Using Basic Logic Gates - With & Without Arduino

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 28 เม.ย. 2024
  • Learn how to use basic logic gates, both with and without an Arduino. We’ll work with some basic gates and we’ll add one to an Arduino to build a simple intruder alarm.
    Article with code: dronebotworkshop.com/basic-lo...
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    This video is an hour long! You can use the clickable Table of Contents below to skip to the part that interests you most.
    ……………………………………………………………………………………
    Finally, back in the workshop, this time working with chips that have been around for over half a century, but which still have a place in modern designs.
    Basic logic gates are the backbone of all electronic devices. And while most of our focus these days is upon microcontrollers and microcomputers we can still find a use for these elementary electronic components. They are cheap, readily available, and they don't require any programming.
    We’ll start off by going through the seven types of elementary gates. We'll then look at the different logic “families' that have evolved since these devices were first introduced in the 1960s.
    After working with some elementary gates on a breadboard we’ll bring an Arduino into the picture for a couple of experiments.
    First, we’ll see how to emulate all of the basic gates in code by building an Arduino logic emulator. This is actually a practical teaching device for this learning digital electronics, and it also will familiarize you with using Boolean algebra in your Arduino sketches.
    Then we will combine a logic chip and an Arduino to make a simple but functional intruder alarm with both Open-Loop and Closed-Loop sensor inputs. It’s a simple circuit that you can expand upon to create a practical device, and it serves to illustrate how combining logic chips with modern microcontrollers can be a powerful design technique.
    It's a long video so you might want to jump to the section that interests you most.
    Here is the Table of Contents for today's video:
    00:00 - Introduction
    04:08 - Basic Logic Gates
    10:03 - Online Logic Gate Simulator
    14:10 - Buffers & Schmitt Triggers
    19:37 - Logic Gate Families
    28:14 - Logic Gate Test Demo
    34:46 - 3-State Logic Demo
    38:57 - Arduino Logic Gate Emulator
    47:17 - Intruder Alarm
    After watching this I hope you'll see that these chips are still very useful, despite their age.
    Hope you enjoy the video, and I promise that I won’t make you wait as long for the next one!
    Bill
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ความคิดเห็น • 355

  • @Dronebotworkshop
    @Dronebotworkshop  3 ปีที่แล้ว +102

    So sorry for the delay since the last video was released, finally I have one for you. This is a long video, even for me, so if you want to skip to a specific section you can use the Table of Contents in the description. I actually have this is ALL my videos, not sure if everyone realizes that as some viewers never read the descriptions!
    I promise that I won't make you wait as long for the next video. Hope everyone is well and staying safe!

    • @riemanndiy6693
      @riemanndiy6693 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I will watch this video asap. Which hardware (IC buttons etc.) do I need for replicate your circuits before I start the video? Thank You in advance

    • @D4N50M3
      @D4N50M3 3 ปีที่แล้ว +5

      You should be a Khan Academy contributor! Great content.

    • @stevemacbr
      @stevemacbr 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      TOO MANY EMBEDDED ADVERTS - THUMBS DOWN.
      .

    • @Decco6306
      @Decco6306 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      You put way too much effort into this. I don't think I'm going to skip any of it.

    • @oqibidipo
      @oqibidipo 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      Hint: if you put the time first in the table of contents, TH-cam will create chapters that are easy to navigate (at least in the web interface).

  • @cryzz0n
    @cryzz0n 2 ปีที่แล้ว +11

    Bill, you're a great teacher, video editor, communicator and technical knowledge source and you keep getting better. You're an international treasure. Thank you.

  • @andrewhollenbach7330
    @andrewhollenbach7330 3 ปีที่แล้ว +105

    Out of all the tutorial channels I sub to, you speak at the best pace to comprehend new terms / ideas. Thank you for your hard work!

  • @bertbrecht7540
    @bertbrecht7540 3 ปีที่แล้ว +38

    I am never confused during or after your presentations. Amazing precision of language and explanation. Thank you!

    • @vishwanmachar6956
      @vishwanmachar6956 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Hi th-cam.com/video/TY-0M-z2lBQ/w-d-xo.html

  • @aviandragon1390
    @aviandragon1390 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Anyone unfamiliar with the subject may not understand just how wide your search would have to be to gather all this information individually. There's nothing necessarily revolutionary about the info itself, but packaging it all together here and pre-chewing it for viewers new to electronics definitely earns a thumbs-up.

