longer sustain equilibrium, and the core collapses in on itself, causing a supernova. This spews these new elements all over to come together and make larger stars, which have more pressure that makes even new elements. A lot of stars formed at the start of the singularity stretching. Lots of elements formed pretty quickly. Through these many, many supernova, you get particles of elements to combine into large chunks of themselves, and thus, we have asteroids, planets, and moons. Ever wonder why our solar system is the way it is? Why do we have rocky planets in the center and jovial planets outside of our solar system, then? It's because of thermal gradients. As you get further from the star, you get colder, and the solar winds get less powerful. Close to the star rock won't solidify, so you have a gap between sun and first planets in a system. There's a limit to where you can have terrestrial planets, those being Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. You then get to a certain point where you can have liquid water, and that's where our planet is, the "goldilocks zone." We aren't special for that either. The goldilocks zone is millions of miles wide. It's a common myth that if we were a foot closer or further, we couldn't survive, and that's simply not true, but I digress. Past a certain point, the solar winds blasting the planets weaken. That's where we get these big gas giants. All the gas that's around Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune would have been here on Earth, too, but the sun blasted it off to the back of the solar system. That's why the gas giants are out there. And if you look at any other star system, it follows the same format. No planets in front, the terrestrial planets in the center and the gas giants, if it has gas giants, in the back. This all happened after a supernova from a dead star created our sun, and the suns gravity attracted material from said supernova. All star systems are from generations of stars dying and being born. This all happened and created all the protoplanetary disks of various materials. Heavier stuff is closer to the star and lighter stuff further away. Over time, they became what we know them are today as they clumped together. One of those protoplanetary rings became Jupiter, and if it were two times bigger, it would actually become a brown dwarf star, the smallest star. It is already so big that it stopped us from having another planet. The asteroid belt is a protoplanetary disk that could have been a planet, but because it was stuck between the Sun and Jupiters' massive gravitation, it was torn apart. These generations of stars leading up to us is where we get all the elements in the Solar System specifically.
2)So Earth was molten for about a billion years or so. Once it was cooled, life formed pretty quickly, in fact. Single cells were the first life. Very, very simple single cells. The oldest fossils we have date back 3.45 billion years. They are near Marbel Bar, Australia, called The Dresser Formation and is a popular geological site. These are ancient fossilized cyanobacteria. They form a mat layer of themselves that continue to move up as others die, forming these pillar like structures. Cyanobacteria are the easiest microfossil for us to identify, but there are suspected older fossils that are harder to date and identify. Early life formation is fascinating, and explaining how life came about is my favorite thing ever. Chemical evolution is so cool. To start, you have to talk about the Urey-Miller experiment. Back in the 1950s these two biochemists did an experiment in which they took a containment chamber, filled it with water, ammonia, methane, hydrogen, and all the things you expect to find on any fledgling planet. All the things you would expect on any new Earths. They put a fire underneath so it would evaporate, go into another container to be zapped with electrodes, cooled, funneled back to the original container, and cycles back through. They are simulating the patterns of an early Earth and simulating all the elements you could find on Earth. You take early simple ingredients, get them hot, get them cold, zapped with lightning and other normal processes. They ran it for a while, and when they came back, they took samples. To their surprise, the water is no longer clear but is a gross reddish brown. They test it and find it is now full of amino acids. Amino acids are the things that build proteins and make life happen. That is called chemical evolution. Very simple inorganic ingredients come together via totally natural means and form organic macromolecules. There are 4 macromolecules that make up life. Lipids, proteins, carbs, and nucleic acids. Those are the 4 macromolecules that make up everything alive. Each one is a polymer, meaning it's a molecule that forms a chain. I'll explain each of these below: PROTEINS are made of chains of amino acids that fold up on themselves. A chain of amino acids is a primary structure. Then, it folds into an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet called a secondary structure. Then, it forms a glob called a tertiary structure. Sometimes, some globs come together, and that's then a quaternary structure and so on. That's how proteins work. Proteins make up skin, muscle, bones, and everything like that. CARBS are sugars. Long chain simple sugars such as glucose or fructose. If you stick them together, you get sucrose. A bunch of those together makes a polysaccharide. This makes carbs like starch, cellulose, and such. LIPIDS are fats. You have a twisted hydrocarbon chain that repels water, and that's a lipid. There are various kinds like phospholipids where a long hydrocarbon chain comes off it to repel water and, on the other end, is a phosphorus group that attracts water. This makes a hydrophilic and hydrophobic end. One attracts and one repels water. If you take any lipid like cooking oil, for example, and put it in water, it forms a bubble all by itself. Nobody has to tell it to do that. That's because a sphere is the smallest possible surface area and is the most energetically protected from the water around it. It would take more energy to make any other shape, and the universe is lazy. Everything is always as energetically simple as possible. Lipids that naturally form out of normal stuff under normal circumstances naturally form spheres. Amino acids which make proteins that naturally form out of natural stuff can get stuck in one of these spheres, and you now have something that practically represents a cell. All this stuff is formed by totally natural means and naturally assumes the shape of a sphere can naturally come together and form a cell. You can do this in a jar. Now imagine that on a planet taking place over millions of years. The Urey-Miller experiment has been redone in different ways many times by putting other things in, leaving some things out, and hundreds of combinations, and it just always works. Later, we figured out this happens in hydrothermal vents. They pump out acids and bases. These have proton gradients. What's that? Well, an acid is a chemical with a bunch of extra protons, and a base is something that doesn't have enough and has too many electrons. When they neutralize, they give off electrical charges that move one place to the next. This is how your cells make energy today. Mitochondria pass protons across a membrane. This turns a protein called ATP synthase, which makes adenosine triphosphate, and that's how our body works. It's how most cells today work. Where can we find natural proton gradients right now? Hydrothermal vents. Where can we find the building blocks of lipids and proteins? Hydrothermal vents. We can even find amino acids, including all the ones important to life, in space. Just floating on asteroids. They form naturally all by themselves all over. You have the building blocks of life, the thing that makes energy in cells even today happening naturally all by itself in hydrothermal vents and all over the universe. Life then starts all by itself. Now, we also have NUCLEIC ACIDS, the 4th macromolecule, which is DNA and RNA. We do debate what came first, but the most common consensus is that RNA came first. I also follow the RNA world hypothesis. Let me explain why. RNA is cool because it isn't just something that carries information, but it also works as a catalyst to make reactions happen. A catalyst is something that lowers the activation energy of a reaction. It makes a reaction happen easier and faster with less energy. So RNA carries genetic information, it can also make more of itself, and it can make other reactions happen faster. Think about how proteins are made in your body today. It's like this. You have mRNA(messenger RNA) that makes proteins happen. How? It goes to a ribosome to be read. What are ribosomes made of? They are made of rRNA(ribosomal RNA) and aren't membrane bound organelles. In the ribosome, something brings over amino acids to make the protein. What brings them over? tRNA(transfer RNA). So when your body makes proteins, it uses RNA to tell RNA to use RNA to make a protein. Again, you can do this in a jar. That is why the major consensus is that RNA came first. RNA is something that is so unbelievably useful. Why do we have DNA, then? Because once it happened to form, DNA was/is really good at long-term storage, and it's far more stable, meaning it stuck around better. You can divide it, make more of it, pack it into a tight wad and have it twist around proteins called histones to makes a tight rope called chromatin, and then chromatin forms a body called a chromosome. That's how DNA works. It wraps around proteins, wraps into a thick rope, and those thick ropes form a chromosome. It's super easy to divide these and split them up. Is it so hard to believe that some of these naturally forming nucleic acids found their way into a blob of naturally forming lipids? THEN they split, THEN you have 2 sets of chromosomes in a cell THEN cytokenesis happens where actin filaments tighten around the cell in a contractile ring, and remember lipids form bubbles naturally, so once squished together you now have a cleavage furrow that then splits into two seperate bubbles! You now have dividing life out of literally "nothing." It's not difficult at all to say that very simple ingredients found all over the universe that naturally form organic molecules by natural processes then naturally stated making more of themselves. You then get a VERY early organism. Something so insanely simple. Not bacteria, that would be unbelievably complex in comparison. Just a very simple membrane, very simple genetic material, and very simple proteins. The very basics of all of this. That is what we call LUCA. There was probably a ton of very early life, but LUCA is the one that stuck around. Everything that ever lived past that point is related to LUCA. We have a very clear picture of how everything evolved after that. The eukaryotes first appeared at least 2.7 billion years ago, following some to 1.5 billion years of prokaryotic evolution. Studies of their DNA sequences indicate that the archaebacteria and eubacteria are as different from each other as either is from present-day eukaryotes, but I'll get into that later to explain the Domains of life. Prokaryotic cells would have become eukaryotic cells after one cell consumed another cell and just didn't digest it. The two would benifit off of eachother forming an endosymbiotic relationship similar to our gut biomes today. Mitochondrea, for instance, used to be their own independent organisms. One day about a billion years ago, a cell ate one and couldn't digest it. The mitochondria got a ride, protection and food, and the larger cell got energy from the mitochondria consuming things that would otherwise have just been waste. This same thing is what happened with plants and their chloroplasts. Long ago, some early eukaryotes ate some photosynthetic bacteria and didn't digest it. These bacteria are the ancestors of chloroplasts.
