Democracy vs Dictatorship: Unpacking Pakistan’s Power Structure - Dr. Ilhan Niaz -
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 21 พ.ค. 2024
- Dr. Ilhan Niaz comes on The Pakistan Experience to discuss the Political System of Pakistan, on this deep dive podcast we talk about Democracy, Dictatorship, Civil Service, The Establishment, Learning from Africa, Cuba, Nehru and more.
• Democracy vs Dictators...
Dr. Ilhan Niaz is the author of several books including The State During the British the Raj: Imperial Governance in South Asia, 1700-1947 (Oxford University Press, 2019), Old World Empires: Cultures of Power and Governance in Eurasia (New York: Routledge, 2014; South Asia edition by OUP), The Culture of Power and Governance of Pakistan, 1947-2008 (OUP, 2010), and An Inquiry into the Culture of Power of the Subcontinent (Islamabad: Al- hamra, 2006). His work has been published in leading international academic journals in- cluding The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Asian Affairs, Asian Profile, The New Zea- land Journal of Asian Studies, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, and The Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. He also occasionally contributes articles and reviews to leading national news publications. The Culture of Power and Governance of Pakistan was awarded the Best Non-Fiction Book of 2010 at the Karachi Literature Festival and has also received the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan award for Best Book in Social Sciences, Arts, and Humanities for 2010. Old World Empires: Cultures of Power and Governance in Eurasia received the HEC national award for Best Book Publica- tion in Social Sciences, 2013-14. Niaz is also the recipient of the Kodikara Award for 2013 (RCSS, Colombo). He is presently working on the manuscript of his next book, New World Empires: Cultures of Power and Governance in the Americas, presently accepted by Rout-
ledge. Niaz is Associate Professor of History at the Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.
The Pakistan Experience is an independently produced podcast looking to tell stories about Pakistan through conversations.
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The podcast is hosted by comedian and writer, Shehzad Ghias Shaikh. Shehzad is a Fulbright scholar with a Masters in Theatre from Brooklyn College. He is also one of the foremost Stand-up comedians in Pakistan and frequently writes for numerous publications.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction
1:30 What Pakistan can learn from African Countries
5:07 Democracy vs Dictatorship in Pakistan
18:45 Pakistan’s Civil Service and failures of the Political Class
30:14 Political acumen of the initial Political Class
42:46 Political Elite in Post Colonial States and East Pakistan Leadership
51:20 Establishment Politics vs Popular leaders
59:50 What did Nehru get right
1:06:08 What can Pakistan learn from South America
1:15:20 Decolonization and Nationalism
1:20:00 What is Cuba doing right
1:26:21 Audience Questions - บันเทิง
Your guest, Dr. Niaz's personality and mannerism seems like he is from 1950s. Quite Refreshing, nothing derogatory about it.. Seems like a well read and genuine person with deep understanding of Indo-Pak history
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Anyone can be a historian. Thats why a Nuclear Physicist is a historian, a Mullah is a historian, a comedian is a historian,
Chaiwala pm
Low IQ is a plus to be a historian in Pakistan
Not just that … a historian can also become head of a central bank !
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Better still a comedian as prime minister. Entire Political Science graduate.
@@kalidasswaminathan4341why are you attacking Modi for no reason, irrelevant to this content
India is a civilizational state not a nation state.
Log exist krte they bna to 1947 mein hi h
bhai yeh manjan apni masoom janta ko baicho. Hamein aisay manjan 20 saal pehlay bechay thay.
What would be the meaning of civilizational state?
The identity of a civilizational state stems from its culture and shared values, while as for a nation state the identity is mostly constitutional.
China,Russia, Iran and India are examples for civilizational states.
@@muddi900hosakta hai aap masoom na ho aur samajhdar ho....instead of giving a blanket statement that it is manjan, why can't you explain that it is not a civilisational state? Manjan aur churan aapka apne paas rakho
26:58 Hindustan comes into the discussion again. And Indians are expected not to troll.😂
He didn't say anything wrong to get trolled. You're just insecure
Well, this host openly accused Indians of trolling in a programme on The Black Hole. To avoid that all mention of and comparison with India should be avoided. It only invites a plethora of Modi supporters from our Hindi speaking states commenting while Pakistanis don't interact. I wish Ghias and Muzammil well and hope they get their message across to their own countrymen.
Dr Ilhan Niaz is an insightful and prolific author professor, anyone who have read all 3 of his books know how original and well established historical perspectives. Kudos to bringing him back, Love TPE❤
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Thanks Shehzad... wonderful conversation. Enjoyed the history class. The late Charlie Munger said '' There are answers worth billions of dollars in a $30 history book.''
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National service by Sheikh Saab❤❤
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We need such productive and brainstorming sessions from such gentlemen
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I Wish Ki Kabhi Pakistan Ke Self Declared Liberal Could Discuss Congress Critically.👍
I Won't Be Surprised If "Khatam-e-nabuwat" Law Is Abrogated. Pakistani Social Media Intellectuals Would Declared Nehru & Gandhi As Prophet Sent By The God.🤔
Bring The Data On The Table And Discuss.