  • @trego9584
    @trego9584 3 ปีที่แล้ว +13

    Hello Bill great to see your back hope all is well with you, This takes me back 35 years

  • @banban8481
    @banban8481 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    This channel is more than a diy arduino channel which is a common thing. This channel actually teach me something and not just following an instruction.

  • @j.walterdiebold4999
    @j.walterdiebold4999 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    This takes me back to 1962 and my first Navy school where I learned Basic Transistor Theory. We have come a long way in 58 years! Has it really been that long? Wow!

  • @mikeearls126
    @mikeearls126 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    This guy is just gold. So solid in his delivery of these really complex topics.

  • @jamesreddy2188
    @jamesreddy2188 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Fantastic video Bill, I am 72 years old and learning electronics to keep the brain cells moving. Your video’s are really helping.😊

  • @gfodale
    @gfodale 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    I wish you were around in '79 when I was going thru my 'A' school for electronics. Far better explained than what the Navy gave us and expected us to learn. Thought this might be a fun refresher, but is much more. Thank you. Regarding your concern for the wait, it's well worth the wait. Well done.

  • @haroldfinz4863
    @haroldfinz4863 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Incredibly enjoyable to watch. Your intruder alarm was brilliantly well-thought-out and instructive. Glad you're back.

  • @Decco6306
    @Decco6306 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    holy wow you went all out on this video.
    its an hour of content. You cant think how much i appreciate someone doing stuff like this. Honestly i always thought your work was underappreciated. Thanks a million for contributing content like this in the way you do.

  • @cavicster
    @cavicster 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Awesome video Bill. Well worth the wait. Thanks for all the hard work and effort that you put into this channel.

  • @MrMorgan316
    @MrMorgan316 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Wow! Right when I looked for this it was uploaded a week before. I'm tire of people showing stuff with an Arduino, I was trying to do it without an Arduino so thank you!

  • @RolandoP
    @RolandoP 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    What a time to be alive, a couple of decades ago, a class like this was very expensive, now we get it for free.

  • @stevenfinken5835
    @stevenfinken5835 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    the entire lesson was both great review for me as well as new ideas. The most gratifying part was the transistor trivia and numbers at the closing. I love real nerd stuff, and the mechanics of the lesson was great, but the real nerd stuff at the end was priceless. Thank you, and well demonstrated.

  • @realayer
    @realayer ปีที่แล้ว

    Just read this article and have now been watching your video, as with all of your videos- easy to understand and well put together. Always impressed by them,

  • @mbrad2669
    @mbrad2669 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I can now complete a project that I've had on the back burner because now I have a better understanding of logic chips! Thanks for clearing things up! Your explanations are always so thorough and understandable. Very enjoyable content

  • @sebastiank686
    @sebastiank686 3 ปีที่แล้ว +20

    man this is so precise and understandable
    i love this

  • @glennstasse5698
    @glennstasse5698 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Man! That’s one fine video. Info packed and usable. This really satisfied many curiosities of mine. Thanks for putting it together! Fantastic!

  • @johnhoyle6390
    @johnhoyle6390 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great explanation of Logics gates ( and, nor etc) with great graphics. Thank You.

  • @bramble444
    @bramble444 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    This Video basically summed up most of the things my class and I learned over the last month, added some interesting information about the Chip Standards and compressed it in to an hour. It was easy to understand and also kept me watching far longer than I usually would. Thanks a lot and keep up the good work.

    • @cosmos2382
      @cosmos2382 ปีที่แล้ว

      What are u learning?

  • @ainnovation6967
    @ainnovation6967 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    For the channel about tech, your channel is the most informative. The way you arrange your lectures, animations, your clear narration, and your english as well is superb. Thanks for your time to teach us. I really appreciate it.

  • @joestyles4639
    @joestyles4639 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Brilliant video! Your basic circuit helped me test my 4 year-old chips which I thought I'd manage to break years ago. Thank you and very helpful.

  • @neilcorbett5057
    @neilcorbett5057 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I recently discovered your videos and am eagerly working through them. Some of the best I've seen, well paced, thoroughly explained and comprehensive. I take my hat off to you. Keep up the good work. From a 74 year old, always enjoying learning.

  • @warrenscorner
    @warrenscorner 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great to have you back Bill! Wow! That’s a lot of gates to comprehend. Looking forward to seeing more of DB1. Stay well.

  • @uvtube2008
    @uvtube2008 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    A great class that let me re-tour and refresh all my 41 years of living with digital electronics and computers, right from the original vacuum tubes till the latest Arduino age!
    Thanks. I will use this video post as a quick way to show kids and newbies around me and get them acquainted with the rather old-fashioned deep down fundamentals of plug and play digital gadgets.