3)NOTE: Microbiology and cellular evolution are not my field. Neither is early life. I am not a source for this information. I can tell you the basics that I do know, but don't quote it as accurate. Some might be incorrect or outdated. Now, sponges are thought to be the first, or one of the first, animals going back to around 2.5 billion years old. Filter feeding multicellular organisms anchored to rocks. It's debated what came next, but rangeomorphs are the most accepted. They look like ferns, but those who argue it's not an animal argue that it's fungi which are more closely related to us than plants are. Rangeomorphs likely fed on chemicals in the water. These then would have started becoming free instead of attached to the ocean floor, which would help them "find" more food. Being so spread apart and not connected together poses some problems when you aren't anchored, though, so they likely became more compact around this time forming more of a "skin" or "flesh like" layer compared to sponges which are mostly hollow. These animals would then have looked like worms and had an easier time moving through the water. Something similar to flatworms or arrow worms. This is also where bilateral symmetry starts to appear, as well as a mouth forming from a blastopore. Some worms would find that eating each other is a better source of food, so consequently, we start to see extremely primitive and basal shelled creatures as protection from predators would have been important. This is still in the late Proterozoic. Once the Cambrian period hits, we get the Cambrian Explosion and see a lot more shelled animals like basal mollusks and crustaceans due to increased pressure and more calcium in the water. We see a lot more species start to appear in general at this time. Finally, these animals would split into Echinodermata and Chordata. Early chordates became a lot of things, I'll only focus on becoming vertebrates for simplicity and since we are vertebrates. We would have had very early eel like fish. Living examples are hagfish and lamprey, which are jawless vertebrates. Over time, we would see the development of jaws. Skeletons also developed during the Cambrian due to more and more calcium in the water. Like everything that evolved, it was linked to a higher evolutionary fitness as it was an advantage. Giving an anchor point for your muscles is a huge advantage, allowing more complex and efficient movement and later better structure to the body. The first "bones" were just hardened tissue that an organism, with a random mutation causing local calcium deposits, developed. This showed to be a good thing. So that individual had a better chance of survival and, more importantly, reproduction. This advantage was given to the next generation. That caused the proprortion of individuals, with this hardened tissue, to increase inside the population, slowly applying to the whole species. NOTE: This is now where I know more of what I am talking about. The first jawed vertebrates would have been similar to Placoderms. Big boney skulls where the "jaws" are just sharp bone. Placoderms, of course, are very specialized jawed fish, but the first jawed fish would be similar in the way their jaws are. Some of those jawed fish took a different path. So now we have jaws developed. There are different varieties of specializations that start to appear.
4)Fish history lesson time! So the early fish develop. First, you have Chondrichthyes, the cartilaginous fish like sharks and rays. A little later, you get Actinopterygians, ray finned fish, which are most fish today you'll think of such, and clown fish are just one example. Then, even later, you get Sarcopterygians, lobe finned fish with big meaty fins rather than thin tendrils most fish have. Plenty of lobe finned fish still exist today, but some broke off to become the first tetrapods or four limbed animals. To sum that up, Chondrichthyes evolved. We didn't come from sharks, but we share an ancestor. Then came the Actinopterygians. We didn't come from clownfish, but we share a common ancestor. We did come from Sarcopterygians, and there are still Sarcopterygians today, but did we come from Coelacanths or Lungfish? No, we share a common ancestor who was also a fish. Now you're breathing air right now because around 390 million years ago, some fish evolved lungs. It's super cool on its own, but that's not the point here. Fish have actually been breathing air for a long time. They will go to the surface and gulp air when they are in low oxygen water. Fish today still do this, and I'll get into all that later. They go to the surface and gulp up air to get oxygen, but they can't do it long term since their gills aren't evolved for that. Around the Devonian period, we had fish that developed lungs because of this. Some fish kept those lungs and used them to become "better fish" as they modified into swim bladders. The lungs came first, which seems to shock a lot of people, and swim bladders are just modified lungs fish use to stay neutrally buoyant. We kept things in our evolution, too, like gills. Our gills changed into things like the hyoid bone and outer ears. Some humans still have a preauricular sinus, a little hole on the front of their ear that is literally just a vestigial gill slits. A leftover breathing hole. Why transition to land in the first place, though? There's almost ten times more oxygen up here. It's so easy to make energy. That's why air breathing has evolved not just once but over over 70 different times! Finally, around 375 million years ago during the late Devonian period, one of the most important fish to ever live first evolved. Its name was Tiktaalic. It was a lobe finned fish, Sarcopterygian, with a lot of amphibian features that was able to push itself up with its fins and get onto land. It had incredible new adaptations no other life form developed before. Big thick bones in its front limbs and shoulders which allowed it to push its body up along the bottom of the muddy banks, and a set of primitive lungs it could use to stay on land for extended periods. It was technically a fish, but from it we get every single tetrapod or four limbed animal who ever lived including Ichthyostega, one of the first animals to walk around on all fours on dry land, and all the way up to every stork, horse, python, turtle, frog, hampster, dolphin and human alive today. Now I'm going to take a different turn, but stay with me. Fish, amphibians, and reptiles do not seem to hiccup as far as we know, although gill ventilation is an analogous reflex. As we mammals breathe, we do so using a style called ventilation or sometimes known as respiration. We use our inspiratory muscles such as the diaphragm, parasternal and external intercostal muscles, and several neck muscles to pull in air for pulmonary gas exchange, and then we put our abdominal muscles to work in order to push air containing CO2 out. This is in stark contrast to what happens when we hiccup. You probably know that hiccups happen because of the diaphragm. This muscle evolved quite a bit after our first tetrapod ancestors who braved the coast into the forests of yore. As said previously, air breathing developed long before in the water in what would be reminiscent of modern lungfish. This ancestor had both gills and primitive lungs, along with being one of the first animals to evolve a neck. It used a basal form of gas exchange where it used its buccal muscles to pump in either air or water, which was then diverted to the gills or the lung sacks. Both gill and lung respiration are managed in a cyclical and rhythmic fashion. The muscle sequences can vary, but the overall mechanism is the same. From gar, lungfish, and fully fledged frogs to filter feeding tadpoles. It's orchestrated by the brainstem CPGs. These are essentially neural networks that work in an oscillation pattern. They were once used for gill ventilation, but they have been retrofitted for air respiration. In evolution, a general principal we can understand is that behaviors tend to come before morphological change. This is because a behavior is much more flexible and can itself facilitate pressures for new mutations should they arise. One of our fish ancestors, for example, the Eusthenopteron, was a lobe finned fish that had both lungs and gills and lived in costal waters. A migration inland to avoid super predators like Dunkleosteus is a behavior. That movement inland would expose these ancestors to more eutrophic waters thanks to the plants invading land at the same time. With low oxygen in the water, we would suddenly see a spike in the pressure for animals able to exploit oxygen capture by alternative means like by air. So, behavior in this case has helped facilitate morphologic selection. Some might/do suggest that this is all just speculation, but fortunately, we can SEE this exact change. This precise prediction occurs before our eyes in the tadpole. As we know, tadpoles are the young of frogs and must undergo metamorphosis, a total body plan overhaul to reach their adult forms. We have an organism undergoing something very similar to what the first air breathers went through in several generations. Pre-metamorphic tadpoles have all the equipment for both gill and lung breathing, but their lungs are inhibited by a GABAB dependant pathing that doesn't seem to have an impact on gill CPG. Tadpoles currently undergoing metamorphosis have gill ventilation that gradually becomes more conroled until post metamorphosis, where they eventually degenerate and the adult frog rely exclusively on air. This air breathing is only itself controlled by the same rhythmic oscillations that controlled the gills. The only real difference between gill and lung CPGs are the structures they regulate. Now, after that long string of text, you might ask what the evolution of air breathing has to do with hiccups. Well, the ventilatory motor patterns of lower vetrabrates like lungfish, frogs, and gar are shared in the properties of the standard hiccup. The sudden inspiration, inhibition of expiration, and a sharp epiglottis closure that is then repeated in an ossolatory pattern. It's purposed that the hiccup is the resurgence of an archaic motor pattern that governs the breathing of modern frogs and the ancient early air breathers. Furthermore, this circuit is accessed most frequently in infancy, where it aids a baby mammal in suckling, which explains why it likely stuck around. This is most underscored by the location of the reflexes regulation in the medulla. The medulla is also responsible for blood vessel dilation, heart rate, breathing, digestion, sneezing, vomiting, and involuntary coughs. Literally, just all your basic involuntary body controls necessary for survival. If anything happens to your medulla, it is essentially a death sentence. It seemed odd that such a trivial reflex would be controlled by one of our oldest brain regions, but it very well may be that the hiccup used to control a much more vital function. Basal air respiration. Furthermore, nearly every mammal gets the hiccups, and they start as early as the animal is still in the womb, which provides more evidence of this being a resurgence of an older trait necessary for survival. Every time you catch the hiccups, you can now enjoy knowing that you are echoing the first gasps of some ancient lungfish making its way up the coast and onto land. Awesome. Now, we see the animals before the dinosaurs came about, but where did mammals come from then?