If Right Wing Is On Rise In India. Right Wing Is Giving Sufficient Platform For Discussion And Debate. They're Not Boycotting.👍
If Congress Had Glorified A Particular Community & Denigrated The Other In School Books To Appease A Particular Community. Why Shouldn't Be Discussion Be Over That?
A Family Ruling The Party Is Pakistan Is Bad, But Same In India, It's Good. How?
@@ThePakistanExperienceSo your definition of colonialism is restricted to British colonialism..... not Turk and Arabic colonialism is it???
He is perhaps the most articulate guest that has come on the podcast so far.
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Dr. Ilhan has such a soothing voice and a calm demeanor. I could feel you were enjoying him talk. Thank you 🙏
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What a gem of academia.
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Well the Gini coefficient of india at independence was estimated to be between 48.2 and 49.7 currently its at 34.2 according to the world bank statistics. So whats the basis of his claim that india today is more unequal than colonial times? Infact according to world bank statistics inequality in india is trending downwards since 2017. Brazil is not geographically larger than the US. I couldn't find any reliable data on enequality in cuba, but whatever open source data i could find showed a gini index close to 50! So what is the basis of the claim that cuba is so equal? I agree with your initial premise that conclusions drawn from generalized numberical scores might not be fully accurate or complete but also feel conclusions drawn entirely from perceptions are much more prone to manipulation and individual subjectivity.
In the case of India, emotions have more value than logic or data.
@@vinsin328 what are your conclusions based on? Tweets on twitter or comments on youtube where 1% population of the country participate in? People may certainly get emotional at times to claim that their decisions don't have any rationality is a tall claim to make!
pulled out of ass
Well providing free education to ALL of it's citizens irrespective of their financial background... or provides free health services to all of its people etc.... These aren't just on paper but can be seen in actual results such as life expectancy, infant mortality, etc.. one can have objections on Cuba, but on such parameters, it by far exceeds south Asian countries
@@user-rh5jp2sh4s that's great! I suppose my objection was to his diagnosis that all of this was due to this great equality that they have, which needs substantiation. I suppose my general diassappointment with him was, that despite being from the academia most of his arguments lacked any data or references and felt very inductive.
Wonderful. Shehzad would love to see more talks on Nehru.
Really eloquent guest.
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@@ThePakistanExperience I have read one of his books (An Inquiry into the Culture of Power of the Subcontinent) after watching him on Uzair's podcast few years back. Excellent author. I was very impressed by his multi-dimensional worldview. He's so zen talking about history 😀
Great talk he's telling the stories of countries in a way not telling the fact who's behind what, just like the mainstream news,
But he made some great points even though you didn't ask as many questions, great talk , thanks
What an intellectual talk. What a speaker. I have read Dr. Johan previously but hearing him was a completely different experience altogether. Excellent podcast TPE
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12 years of education in
pakistan and i still don't know anything about this country.
Thankyou shehzad for these history classes that we so badly need🫶💗
Hey......have been watching a lot of this channel for the past few months and I'd love to connect with a normal Pakistani citizen. I've tried on a couple of platforms but most people just don't reply or stop after a couple of questions 😅 is there any chance you can help me out with this one? I want to learn about your specific region and life experiences in context of the topics discussed in this and various other podcasts
Thanks for having him. More & more of him in the future please.
Dr. Ilhan is indeed very eloquent.
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Great insight into how Post-colonial states are formed and how much it sets the tone of everything related to statecraft and nation building. Great articulation by Dr. Ihan we should cherish these gems in our academia. Great Podcast and good to see Shehzad somewhat silent in this one :-)
So your definition of colonialism is restricted to British colonialism..... not Turk and Arabic colonialism is it???
Salam,
Good talk. Very insightful. Especially the take on histories of Pakistan, South America and Africa.
You are doing great job, by exposing the real history of Pakistan, which was suppresed by so called military establishment of Pakistan to make humans who don't ask questions and just follow the which was asked to them, but because of persons like you it is changing. Love you from sukkur, sindh❤
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According to pak history nehru gandhi was a hindu nationalist thats why jinnah made pakistan ☪️️
In odd days n🇵🇰 1:01:00 -Modi is a hindu nationalist
What ever you do, pakistanis will not accept or acnkowledge progress of india.
That will be considered as brain washing,, we can least expect from nehru and Gandhi to be hindu leaders,, they wer secular and a leader to fight against British not any hindu or Muslims
Morons
And nowadays Nehru Gandhi are the good guys "Ye Nehru Gandhi wala India nahi raha"
What a great guest to have! Thoroughly enjoyed this discussion.
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Great historian Dr. Ilhan Niaz. Very good discussion.
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First time knowing about and listening to Dr. Niaz. Very smart, an excellent talk it is. Such people begin to give one a sliver of hope for our country.
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Sir Ilhan the Great. No one matches the intellectual maturity of our teacher, great historian and political thinker. Such a great debate. I always thought Sir Ilhan is missing in your pod but you filled the gap. Thanks
He has been on before
The hate towards Modi and Hindu Raj is so clearly visible with the questions asked.
Often Muslims, specially of Pakistan, think that minorities would have same fate as they had in Islamic republic of Pakistan.