  • @macdaddyns
    @macdaddyns 3 ปีที่แล้ว +14

    Incredibly thorough tutorial! Thank you for taking the time to share your knowledge and interesting trivia with us!

    • @vishwanmachar6956
      @vishwanmachar6956 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Hi th-cam.com/video/TY-0M-z2lBQ/w-d-xo.html

  • @robhoward5222
    @robhoward5222 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    You have made electronics accessible to me in ways I never thought possible.
    Addicted to your videos.
    THANK YOU!

  • @gerardstrik2555
    @gerardstrik2555 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    This was a nice brief and even practical introduction for a electronics newbee like myself. Thank you.

  • @chazbarclay
    @chazbarclay 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    If there is one YT channel I will support and I will, it's this one. Thank you for what you do.

  • @electrucs219
    @electrucs219 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Great video, Bill. I think knowing about all these logical gates is a 'must' for everyone dealing with electronics since they are the core of all our favourite microcontrolers. Thank you for this Educational video!

  • @change_your_oil_regularly4287
    @change_your_oil_regularly4287 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Where have you been all my life?! Speak clearly and at the right speed to let the information sink in. Great clip! Subscribed with full notifications. Thank you keep them coming.

  • @markc9871
    @markc9871 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Another gem. So informative. It took me back to a Digital Logic class in 1971.

  • @valentinkovshik
    @valentinkovshik 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    This is the best channel to learn electronics on TH-cam! Thank you for your work!

  • @ministeriomundialliberando8403
    @ministeriomundialliberando8403 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Before ending watching this video, I wanted to thank you for it. It is a school class but in a better and simple way. My deep appreciation.

  • @daveb7999
    @daveb7999 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent video Bill! Prior to this week, I knew next to nothing about logic gates. After watching this and a couple of your other videos, I feel as though I am close to understanding how logic gates can be used in a circuit to perform various tasks.
    My only complaint is that after watching this, I ordered over a hundred bucks of assorted sets of IC's, logic chips, N channel power mosfets, L7805's and more ...!
    Thanks for making learning fun!!

  • @raycarlson1342
    @raycarlson1342 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    You are not only an excellent teacher but a master class in making perfect videos. Thank you so much.

  • @marufhasan9365
    @marufhasan9365 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great video! love the long-formate videos you produce. Different from any other content found on youtube.

  • @frazier283
    @frazier283 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great tutorial. I have always been inspired by the work you put into your tutorials. The graphics and visual aids are fantastic and as previously mentioned you're easy to follow because you don't rush the information however I was greatly disappointed in being interrupted by commercials.

  • @sbsarkar5659
    @sbsarkar5659 3 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    This is an absolutely well thoughtout demo video for making the seemingly incomprehensible logic circuits easily understandable. Like all videos made by Bill, I am saving this one too for reference when needed. Thank you Bill for your hard work and making such educational videos freely available on youtube..

    • @vishwanmachar6956
      @vishwanmachar6956 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Hi th-cam.com/video/TY-0M-z2lBQ/w-d-xo.html

  • @alfonsmr
    @alfonsmr 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir, your videos are so well explained and so professional that I would like to say thanks, thank you very much for your work

  • @msinaki61
    @msinaki61 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Simply ,Thank you.
    Nicely explaining and articulated.

  • @W1RMD
    @W1RMD 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I've subscribed to your channel a long time ago and I'm just now watching your videos. I didn't know that they would be this AWESOME! Your content and presentations are vivid and easy to follow. Thank you!

    • @UliTechMobile
      @UliTechMobile 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Nice.
      .
      .
      th-cam.com/channels/opohSuuZ44TLjn4E-c2sJw.html

  • @carlgradolph9676
    @carlgradolph9676 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent presentation of both the 'why' and the 'how' of digital electronics basics for non-engineering types (like me). Clears up a lot of my confusion after reading (and re-reading) educational material aimed at the mathematically able... Answers the question of why CMOS and TTL chips are still in wide industry use in the age of microcomputing, and ties them into a nifty Arduino-based logic trainer! Another well-crafted tutorial from a truly gifted educator.

  • @eebaker699
    @eebaker699 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    This is a great video for beginners like myself to understand. Thank you.

  • @Timbofr3
    @Timbofr3 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    A great learning as always. Thank you for this clear explanation.