5) The sauropsids (the ancestors of reptiles of all sorts) and the synapsids (that’s mammals and their ancestors) share a common ancestor that was a basal amniote. This ancestor split off some time during the Devonian Period, probably between 294 and 323 million years ago. The synapsids went on to evolve into Mammaliaformes such as Tritylodontids and Morganucodontids sometime during the Triassic Period, in the “age of dinosaurs” also known as the Mesozoic Era. Synapsids never evolved scales as far as we know. We’ve found impressions from the hides of some synapsids, and they have an irregular pattern of bumps and pits, not scales. The pits may be the openings of glands, which would be something they had in common with modern mammals such as elephants and rhinos. The synapsids pretty much dominated the Permian Period, evolving into some impressive large forms such as the Lystrosaurus, but then mostly died out during the PT mass extinction. One clade, the cynodonts, survived and were mostly small predators. They evolved some mammal like traits such as a secondary bony palate, fewer bones in the lower jaw (some of the “missing” bones migrated rearward and up, and would later become the ear bones of mammals), and larger brains though still small compared to most modern mammals. As the early dinosaurs became more common and more dominant, the cynodonts shrank. Perhaps they had trouble competing with the dinosaurs and began going nocturnal. They were likey becoming warm blooded to help stop fungal infections due to burrowing and were more comfortable at night. There were most likely a ton of things that simply made life easier as a smaller animal. By the time the late Triassic Period rolls around, it becomes truly academic whether a certain synapsid was a “true” mammal or not. Some of these animals had jaw joints that were precisely in the middle between older synapids’ jaw joints and those of mammals. The teeth could mesh together smoothly to chew food, the cerebellum kept getting bigger, and so on. Mammals have come onto the scene now. Meanwhile, while all this is happening with mammals, the sauropsids that survived the PT extinction start to become the dinosaurs. They evolved and took up the top predator niche. Unlimited food due to higher CO2 levels, massive size, and little to no predators. They were using up all the resources. Nothing new could come about. Only the smallest mammals could survive, and so they did. They thrived as burrowing and scavenging animals. This went on for an extraordinarily long time until the KT extinction event happened. It virtually wiped out the dinosaurs. They would almost reclaim their spot in the top predator niche through the evolution of terror birds, but they ended up dying out too. The remaining reptiles didn't return because their large size could not be supported anymore as oxygen content in the air took a downward dive and as their food, or their foods food, died out. The climate change and continental drift resulted in hyper-specialized dinosaurs being wiped out, and then there were only a handful left. They didn't fare very well either. Large dinosaurs were wiped out as the plants died out. This extinction events major explanations being either volcanoes or meteors (both supported by geological evidence) would have blocked out sunlight, resulting in a nuclear "winter" of sorts that killed off plants. The sauropods were driven to death, no longer being able to support their massive bodies without the trees essential to their lifestyle. Hunting and scavenging dinosaurs fared well for quite a while after this extinction due to the dead sauropods all over. After that food supply ran out, small dinosaurs were the only ones capable of hunting the burrowing mammals of the time, so it gave them enough time to evolve speedily under stress. These would be groups of avian dinosaurs, which would later become birds. Back to the mammals, though, as the food chain is wiped and the specialized niches up for grabs, the mammals took over. They took advantage of everything the dinosaurs had come to take for granted due to that hyper-specialization. Life was great for dinosaurs and scary for mammals, but then the environmental pressures changed. Dinosaurs fell off, and mammals rose up. Let's sum this up. Basal amniotes are the ancestors to both sauropsids and the synapsids. Both of these groups evolve into large animals until the PT extinction comes along. The main surviving sauropsid, Proterosuchus, would go on to become the dinosaurs. The main surviving synapsid, Lystrosaurus, would go on to become true mammals. The dinosaurs took over as top predators and mammals could not compete, so they became small rodent like animals. When the KT extinction happened and all but some avian dinosaurs were wiped out, the mammals became free of the top predators and then were able to grow themselves.
6) After the K-T extinction event, the small mammals who survived adapted to life in various different environments as they took over the world. Jungle habitats are where primate evolution starts. The earliest primate ancestor we know of is Purgatorius, and it looked much more like a treeshrew. These then specialize even more for arboreal life into Plesiadapiforms, which are starting to become larger and into what we call proto primates When we look back on the line of descent leading up to humans, it goes like this. You have basal primates like plesiadapiforms split into haplorhines and strepsirrhines. Strepsirrhines continue to do their own thing and further specialize in their own way, but we are haplorhines. Haplorhines split into simiiformes and tarsiiformes. Tarsiiformes continue to do their own thing and split into their own specialized groups, but we are Simiiformes. Basal simiiformes end up in different ecosystems, and due to different pressures, they split into platyrrhines(the New World Monkeys) and catarrhines. The New World Monkeys continue to do their own thing and further specialize in their own way. The basal catarrhines end up in different ecosystems, and due to different pressures, they split into cercopithecoids(the Old World monkeys) and hominoidea(Apes). Hominoids then further split into Hylobatidae(lesser apes/gibbons) and Hominidae(great apes). The hominids split into homininae and ponginae. Ponginae is the line that would lead to Orangutans. They are our our most further removed cousins. Hominines split into gorillini, which would become gorillas who are the next to split and next most removed cousins, and hominini. Hominini is the tribe that holds the creatures that would later split into the ancestor of Humans and our cousins the Panins(chimps and bonobos). Sahelanthropus tchadensis is what we currently believe to be the last common ancestor we shared with Panins 6-7 million years ago. It lived at the right time, it had the right characteristics, and it lived in the African Rift Valley when it would be split. This is what would cause the split into Panins and our line. They would become ardipithecines, australopithecines, paranthropines, and homo among other things. There you have it, a gross oversimplification of things from the humble beginnings of life all the way up to us. I am happy to answer any questions anybody might have and get into more details on things.
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1:51 he's trying to trivialize the concept of singularity that was there before the Big Bang, it's advanced physics, it's better explained to non adepts in that way.
5:58 The other two populations I think became extinct in that "oh no", the one encircled survived and evolved in dinosaurs.
24:08 Yes, they cut the thinnest part of the american continent to avoid going all the way to the strait of Magellano to go in the Pacific Ocean by ship.
To be white, to be male, to grow up in a country with compulsory education... And to still not have a clue while a guy uses cartoons to REVIEW BASIC SCIENCE THAT YOU LEARNED IN SCHOOL!!!!
Only a gamer can be that ill-informed about the basics of life on Earth.
#sad
If you like history related videos
I recomend oversimolified videos
You should really listen to and watch your own videos, so they aren't filled with lies. If you can't trust someone to do what they say they will. you really shouldn't give them the time or support.
@@blitzofchaosgaming6737 ?
"Is the Panama Canal man made?"
... A _canal_ is a man made river. That's what it means.
🤯🤯🤯
@@GOTGames 😆
Just google a picture of it. Nature doesn't cut continents with a knife =)
It's in the news currently for drying out and impacting shipping. In case you are wondering: it's not connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans directly. Ships still have to go up several levels through locks to a plateau of lakes. It does not help that every time a ship goes through, the water in the lock surrounding it flows into the ocean and is lost.
...y'know, I knew the Panama Canal was artificial, but... I somehow also never knew that canals, by definition, are all man-made 😂 Thank you for teaching me things!
You should react to "history of japan" by the same guy next
It's funnier
I’ve watched some Japanese reactions to it. They are generally amazed at how accurate it is for how much it glosses over in nuance for comedy.
the tradition must be kept alive and make him watch the history of Japan
Oh absolutely!!
Agree with the recommendations to watch his History of Japan. Fascinating.
"All men think about the Roman Empire on a daily basis" is a saying I now think about whenever I think about the Roman Empire. Which is daily.
15:42 Bro Luke. The Holy Roman Empire was a construct that lasted from 800 to 1806. It was a conglomerate of hundreds of smaller kingdoms that made up what is today Germany.
The idea of a unified gernany exists only since a little over a century ago.
That's why there are such big cultural, regional and language differences thoughout Germany. They were all split among hundreds of kingdoms (over 300) I think. Also the reason why we have over 20 000 castles (The UK has around 4 000 for comparison)
We germans call it the "Flickenteppich" or "patchwork rug" because of how it looked on the map.
Btw. The reason why there are such big regional rivalries in soccer or in general can be tracked back to those times
🤯
The most funny part about the holy roman empire was that is wasn't holy, not really roman and not really an empire :) So it's essentially just a name :P
@@Bunny99skinda like the people's democratic Republic of Korea
@@RiffleVFXportfolio At least that one is actually in Korea 🤣
@@Hurricayne92 haha they got one part right
If you like this you may also enjoy The Emu War by oversimplified. It’s about the time that Australia lost a war to a bunch of birds.
we lost battles but not the war (Australian in denial)
To be fair, we won the battles but ended up losing the war. The unfortunate truth was that we suffered a logistic defeat - the guerilla tactics and quick retreats from the Emus meant that very few could be shot at a time - and since bullets didn't come cheap - each one was worth more than the Emu they only MIGHT hit... The rest of the world is only laughing because the Emus haven't figured out swimming yet. @@Zephyr2z
That sounds both amazing and insane 🤔
We can't really blame the Australians. Emus are the spawn of devil
Mate, id like to see you square up to an Emu if youre so tough
As an university-educated historian, I actually have heard of everything mentioned in this video. But, as you said, there is more to every topic than a single lifetime can give to time to study. So while I have heard of basically everything in this video, I can only give you proper detailed info on my speciality (which is early modern Europe). History is vast and most of it sadly lost.
Me: A studying Egyptologist
The video: EGYYYPT (That's the only time ancient Egypt is really mentioned)
Me: 🧍🏻♀️👁️👄👁️
It's always said that every sentence or every second of the video fills at least an entire history book on its own.
@@Bunny99swhich honestly shows how impressive it was that bill could gather all that information and simplify it into a coherent and funny 20 minute video
@@Gasislowkeyyummy Yes, he's a perfectionist and spend months on the research. Somewhere on YT is an interview with Bill.
24:02 "Is the Panama canal man made?"
Well I do believe a canal is man made by definition, no?
I would highly recommend the history of Japan video from the same channel, it is just as entertaining and informative as this one!
he is true
I don't these videos use the US versions of history by either not mentioning or completely twisting historical events,you only need to see the lacking mention of the soviet victory in ww2 while the complete enactment of the useless western front in his other vids.
I think I definitely need to do that next 💯
@@GOTGamesAnd it's definitely more relaxed. Still, so fast compared to anything else, but if you compare it to The history of the entire world, at least it's about one topic only and that makes it much easier to comprehend, you don't have to switch context every 2 or even every second to a completely different place on the world.
Still I think, this is one of the greatest videos created. So much information and so entertaining, that people WANT to watch it over and over again, learning so much stuff about our history.
@@tatfly5779 Cap, just look at Japanese people react to it. They agree and find it funny
5:48 these are all real creatures with neat relationships.
So to answer your question. We had Thrinaxodon, lystrosaurus, and proterosuchus.
- Proterosuchus is an "archosaur" ancestor. Meaning that their populations evolving directly lead to every crocodilian, crocodilomorph, pterosaur, and dinosaur including modern birds and crocodilians.
(Birds are in fact archosaurs since they evolved from theropod dinosaurs, meaning birds are warm blooded reptiles)
This also means that the closest relative of alligators, crocs, and gharials is in fact birds not lizards.
So a family reunion for archosaurs would include gators, crocs, songbirds, penguins, ratites, chickens, and caiman. But no lizards.
Lizards are actually more closely related to snakes, mosasaurs, and other extinct marine reptiles.
- Lystrosaurus (the thing in the middle) was part of its own little group that was closely related to next creature. It is one of the many transitional species between reptiles and mammals. So yes that thing is technically our evolutionary cousin.
Unfortunately no modern relatives of the lystro are alive today.
- finally the far left is Thrinaxodon. This weird lizard dog looking thing is one of the ancestors to every mammal to ever exist and is also part of the the reptile -> mammal conversion.
If you want to learn more about prehistory and the insane animals that inhabited it there are many channels i highly recommend.
Clint's Reptiles and Lindsay Nicole do a bunch with modern and extinct animals in humorous and educational ways.
This is actually a perfect time to do so as well since Clint is currently doing "Dinosaur December" so for the whole month every video is Dinosaur themed and Lindsay just recently started "the history of life as we know it" where she gives us the full overview of every part of earth's biological history without boring you to death.
For a mix of fictional and factual Goji Center and DinoFax are great channels too.
YDAW (Your dinosaurs are wrong) is also a great series. Where they use bad children's toys to teach you what your favorite dinosaurs were actually like. The best part is they come back and make follow ups as we learn more. Which is honestly one of the coolest things ever.
The Paleo news is a great way to learn about whats happening on the weekly in the paleontology world and is basically daily dose of internet for Palaeo-nerds. New discoveries, studies, conclusions, etc.
Such as the recent story of how potentially the largest animal to ever walk was accidentally given the same name as medium sized theropod.
The best channels for that being Ben G Thomas, Vividen, and EDGE science.
HarrisTzang is part of trash talk side of the community where he roasts the hell out of videos making bad or incorrect claims about prehistoric animals.
And the budget museum is also a great place to learn.
If your interested in evolution itself i recommend the "Light of evolution" series by forest valkai.
If you aren't particularly bothered by religious talk then his reacteria series is great.
He goes through videos done by people who don't believe in usually evolution but sometimes other things and uses their horrible arguments to teach about the way things actually work.
If you want deep dives in to specific species or time periods then Chimerasuchus has you covered.
In general though prehistory is a rabbit hole of epic proportions. Pick a poison and react or watch freely and learn about the world we never got to see.
Unless Im wildly misinterpreting some parts of your comment(in which case lmao silly me), there wasn't really a reptile->mammal transition. Sure, PHYSICALLY some of our earliest synapsid ancestors looked a lot like your average lizard, they were still not reptiles. Synapsids didnt descend from Sauropsids(the reptiles group), but we do share a common ancestor. It's like, synapsida is the brother of the sauropsida, not its son(or something like that, it's not a perfect analogy but still)
@EG-hy9mv nope your fine! It was just easiest way to explain it implying the listeners have no in depth knowledge of prehistoric creatures.
I can throw around synapsid and some other words, but they aren't as easily visualized as something like lizard rat.
It is technically incorrect but I'll let the less nerdy people discover thar for themselves if they choose to learn more.
Edit: Okay I must've written the original at a weird time because I was very wrong in many parts.
I might need to change that.
one of the other two at5:56 became every mammal that exists today including us.
YES! I love watching people react to this, it's just an amazing video and 1000% deserves a place as part of the history of the internet! Never get tired of people struggling to find how to properly react to this because it simply has no chill so you just sit there the entire time like 😮
Also, if none of the jingles get stuck in your head, I'm going to be very surprised 🤣
Every time I watch this I just hope that more and more teachers actually show this to school kids.
That's the thing... With a reaction you find the places to stop and discuss but with this guy... There is no place to stop 😂😂
Agreed, the jingles are iconic! I think the two main ones are "the sun is a deadly laser" (pretty sure laser is spelled with an 's', unlike ehat the video says, because the initials of something) and "you could make a religion out of this" lol
I can't tell you how many times "Iiittt'sss the Seljuk Turks! AAH!" has randomly popped into my head, and I had never even heard the word "Seljuk" before seeing the video 😂
I heard someone on the local PD,,FD, EMS scanner sing "How did this happen?!" about a solo vehicle accident.😂 (person is okay)
“Now let’s break for lunch…after which we will be writing an exam”
This is one of those classics. I can't even say how many times I've seen people react to this but it's funny to see how mind blown everyone gets. TBH, this has a way of getting knowledge to stick. Those jingles always reside in the deepest crevices of my mind
“Is the Panama Canal man made?”
Me: “Wait, let me double check but I was under the impression that the definition of “canal” is “man made water connection””
Edit: I looked it up and this is the definition from Oxford (as stated by Google):
“an artificial waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or ships inland or to convey water for irrigation.”
Yeah coz if its natural they will call it a river instead
I never knew that 🤯🤯
@@aronth Not really a river as that would imply that it has to flow downward. If it's just a water connection between two water bodies I think it would be a strait.
@@GOTGames How horrible are your public schools?
If you want to see more history content, i recomend you Oversimplified. Its also History oriented channel, he focus more on one topic and still try to make it fun for viewer while not losing his interesting historical values.
oversimplified edits history for the western values it's inaccurate.
@@tatfly5779What do you mean? It may use jokes here and there but that’s just its style.
Thanks for the recommendation!
@@GOTGames I love Sam'onella his humour resonates with me
@@tatfly5779explain
Every sentence in this video is an entire historybook!!! And it's all true!
near the start of "history of the entire world, i guess" the white screen narration is relevant and quite accurate if you consider that this is start of the physics of time and space.
6:17 actually, aside from a funny joke, it kinda puts into perspective that the dinosaurs were just a little time in here, compared to the things that came before them and all the millions and millions of years of difference of time
Well it also comes down to, we have so much more knowledge of the time humans were actually on the earth
@@kalebbeaumont and that also is because humans are the creatures with the most capacity to terraform, transform and destroy their enviroment.
Yeah, except that makes the decision to spend so much time with the humans seem even less logical considering how much less time humans have existed for. Dinosaurs managed to survive over 100 million years. Humans only around 200,000.
Also, plants and other non-humans have had giant impacts on the ecosystem which has caused it to become the way it is now -- so humans aren't the only ones with significant impact on the planet. Humans might do it via tools, but non-humans have those tools inbuilt and also have a large-scale effect on their surroundings. Trees, whales, heck even tiny things like bacteria all have had and continued to have an effect, and they help shape their environment. They might act as carbon sinks or produce oxygen, or on the other hand take up oxygen and choke out the life in a lake. Humans are actually pretty insignificant when you think about it (our own impacts depend on the organisms around us and our environment as much as anything) -- and we would've never have come to exist if it weren't for all the creatures that came before us.