  • @TheDigitalAura
    @TheDigitalAura 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Fantastic. Great explanation at a perfect pace.

  • @tapestapes0
    @tapestapes0 9 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    You Sir are Awesome! Thank you for putting into words what was to me uncomprehensible a couple of years ago. This information is priceless.

  • @chrisconner1269
    @chrisconner1269 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Your videos, ESPECIALLY the logic video(s) are OUTSTANDING!!! Thank you!

  • @aidanyoussef
    @aidanyoussef 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Was just scrolling through some of the comments, and unsurprisingly many of them echo my own thoughts. You really are an amazing teacher presenter and maker. Your knowledge, skill and passion are as admirable as they are inspirational. Ive no doubt that youve got countless minds, of no doubt all ages progressing in their tinkering, projects and general knowledge. Cheers bloke, good luck to you. I hope u get as much from it as we all do.

  • @OsoPolarClone
    @OsoPolarClone 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I am only 20 minutes into your video and am enjoying it a lot and learning a lot. Thank you.

  • @gerryabbott
    @gerryabbott 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Really Detailed refresher on on of the most fundamental aspects of electronics. Many thanks

  • @fahmywaleed
    @fahmywaleed 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Appreciate the amount of effort you put in your videos. I like your style and pace of explanation. Hope you can make video on Flip Flops and other more complicated logic circuits. Thanks

  • @davelewis3963
    @davelewis3963 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Learned all of this back in the late 70's, and then promptly spent a career not using any of it. Just recently acquired a Uno and then your channel. Great material, and you are a great instructor. Thanks for putting the time and effort into these videos.

  • @bobjacobs8643
    @bobjacobs8643 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    This video was well worth the wait!!

  • @CodingScientist
    @CodingScientist 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    This is fantastic, keep up the grate work Bill

  • @zueistpriest
    @zueistpriest 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I learned/taught myself most of this using Minecraft a few years ago because I was trying to figure out a way to build a portcullis that would raise and lower in either direction with the push of a button. I wish I had your video back then as it would have saved me a ridiculous amount of frustration trying to map it all out in my head. The few things that I didn’t see were a delaying capability or a toggle between states but I’m sure those are already listed in a different video. If anyone is interested in testing out a “physical” representation in a digital format, play Minecraft and use red stone to build your circuits. Thanks for putting out content that people can learn from, it’s amazing what an imagination and learning can accomplish.

  • @hojen321
    @hojen321 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Well done. thank you very much. Having never done any of this before, that was PERFECTLY clear.

  • @Sjongleringsmannen
    @Sjongleringsmannen 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you for sharing your competance! I love it! Respect!

  • @SprocketN
    @SprocketN 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Brilliant! Thank you for creating this video.

  • @AlexFalkenberg
    @AlexFalkenberg 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Extremely well done, thank you

  • @user-if1ze5hj6w
    @user-if1ze5hj6w 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you for a fun lecture on the components of the interior ic

  • @zerotogive56
    @zerotogive56 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I went to Devry didn’t learn much. Watched three or five of your videos and now im almost an engineer!! Very comprehensible material, thank you!!

  • @ccv3237
    @ccv3237 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    This is a fantastic video! Thank you very, very much.
    You have done an outstanding instructional video.

  • @dafpnp
    @dafpnp 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    A big thank you. Wonderfully put together

  • @MrBobWareham
    @MrBobWareham 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    That was a logical approach to gates very good refresher we all forget about logic now with so many SBC's that are available thanks Bill for another very good video. Please stay safe Bob

  • @imardreckmeyr882
    @imardreckmeyr882 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Brilliant video! Looking forward to watching more of your videos

  • @thimssj
    @thimssj 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    WOW - Thank you.So many answers to so many of my questions. Thank you

  • @MrArif009
    @MrArif009 3 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    It's awesome.👌
    I'm not going skip anything because it's interesting and educational too.

  • @Lord-Black__
    @Lord-Black__ 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    3 weeks of class umderstood in one night thank you very much sir!!!

  • @beerkekjoer8642
    @beerkekjoer8642 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Dear Sir, thank you! Very helpfull and sooooooo well explained. I wished my kids had tutors like you.

  • @PezhvakIMV
    @PezhvakIMV 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    perfectly explained, thank you

  • @josemanuelalogoadjomo7863
    @josemanuelalogoadjomo7863 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I really like the quote before every video, the one for this video was quite fun.
    ''It is a logical thing to do'' haha haha
    great learning experience

  • @kagunaratna5141
    @kagunaratna5141 ปีที่แล้ว

    A great lesson.
    I was not able to understand some facts until I watched this video. It make so easy to understand. Thank you.