I can't believe you've never watched this before. Gonna be a good vid
I love watching reactions to this because everyone has different levels of knowledge of each era so they’ll start doing a mini deep dive into an era they have an interest in and I always learn something new
I feel like this video should be mandatory for the intro to any history/social studies class. Play it on the first day and have each student write a page about one part that they knew about and do a large research project on a piece that they don't. The possibilities would be endless
It is always great to see people react to this masterpiece. It's a looooot of information crammed into your brain at high speed and in an entertaining and relatively memorable way.
24:00 I'm sure someone's already said this, but yeah, the Panama canal was man-made and utter HELL to make
That was an absolute blast! Thanks for reacting to this video, it is one of the best pieces of internet culture and is sort of mandatory viewing.
Warning from another Brit, you will quote 'the sun is a deadly lazer' all summer.
Very unexpected but pleasant surprise. I do really love this video. Its done in such an entertaining way that it keeps your interest throughout. Plus its a good way to learn. After I watched it the first time I researched more into certain topics.
What I take from this reaction: Luke needs more Fate content for the 100% accurate history knowledge
@@pushkarsingh5652 from what I understood long story short she got di*k temporarily from merlin in order to do kids.
This guy: "So we're at the Persian Empire? The Crusades must next."
Same guy: "I know history"
XD No offense man, you're awesome!
I do wanna say, I've seen SO MANY of the reactions to this video from other react channels and it seems like more than 90% of the time the reactors only pause like twice for maybe a minute each time, then end the reaction within 30 seconds of the video they're reacting to being over. It's so refreshing and nice to see someone pause more than just a couple times, comment on things, and then not immediately end the video once they were done watching.
Fantastic reaction video, you're an amazing artist and content creator. Thank you for reacting to this even though it's outside your wheelhouse of usual reactions. Keep up the amazing work.
“Rite of passage” is what you were looking for.
"Should I be taking notes?" is def the correct reaction loll
Since someone else recommended the History of Japan already I would like to recommend the Three Kingdoms by Oversimplified. Its a similar video style to Bill Wurtz about the Three Kingdom period in China.
Absolutely checking that one out!
honestly just any oversimplified video is a good rec
I should write this comment on the original video, but this is the most unique view on the history of the world that I've ever seen! Wow! Mel Brooks would be proud!
Every time I hear the Habsburg part I remember that I went to school with a girl that is related to that circle of a family tree (even still using the "von Habsburg" family name)
I do wonder what she's doing now, cause I haven't seen her since and that was 10 years ago at this point
Immediately clicked once I saw the thumbnail! I've seen so many reactions to this and it's awesome! So much history in that small amount of time and you can understand everything! Plus adding some jokes here and there to make the video more entertaining while you learn/relearn history! Honestly it's genius!
0:53 Now i need a Beatrice rendition of this video called "History of the entire world, i suppose"
WOOOOOO, I WASN'T EXPECTING THIS REACTION! Cool.
The holes in this man's knowledge were as glaring as his disinterest 😅
I watched this years ago, but I will never, for the rest of my life, forget where the Sultan of Oman lives.
Be careful, this direction is one skid away from becoming all kurtzgesagt all the time.
This was your "rite of passage" as a reactor!
I believe that's the term you were looking for at the start
GOT brain melted... mission successful
😂
11:34 They didn’t color England there because the Romans didn’t hold England at the time, they conquered it later on.
Your now a true reaction channel. Thanks for reacting to this!
In my opinion, another video (or I should say videos) that has the same "must watch" status on TH-cam as this one, is Alan Beckers Animation versus Animator series. That and Animation vs Minecraft are two of the most legendary animated series on TH-cam, and I would love to see Luke react to them!
I love how deeply offended you were over how brief the dinosaur section was. 😊😅
that 'knock-knock" at 10:40 made me turn my head to my right, where there is no door cus it came out of my right earbud lol
OMG I LOOOOOVE WHEN PEOPLE REACT TO THIS ITS LITERALLY PERFECT GENIUS BEST VIDEO ON THE INTERNET
I love watching people react to this video. It's so packed with content that there's always some good reactions to be had.
Also, I'm shocked you didn't know the Panama Canal was man-made. It was literally the biggest construction project in the world since like the Great Wall of China I think.
I had no clue 🤯
You should definitely also watch the "History of Japan" video that preceded this one.
yep, the roots of germany are actually the roman empire. To be precise: it was named "das heilige römische Reich deutscher Nation" ("the holy roman empire of the german nation").
To this day, there are still remains of old roman cities getting discovered occasionally. In fact: i´m living in such a city that used to be one of the major trade-cities in germany/the holy roman empire of the german nation. we have an entire museum of stuff related to the holy roman empire, such as coins, statues and much more. It´s also the origin of a lot of german and english words, as many of them were intially latin. for example "Keller" ("basement" or "cellar") which is "cellar" or "cellarium" in latin. Or a distinct relative: "Mensch" ("human in english"), which means the same as "Person" (german or english) coming from "persona" in latin.
THis is the best video on TH-cam =)) And your reaction was very good. Thank you for pausing when you talking, because this video don't give even a second to squeeze a word =)
lol, love the dumbfounded expressions. XD
History of Japan by the same creator is pretty good, and going back to music i'd also recommend Welcome to the Internet by Bo Burnham
Seconding Welcome to the Internet... I can already hear Luke's laughter
Bill Wurtz said that this video took him 11 months to make.
Luke has confirmed that he too thinks about the Holy Roman Empire
😂
This is out of nowhere but its an awesome video. Cant wait to watch 🤩
i know tons of girls that love history and guys that hate it. its a very person by person thing honestly
you have GOT to react to other content from this guy. every single one of em is a trip. he has his own genre
True bro! 😂
@@I3ladeDragon yooooo. Wassup
im honestly kinda surprized he coudlnt keep up with like some parts or the jokes at the start, not saying i can the whole time i mean this is the 10+ reaction I've seen to this over the years
24:09
"Is the Panama Canal man-made?"
WTF Luke? If it wasn't man-made it would be a river going through a canyon.
Asking if a canal is man-made is like asking if railroad tracks are man-mad!
As a companion to this, i would highly recommend checking out the Kurzgesagt video "All of History", which is a stunningly animated hour long video that covers the 4.5 billion years of earths history in one hour, at a pace of 500,000 years roughly every 1.5 seconds (I think)...so our entire human civilasation is literally a split second at the end of the hour. As such, it expands significantly on the the formation of the planet, the geological periods and the evolution of life.
Its maybe not a "reactable" video... but worth a look in your own time for sure...
Agreed. It looks gorgeous and while maybe not giving much to comment on, it's still an interesting experience.
0:16 Rite of passage is the phrase you're looking for.
The amount of time in this video you just sit there with your mouth open is hilarious. Fantastic reaction.
4:25 - Bill Wurtz just does this kind of stuff for the fun of it. And this is probably the best overview lecture going from the big bang through abiogenesis to sociology and world history.
I like to think of this absurdly succinct overview of history as a sort of appetizer for aspiring history nerds. Like you could use it to decide which area of focus seems the most interesting, and then dig deeper on that specific topic. As far as a complete summary of all of history, it's pretty damn impressive in its own right, but there's only so much detail you can go into when you need to talk about EVERY SINGLE CULTURE AND MAJOR MILESTONE SINCE THE DAWN OF TIME.
Edit: It's also crazy to me that we only really care about the most recent three nanoseconds of the Earth's history, cause prior to the dawn of society, nothing all that noteworthy was happening. You have the proto-dinosaurs, extinction event, the actual dinosaurs, extinction event, proto-humans, then a loooooooong period of no significant change, then you have society and everything pops the hell off so goddamn fast it's unbelievable. I think the reason for this disparity is that natural evolution is incredibly slow, while cultural and technological advancement are obscenely rapid, so genuinely only one or two noteworthy natural developments might happen in a ten million year period, but society can develop, unnaturally, from being completely nonexistent to the present day within a period of less than ten thousand years.
12:20
Lmao he’s just immediately on board with the China joke
Oh that’s good…
Oh, that’s bad…
this is a classic video, love seeing people react to it.
Not what i expected to see but hell yeah. probably one of my favourite TH-cam videos ever and it's always great to see people react to it
man you won`t believe how excited I got by seeing that you have reacted to this video :D
I love Bill Wurtz!
I've seen this so many times never gets old ❤
You: I am retaining NONE of this!
Me, who loves this video and has watched it dozens of times now: **mouthing along almost perfectly to the video**
There used to be a game show in the United States called "Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?"
The show has not had any HD remasters because a majority of geographical information in that show is no longer correct. In fact, there was even a fluke where a question's answer changed in the middle of them recording and airing the third season. Resulting in a losing contender being given a second chance due to the final question no longer being valid.
lmao i'm 5 mins in and the look of utter confusion on your face this whole in class 🤣🤣🤣
History is not just a guy thing. My podcast backlog proves that.
There is one I would love to see you watch, it's called something like "How the universe is way bigger than you think". It'll blow your mind, and isn't as fast paced as this video.
I just recommended that video along with "The Ocean is Way Deeper Than You Think" before even seeing your comment. xD
Yessss, the G.O.T Memes content I didn't know I needed
I haven’t watched it yet, but I feel the head explosion coming for sure lol I love this video so much.
5:39 and here we have the face of a person who just understood the point of eggs ... 😂
I love that you're doing this!
Also, in the beginning I think you're thinking of a rite of passage :)
Luke having trouble following along with this makes me wonder how he would deal with a Max0r video
MAN I LOVE BILL WURTZ. HES SUCH A LEGEND
Ah yes. The video that is possibly my favourite in all of the web. An internet world heritage video.
The same guy made another one in similar style for Japan. Can recommend.
Haha no way! This is a classic!
I just love that the video loops!
You should react to “Timelapse of the future” by melodysheep. As well as “the ocean is way deeper than you think, what’s the deepest hole you can possibly dig and how the universe is way bigger than you think” the last three videos are by reallifelore.
6:42 technically the term 'history' in academics only refers to studies of the past since the invention of writing - anything before that is prehistory.
It’s crazy. So much time has passed since this came out you could add a whole ‘nother 2 seconds to it
One overlooked element of WW2 is that 1 Spanish dude is the reason the war against Germany went so smoothly.
I think this video as great in giving a rough overview of history. Knowing all the details isnt all that important for the most part anyway (unless you are specifically interested or if it is relevant to a discussion today: e.g. Israel/Palestine). Just having this timeline that puts things into a framework is very valuable. Stuff like knowing, that first you have the Persians, then Alexander, then the successor states, then Rome, etc. that is a good way to put things relative to each other. Knowing exact dates isnt that important.
luke this was amazing. ive seen it many times before but i gotta say, this was one of the best reactions ive seen to it.
❣💥💥
You're the first person I've heard mention the age of empires sheep sound. Mad solidarity
Glad to see you are finally reaction to the absolute best video in all of the internet lol
fellow tongan here lol!!! idk how they did it haha i would love to know too to be honest
Ah, really fun to watch your reactions to something fun like this, id love for you to continue to react to more comedy centred stuff , as always thanks for the amazing content luke 🙏✌️
Glad you finally react to this video. They should show this in schools.
I love this so much! Now you only have to watch this 10 more times to retain 5% of the information XD
(1)To start, a common misconception is that "nothing became something," but in reality, the concept of "nothing" doesn't exist. There is never nothing and was never a nothing. At one point, all the matter in the universe was condensed down into a singularity. We can even pinpoint where in space this singularity was. For some reason, the singularity started to expand. There was never a "big bang," and that is a bad description of the event. It is better to describe it as an "everywhere stretch." Of course, all matter being condensed means it was extraordinarily hot when it first expanded. This leads to bonds and fusion events of different molecules. Hydrogen was, of course, the first as it is the simplest. It also happens to be the most reactive because of this. Almost all stars start their life as hydrogen being condensed together with gravity. Through more and more pressure, as more and more hydrogen comes together, things like nuclear fusion kick off. New elements start to fuse into existence. When these stars go supernova as they start to produce iron. Iron really messes everything up. The star can no longer sustain equilibrium, and the core collapses in on itself, causing a supernova. This spews these new elements all over to come together and make larger stars, which have more pressure that makes even new elements. A lot of stars formed at the start of the singularity stretching. Lots of elements formed pretty quickly. Through these many, many supernova, you get particles of elements to combine into large chunks of themselves, and thus, we have asteroids, planets, and moons.
Ever wonder why our solar system is the way it is? Why do we have rocky planets in the center and jovial planets outside of our solar system, then? It's because of thermal gradients. As you get further from the star, you get colder, and the solar winds get less powerful. Close to the star rock won't solidify, so you have a gap between sun and first planets in a system. There's a limit to where you can have terrestrial planets, those being Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. You then get to a certain point where you can have liquid water, and that's where our planet is, the "goldilocks zone." We aren't special for that either. The goldilocks zone is millions of miles wide. It's a common myth that if we were a foot closer or further, we couldn't survive, and that's simply not true, but I digress. Past a certain point, the solar winds blasting the planets weaken. That's where we get these big gas giants. All the gas that's around Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune would have been here on Earth, too, but the sun blasted it off to the back of the solar system. That's why the gas giants are out there. And if you look at any other star system, it follows the same format. No planets in front, the terrestrial planets in the center and the gas giants, if it has gas giants, in the back.
This all happened after a supernova from a dead star created our sun, and the suns gravity attracted material from said supernova. All star systems are from generations of stars dying and being born. This all happened and created all the protoplanetary disks of various materials. Heavier stuff is closer to the star and lighter stuff further away. Over time, they became what we know them are today as they clumped together. One of those protoplanetary rings became Jupiter, and if it were two times bigger, it would actually become a brown dwarf star, the smallest star. It is already so big that it stopped us from having another planet. The asteroid belt is a protoplanetary disk that could have been a planet, but because it was stuck between the Sun and Jupiters' massive gravitation, it was torn apart. These generations of stars leading up to us is where we get all the elements in the Solar System specifically.
2)So Earth was molten for about a billion years or so. Once it was cooled, life formed pretty quickly, in fact. Single cells were the first life. Very, very simple single cells. The oldest fossils we have date back 3.45 billion years. They are near Marbel Bar, Australia, called The Dresser Formation and is a popular geological site. These are ancient fossilized cyanobacteria. They form a mat layer of themselves that continue to move up as others die, forming these pillar like structures. Cyanobacteria are the easiest microfossil for us to identify, but there are suspected older fossils that are harder to date and identify. Early life formation is fascinating, and explaining how life came about is my favorite thing ever. Chemical evolution is so cool. To start, you have to talk about the Urey-Miller experiment. Back in the 1950s these two biochemists did an experiment in which they took a containment chamber, filled it with water, ammonia, methane, hydrogen, and all the things you expect to find on any fledgling planet. All the things you would expect on any new Earths. They put a fire underneath so it would evaporate, go into another container to be zapped with electrodes, cooled, funneled back to the original container, and cycles back through. They are simulating the patterns of an early Earth and simulating all the elements you could find on Earth. You take early simple ingredients, get them hot, get them cold, zapped with lightning and other normal processes. They ran it for a while, and when they came back, they took samples. To their surprise, the water is no longer clear but is a gross reddish brown. They test it and find it is now full of amino acids. Amino acids are the things that build proteins and make life happen. That is called chemical evolution. Very simple inorganic ingredients come together via totally natural means and form organic macromolecules. There are 4 macromolecules that make up life. Lipids, proteins, carbs, and nucleic acids. Those are the 4 macromolecules that make up everything alive. Each one is a polymer, meaning it's a molecule that forms a chain. I'll explain each of these below:
PROTEINS are made of chains of amino acids that fold up on themselves. A chain of amino acids is a primary structure. Then, it folds into an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet called a secondary structure. Then, it forms a glob called a tertiary structure. Sometimes, some globs come together, and that's then a quaternary structure and so on. That's how proteins work. Proteins make up skin, muscle, bones, and everything like that.
CARBS are sugars. Long chain simple sugars such as glucose or fructose. If you stick them together, you get sucrose. A bunch of those together makes a polysaccharide. This makes carbs like starch, cellulose, and such.
LIPIDS are fats. You have a twisted hydrocarbon chain that repels water, and that's a lipid. There are various kinds like phospholipids where a long hydrocarbon chain comes off it to repel water and, on the other end, is a phosphorus group that attracts water. This makes a hydrophilic and hydrophobic end. One attracts and one repels water. If you take any lipid like cooking oil, for example, and put it in water, it forms a bubble all by itself. Nobody has to tell it to do that. That's because a sphere is the smallest possible surface area and is the most energetically protected from the water around it. It would take more energy to make any other shape, and the universe is lazy. Everything is always as energetically simple as possible. Lipids that naturally form out of normal stuff under normal circumstances naturally form spheres. Amino acids which make proteins that naturally form out of natural stuff can get stuck in one of these spheres, and you now have something that practically represents a cell. All this stuff is formed by totally natural means and naturally assumes the shape of a sphere can naturally come together and form a cell. You can do this in a jar. Now imagine that on a planet taking place over millions of years.
The Urey-Miller experiment has been redone in different ways many times by putting other things in, leaving some things out, and hundreds of combinations, and it just always works. Later, we figured out this happens in hydrothermal vents. They pump out acids and bases. These have proton gradients. What's that? Well, an acid is a chemical with a bunch of extra protons, and a base is something that doesn't have enough and has too many electrons. When they neutralize, they give off electrical charges that move one place to the next. This is how your cells make energy today. Mitochondria pass protons across a membrane. This turns a protein called ATP synthase, which makes adenosine triphosphate, and that's how our body works. It's how most cells today work. Where can we find natural proton gradients right now? Hydrothermal vents. Where can we find the building blocks of lipids and proteins? Hydrothermal vents. We can even find amino acids, including all the ones important to life, in space. Just floating on asteroids. They form naturally all by themselves all over. You have the building blocks of life, the thing that makes energy in cells even today happening naturally all by itself in hydrothermal vents and all over the universe. Life then starts all by itself. Now, we also have NUCLEIC ACIDS, the 4th macromolecule, which is DNA and RNA. We do debate what came first, but the most common consensus is that RNA came first. I also follow the RNA world hypothesis. Let me explain why.