  • @bopauhmaumau1
    @bopauhmaumau1 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    another fantastic lesson.. Thanks for what you do.

  • @diegohmiranda100
    @diegohmiranda100 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Finaly here, with the master. Thank you.

  • @horsthotzenplotz3321
    @horsthotzenplotz3321 ปีที่แล้ว

    The Mosfets in my device are always extremely exited, when they realize they shall play one of the Workshop Videos. They are then so motivated - I think they would do it even without electricity. 😃

  • @jelvinqueddeng2833
    @jelvinqueddeng2833 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you for the unselfish teaching👍🏼👍🏼👍🏼👍🏼

  • @philippeversailles2170
    @philippeversailles2170 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    This is a fantastic video. Thanks a lot Bill

  • @shafiqalom8408
    @shafiqalom8408 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very informative tutorial...I love Dronebot Workshop♥️

  • @indikaudayasaranga988
    @indikaudayasaranga988 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great explanation. Thank you Sir

  • @robertgitta6404
    @robertgitta6404 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I have enjoyed the entire presentation thanks a lot. Am a Laboratory tutor at college of engineering makerere university.this has very much enriched my skills in digital laboratory experiments using an arduino

  • @CdrSpock
    @CdrSpock 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great videos, very high quality content. Thank you!

  • @cwebs1000
    @cwebs1000 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    GREAT INFO! Thanks, Carl

  • @Toolever
    @Toolever 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Yeah! it is possible to build circuits without slapping a microcontroller in the design. Great stuff sir!

  • @jj74qformerlyjailbreak3
    @jj74qformerlyjailbreak3 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks for adding a Truth Table in the Description. Adding Logic to your output description was a nice touch. You rarely see that nowadays. Like someone will reverse engineer it Xor something. Not having it IS equivalent to sanding the part numbers on Cheap Chinese Products. Only thing they accomplish is buying time.
    God Bless.

  • @JLCPCB
    @JLCPCB 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great explanation to the topic! 🙂

  • @sammyk7024
    @sammyk7024 3 ปีที่แล้ว +47

    why? why on earth would someone hit the dislike button on this video. seriously. why?

    • @abpccpba
      @abpccpba 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Not what they expected to hear.

    • @startobytes
      @startobytes 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Don't know why, I mean it is a long Video, but with interesting topics!

    • @jaa93997
      @jaa93997 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Mid way ads. What an annoyance.

    • @bollie9752
      @bollie9752 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      mid way adds (I did not vote)

    • @sammyk7024
      @sammyk7024 3 ปีที่แล้ว +18

      so, let me check if I'm getting this right:
      A person (Bill, in this case) takes his precious time, knowledge, and effort to put up a massive video teaching some digital electronics, and shares it with the world, to whomever wants to learn. For FREE.
      And people complains about some freaking ads?
      I mean... to totally disrespect a quality content creator's work, just because of some ads that could provide some revenue to keep going on?
      I'm trying my best to be polite, here. Seriously. This total lack of empathy is just... appalling.
      THANK YOU, Bill and
      DroneBot Workshop. You ARE appreciated. Your work IS appreciated.

  • @Emperor_Atlantis
    @Emperor_Atlantis 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Been waiting for this video for a long time!

  • @atyla7067
    @atyla7067 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank you so much sir, I have learned so much from your video😊

  • @bonekuhobonekuho2658
    @bonekuhobonekuho2658 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks for this very helpful video. I appreciate your videos.

  • @josephsworkshop75
    @josephsworkshop75 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great video. You have helped me with a current project greatly! Thanks for your great content. :-)

  • @michaelzajac5284
    @michaelzajac5284 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Dear Dronebot,
    I taught the hard way, used my XOD with Digital Gates. It was worked!

  • @michaeldale9865
    @michaeldale9865 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Awesome video.... Thank you for all your hard work. I teach DE to high school students and I am looking for ways to add more support to the curriculum this year because I of the limited time I have in contact with them. I will use your video to enhance what I can cover this year. Thanks again!

  • @digihz_data
    @digihz_data 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Extremely good presentation.
    Thank you Bill.
    How is it going with DB1?

  • @balaji5384
    @balaji5384 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Keep doing great job, all the very best 👍

  • @emil8367
    @emil8367 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very interesting material, thank you !

  • @electronic7979
    @electronic7979 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Very helpful video. I liked it