RNA is cool because it isn't just something that carries information, but it also works as a catalyst to make reactions happen. A catalyst is something that lowers the activation energy of a reaction. It makes a reaction happen easier and faster with less energy. So RNA carries genetic information, it can also make more of itself, and it can make other reactions happen faster. Think about how proteins are made in your body today. It's like this.
You have mRNA(messenger RNA) that makes proteins happen. How? It goes to a ribosome to be read. What are ribosomes made of? They are made of rRNA(ribosomal RNA) and aren't membrane bound organelles. In the ribosome, something brings over amino acids to make the protein. What brings them over? tRNA(transfer RNA). So when your body makes proteins, it uses RNA to tell RNA to use RNA to make a protein. Again, you can do this in a jar. That is why the major consensus is that RNA came first. RNA is something that is so unbelievably useful. Why do we have DNA, then? Because once it happened to form, DNA was/is really good at long-term storage, and it's far more stable, meaning it stuck around better. You can divide it, make more of it, pack it into a tight wad and have it twist around proteins called histones to makes a tight rope called chromatin, and then chromatin forms a body called a chromosome. That's how DNA works. It wraps around proteins, wraps into a thick rope, and those thick ropes form a chromosome. It's super easy to divide these and split them up.
Is it so hard to believe that some of these naturally forming nucleic acids found their way into a blob of naturally forming lipids? THEN they split, THEN you have 2 sets of chromosomes in a cell THEN cytokenesis happens where actin filaments tighten around the cell in a contractile ring, and remember lipids form bubbles naturally, so once squished together you now have a cleavage furrow that then splits into two seperate bubbles! You now have dividing life out of literally "nothing." It's not difficult at all to say that very simple ingredients found all over the universe that naturally form organic molecules by natural processes then naturally stated making more of themselves. You then get a VERY early organism. Something so insanely simple. Not bacteria, that would be unbelievably complex in comparison. Just a very simple membrane, very simple genetic material, and very simple proteins. The very basics of all of this. That is what we call LUCA. There was probably a ton of very early life, but LUCA is the one that stuck around. Everything that ever lived past that point is related to LUCA. We have a very clear picture of how everything evolved after that. The eukaryotes first appeared at least 2.7 billion years ago, following some to 1.5 billion years of prokaryotic evolution. Studies of their DNA sequences indicate that the archaebacteria and eubacteria are as different from each other as either is from present-day eukaryotes, but I'll get into that later to explain the Domains of life. Prokaryotic cells would have become eukaryotic cells after one cell consumed another cell and just didn't digest it. The two would benifit off of eachother forming an endosymbiotic relationship similar to our gut biomes today. Mitochondrea, for instance, used to be their own independent organisms. One day about a billion years ago, a cell ate one and couldn't digest it. The mitochondria got a ride, protection and food, and the larger cell got energy from the mitochondria consuming things that would otherwise have just been waste. This same thing is what happened with plants and their chloroplasts. Long ago, some early eukaryotes ate some photosynthetic bacteria and didn't digest it. These bacteria are the ancestors of chloroplasts.
3)NOTE: Microbiology and cellular evolution are not my field. Neither is early life. I am not a source for this information. I can tell you the basics that I do know, but don't quote it as accurate. Some might be incorrect or outdated.
Now, sponges are thought to be the first, or one of the first, animals going back to around 2.5 billion years old. Filter feeding multicellular organisms anchored to rocks. It's debated what came next, but rangeomorphs are the most accepted. They look like ferns, but those who argue it's not an animal argue that it's fungi which are more closely related to us than plants are. Rangeomorphs likely fed on chemicals in the water. These then would have started becoming free instead of attached to the ocean floor, which would help them "find" more food. Being so spread apart and not connected together poses some problems when you aren't anchored, though, so they likely became more compact around this time forming more of a "skin" or "flesh like" layer compared to sponges which are mostly hollow. These animals would then have looked like worms and had an easier time moving through the water. Something similar to flatworms or arrow worms. This is also where bilateral symmetry starts to appear, as well as a mouth forming from a blastopore. Some worms would find that eating each other is a better source of food, so consequently, we start to see extremely primitive and basal shelled creatures as protection from predators would have been important. This is still in the late Proterozoic. Once the Cambrian period hits, we get the Cambrian Explosion and see a lot more shelled animals like basal mollusks and crustaceans due to increased pressure and more calcium in the water. We see a lot more species start to appear in general at this time. Finally, these animals would split into Echinodermata and Chordata. Early chordates became a lot of things, I'll only focus on becoming vertebrates for simplicity and since we are vertebrates. We would have had very early eel like fish. Living examples are hagfish and lamprey, which are jawless vertebrates. Over time, we would see the development of jaws. Skeletons also developed during the Cambrian due to more and more calcium in the water. Like everything that evolved, it was linked to a higher evolutionary fitness as it was an advantage. Giving an anchor point for your muscles is a huge advantage, allowing more complex and efficient movement and later better structure to the body. The first "bones" were just hardened tissue that an organism, with a random mutation causing local calcium deposits, developed. This showed to be a good thing. So that individual had a better chance of survival and, more importantly, reproduction. This advantage was given to the next generation. That caused the proprortion of individuals, with this hardened tissue, to increase inside the population, slowly applying to the whole species.
NOTE: This is now where I know more of what I am talking about.
The first jawed vertebrates would have been similar to Placoderms. Big boney skulls where the "jaws" are just sharp bone. Placoderms, of course, are very specialized jawed fish, but the first jawed fish would be similar in the way their jaws are. Some of those jawed fish took a different path. So now we have jaws developed. There are different varieties of specializations that start to appear.
4)Fish history lesson time! So the early fish develop. First, you have Chondrichthyes, the cartilaginous fish like sharks and rays. A little later, you get Actinopterygians, ray finned fish, which are most fish today you'll think of such, and clown fish are just one example. Then, even later, you get Sarcopterygians, lobe finned fish with big meaty fins rather than thin tendrils most fish have. Plenty of lobe finned fish still exist today, but some broke off to become the first tetrapods or four limbed animals. To sum that up, Chondrichthyes evolved. We didn't come from sharks, but we share an ancestor. Then came the Actinopterygians. We didn't come from clownfish, but we share a common ancestor. We did come from Sarcopterygians, and there are still Sarcopterygians today, but did we come from Coelacanths or Lungfish? No, we share a common ancestor who was also a fish.
Now you're breathing air right now because around 390 million years ago, some fish evolved lungs. It's super cool on its own, but that's not the point here. Fish have actually been breathing air for a long time. They will go to the surface and gulp air when they are in low oxygen water. Fish today still do this, and I'll get into all that later. They go to the surface and gulp up air to get oxygen, but they can't do it long term since their gills aren't evolved for that. Around the Devonian period, we had fish that developed lungs because of this. Some fish kept those lungs and used them to become "better fish" as they modified into swim bladders. The lungs came first, which seems to shock a lot of people, and swim bladders are just modified lungs fish use to stay neutrally buoyant. We kept things in our evolution, too, like gills. Our gills changed into things like the hyoid bone and outer ears. Some humans still have a preauricular sinus, a little hole on the front of their ear that is literally just a vestigial gill slits. A leftover breathing hole. Why transition to land in the first place, though? There's almost ten times more oxygen up here. It's so easy to make energy. That's why air breathing has evolved not just once but over over 70 different times! Finally, around 375 million years ago during the late Devonian period, one of the most important fish to ever live first evolved. Its name was Tiktaalic. It was a lobe finned fish, Sarcopterygian, with a lot of amphibian features that was able to push itself up with its fins and get onto land. It had incredible new adaptations no other life form developed before. Big thick bones in its front limbs and shoulders which allowed it to push its body up along the bottom of the muddy banks, and a set of primitive lungs it could use to stay on land for extended periods. It was technically a fish, but from it we get every single tetrapod or four limbed animal who ever lived including Ichthyostega, one of the first animals to walk around on all fours on dry land, and all the way up to every stork, horse, python, turtle, frog, hampster, dolphin and human alive today.
Now I'm going to take a different turn, but stay with me. Fish, amphibians, and reptiles do not seem to hiccup as far as we know, although gill ventilation is an analogous reflex. As we mammals breathe, we do so using a style called ventilation or sometimes known as respiration. We use our inspiratory muscles such as the diaphragm, parasternal and external intercostal muscles, and several neck muscles to pull in air for pulmonary gas exchange, and then we put our abdominal muscles to work in order to push air containing CO2 out. This is in stark contrast to what happens when we hiccup. You probably know that hiccups happen because of the diaphragm. This muscle evolved quite a bit after our first tetrapod ancestors who braved the coast into the forests of yore. As said previously, air breathing developed long before in the water in what would be reminiscent of modern lungfish. This ancestor had both gills and primitive lungs, along with being one of the first animals to evolve a neck. It used a basal form of gas exchange where it used its buccal muscles to pump in either air or water, which was then diverted to the gills or the lung sacks. Both gill and lung respiration are managed in a cyclical and rhythmic fashion. The muscle sequences can vary, but the overall mechanism is the same. From gar, lungfish, and fully fledged frogs to filter feeding tadpoles. It's orchestrated by the brainstem CPGs. These are essentially neural networks that work in an oscillation pattern. They were once used for gill ventilation, but they have been retrofitted for air respiration. In evolution, a general principal we can understand is that behaviors tend to come before morphological change. This is because a behavior is much more flexible and can itself facilitate pressures for new mutations should they arise.
One of our fish ancestors, for example, the Eusthenopteron, was a lobe finned fish that had both lungs and gills and lived in costal waters. A migration inland to avoid super predators like Dunkleosteus is a behavior. That movement inland would expose these ancestors to more eutrophic waters thanks to the plants invading land at the same time. With low oxygen in the water, we would suddenly see a spike in the pressure for animals able to exploit oxygen capture by alternative means like by air. So, behavior in this case has helped facilitate morphologic selection. Some might/do suggest that this is all just speculation, but fortunately, we can SEE this exact change. This precise prediction occurs before our eyes in the tadpole. As we know, tadpoles are the young of frogs and must undergo metamorphosis, a total body plan overhaul to reach their adult forms. We have an organism undergoing something very similar to what the first air breathers went through in several generations. Pre-metamorphic tadpoles have all the equipment for both gill and lung breathing, but their lungs are inhibited by a GABAB dependant pathing that doesn't seem to have an impact on gill CPG. Tadpoles currently undergoing metamorphosis have gill ventilation that gradually becomes more conroled until post metamorphosis, where they eventually degenerate and the adult frog rely exclusively on air. This air breathing is only itself controlled by the same rhythmic oscillations that controlled the gills. The only real difference between gill and lung CPGs are the structures they regulate.
Now, after that long string of text, you might ask what the evolution of air breathing has to do with hiccups. Well, the ventilatory motor patterns of lower vetrabrates like lungfish, frogs, and gar are shared in the properties of the standard hiccup. The sudden inspiration, inhibition of expiration, and a sharp epiglottis closure that is then repeated in an ossolatory pattern. It's purposed that the hiccup is the resurgence of an archaic motor pattern that governs the breathing of modern frogs and the ancient early air breathers. Furthermore, this circuit is accessed most frequently in infancy, where it aids a baby mammal in suckling, which explains why it likely stuck around. This is most underscored by the location of the reflexes regulation in the medulla. The medulla is also responsible for blood vessel dilation, heart rate, breathing, digestion, sneezing, vomiting, and involuntary coughs. Literally, just all your basic involuntary body controls necessary for survival. If anything happens to your medulla, it is essentially a death sentence. It seemed odd that such a trivial reflex would be controlled by one of our oldest brain regions, but it very well may be that the hiccup used to control a much more vital function. Basal air respiration. Furthermore, nearly every mammal gets the hiccups, and they start as early as the animal is still in the womb, which provides more evidence of this being a resurgence of an older trait necessary for survival.
Every time you catch the hiccups, you can now enjoy knowing that you are echoing the first gasps of some ancient lungfish making its way up the coast and onto land. Awesome. Now, we see the animals before the dinosaurs came about, but where did mammals come from then?
5) The sauropsids (the ancestors of reptiles of all sorts) and the synapsids (that’s mammals and their ancestors) share a common ancestor that was a basal amniote. This ancestor split off some time during the Devonian Period, probably between 294 and 323 million years ago. The synapsids went on to evolve into Mammaliaformes such as Tritylodontids and Morganucodontids sometime during the Triassic Period, in the “age of dinosaurs” also known as the Mesozoic Era. Synapsids never evolved scales as far as we know. We’ve found impressions from the hides of some synapsids, and they have an irregular pattern of bumps and pits, not scales. The pits may be the openings of glands, which would be something they had in common with modern mammals such as elephants and rhinos.
The synapsids pretty much dominated the Permian Period, evolving into some impressive large forms such as the Lystrosaurus, but then mostly died out during the PT mass extinction. One clade, the cynodonts, survived and were mostly small predators. They evolved some mammal like traits such as a secondary bony palate, fewer bones in the lower jaw (some of the “missing” bones migrated rearward and up, and would later become the ear bones of mammals), and larger brains though still small compared to most modern mammals. As the early dinosaurs became more common and more dominant, the cynodonts shrank. Perhaps they had trouble competing with the dinosaurs and began going nocturnal. They were likey becoming warm blooded to help stop fungal infections due to burrowing and were more comfortable at night. There were most likely a ton of things that simply made life easier as a smaller animal.
By the time the late Triassic Period rolls around, it becomes truly academic whether a certain synapsid was a “true” mammal or not. Some of these animals had jaw joints that were precisely in the middle between older synapids’ jaw joints and those of mammals. The teeth could mesh together smoothly to chew food, the cerebellum kept getting bigger, and so on. Mammals have come onto the scene now. Meanwhile, while all this is happening with mammals, the sauropsids that survived the PT extinction start to become the dinosaurs. They evolved and took up the top predator niche. Unlimited food due to higher CO2 levels, massive size, and little to no predators. They were using up all the resources. Nothing new could come about. Only the smallest mammals could survive, and so they did. They thrived as burrowing and scavenging animals. This went on for an extraordinarily long time until the KT extinction event happened. It virtually wiped out the dinosaurs. They would almost reclaim their spot in the top predator niche through the evolution of terror birds, but they ended up dying out too. The remaining reptiles didn't return because their large size could not be supported anymore as oxygen content in the air took a downward dive and as their food, or their foods food, died out. The climate change and continental drift resulted in hyper-specialized dinosaurs being wiped out, and then there were only a handful left. They didn't fare very well either. Large dinosaurs were wiped out as the plants died out. This extinction events major explanations being either volcanoes or meteors (both supported by geological evidence) would have blocked out sunlight, resulting in a nuclear "winter" of sorts that killed off plants. The sauropods were driven to death, no longer being able to support their massive bodies without the trees essential to their lifestyle. Hunting and scavenging dinosaurs fared well for quite a while after this extinction due to the dead sauropods all over. After that food supply ran out, small dinosaurs were the only ones capable of hunting the burrowing mammals of the time, so it gave them enough time to evolve speedily under stress. These would be groups of avian dinosaurs, which would later become birds. Back to the mammals, though, as the food chain is wiped and the specialized niches up for grabs, the mammals took over. They took advantage of everything the dinosaurs had come to take for granted due to that hyper-specialization. Life was great for dinosaurs and scary for mammals, but then the environmental pressures changed. Dinosaurs fell off, and mammals rose up.
Let's sum this up. Basal amniotes are the ancestors to both sauropsids and the synapsids. Both of these groups evolve into large animals until the PT extinction comes along. The main surviving sauropsid, Proterosuchus, would go on to become the dinosaurs. The main surviving synapsid, Lystrosaurus, would go on to become true mammals. The dinosaurs took over as top predators and mammals could not compete, so they became small rodent like animals. When the KT extinction happened and all but some avian dinosaurs were wiped out, the mammals became free of the top predators and then were able to grow themselves.
6) After the K-T extinction event, the small mammals who survived adapted to life in various different environments as they took over the world. Jungle habitats are where primate evolution starts. The earliest primate ancestor we know of is Purgatorius, and it looked much more like a treeshrew. These then specialize even more for arboreal life into Plesiadapiforms, which are starting to become larger and into what we call proto primates
When we look back on the line of descent leading up to humans, it goes like this. You have basal primates like plesiadapiforms split into haplorhines and strepsirrhines. Strepsirrhines continue to do their own thing and further specialize in their own way, but we are haplorhines. Haplorhines split into simiiformes and tarsiiformes. Tarsiiformes continue to do their own thing and split into their own specialized groups, but we are Simiiformes. Basal simiiformes end up in different ecosystems, and due to different pressures, they split into platyrrhines(the New World Monkeys) and catarrhines. The New World Monkeys continue to do their own thing and further specialize in their own way. The basal catarrhines end up in different ecosystems, and due to different pressures, they split into cercopithecoids(the Old World monkeys) and hominoidea(Apes). Hominoids then further split into Hylobatidae(lesser apes/gibbons) and Hominidae(great apes). The hominids split into homininae and ponginae. Ponginae is the line that would lead to Orangutans. They are our our most further removed cousins. Hominines split into gorillini, which would become gorillas who are the next to split and next most removed cousins, and hominini. Hominini is the tribe that holds the creatures that would later split into the ancestor of Humans and our cousins the Panins(chimps and bonobos). Sahelanthropus tchadensis is what we currently believe to be the last common ancestor we shared with Panins 6-7 million years ago. It lived at the right time, it had the right characteristics, and it lived in the African Rift Valley when it would be split. This is what would cause the split into Panins and our line. They would become ardipithecines, australopithecines, paranthropines, and homo among other things. There you have it, a gross oversimplification of things from the humble beginnings of life all the way up to us. I am happy to answer any questions anybody might have and get into more details on things.
BRO it IS the sound of sheep from age of empires !!!
I am glad you caught that I would never catch that by myself
I would love to see your reaction to "TIMELAPSE OF THE FUTURE: A Journey to the End of Time (4K)" really interesting video in my opinion.
what a classic. Bill Wurtz has music, too. all the songs are animated and sung in his super unique Bill Wurtzy style. you should check them out!