They either lack in knowledge or try to avoid the following which happened under "HINDU RAJ"-
1. Jews have lived in BHARAT for MORE THAN 2000 YEARS without any anti-semitism.
2. 1st Mosque built in BHARAT was in 629 AD by order of HINDU KING.
3. ZOROASTRIANS or PARSIS have lived in BHARAT for centuries after MUSLIMS and ISLAM started butchering their civilisation.
4. BUDDHISTS of TIBET have considered BHARAT their home since CHINESE occupied TIBET.
5. SIKHS, JAINS, AADI-VASIs ( TRIBALS) live in this country peacefully without for centuries.
6. POLISH people were given asylum during WORLD WAR 2 by HINDU Maharaja, he not only took care of their living but also of their EDUCATION IN POLISH Language. Also, we DO NOT TRY TO CONVERT PEOPLE every now and then.
ISLAM and HINDUTVA (Hinduism in english) CAN NEVER BE SAME.
Hindus have PROVED for more than 2000 YEARS that multiple faiths can co-exist with theirs, MUSLIM AND ISLAM has to PROVE THAT.
The DV No use to tell any thing about Indian or Hindu way of life to these Pakistanis because Right from their childhood they were thaught in their school to hate India & Hindu so they become the frog of a well interesting fact is they even don't want to know the truth my personal opinion is they will not listen anything which is truth. BHAI YE NAHI SUDERNGE
Sabr ka phal meetha hota hai. Hamaray liyay tau hoga meray bachay, magar tumharay liyay nahi
Your Hero Veer Savarkar once said "Hindutva has nothing to do with Hinduism while Hindutva is a complete different ideology."😮
You forgot about the destruction of Babri masjid and countless anti Muslim riots. Listen to Ravish Kumar to get your facts straight.
@@user-bw1tu9yc4b Bhai main tau keto diet kar raha hun, mujhay aata nahi chahiyay
My favourite topic...❤❤❤
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Every minute of podcast is highly Meaningful and informative .
I listened every minute of podcast
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Very enlightening. Thanks to Mr ilhan and finally thanks Shahzad ❤
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Ilhan Niaz :One of the greatest minds this country has ever produced
Wah, listening to Dr Saab for the first time... Fan hogaya yr ... Thank u TPE
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Very sorted out thoughts. Learnt and realized a few things.
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Excellent!! Very informative 👍🏼
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Interesting, and informative.Good choice of guest.
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Tremendous podcast with dr Ilhan Niaz the
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Dr. Niyaz: Very beautiful perspective and outlook. Great work Shehzaad!!
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Good insights
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Very mature and visionary discussion
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Kindly keep on bringing amazing people.
Personally I have learnt a lot from you and from your guests.
Thank you
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Amazing insight!Dr Ilhan
Modernized dictatorship vs. personalized dictatorship. Love the analysis!!! In my humble opinion - Anytime a human gets engrossed with himself (dictatorship or democracy (current state of neighbors wink wink)) it always leads to long term decline in the decades to come, while it may look like success in the short term.
Always been watching 3-4 series of different kinds at a time. Now, it's your podcasts that I take turns watching. Such strong work, Shehzad, love it as always. P.S. Hope you do not stop making these, as you mentioned somewhere else.
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@@ThePakistanExperienceAbout the question What Did Nehru get right which led to establishment of deep roots of democracy in india , don't you think this ultimately proved that Nehru was right in opposing Jinnah's demand for separate electorate ?
Excellent podcast
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I don't know why but my comment is not posted the way I want it.
Usually, I am that kind of guy who listens to your podcasts passively -while doing something else as well. But this one I don't know why forced me to look at the screen frequently. Both of you held yourself extremely well together. Anyways, always with --#TPEFamily-- since their first upload. In my thoughtful and rationale upbringing, Shahzad has played an exceptional role. My children -future- along with me owe you so much.
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Great podcast. Kudos
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Very articulated guest
The podcast was fantastic! The content was deeply insightful, engaging, and expertly presented-I was hooked from start to finish. Dr. Ilhan truly stands out as an exceptional academician and historian of our era. Big applause to the host for delivering such valuable and enjoyable content.
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Brilliant!
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Shehzad Prof Sahib teaches in the same college where my grandfather also taught as a HOD. My father, uncles and aunts also got educated in Government College-Lahore pre-partation.
Overall a very educative podcast. Good to see and hear such a scholar especially out of what Pakistan is now. Kudos!
Beautiful!
1:16:23 This analysis 🙌.
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Nice podcast 👍
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Nice
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My best teacher ever, much respect for him ❤
2 hrs of historical perspective. But no solution.
Shahzad, good choice of topics and guests at your channel
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We have great intellectuals in our country
Such an erudite scholar. Great episode 🙏
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Thank u shazady
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Dr Ilhan Niaz ❤❤ Only stalwart in QAU to look upon as an example.
Classic podcast.
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Very good analysis, the best comment is at 50:00 mins
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Man the Islamabad podcasts have been truly top-notch 👌 You should consider shifting base Shehzad 😅
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If only Islamabad had good food
You ought to fix your sleep schedule brother 😬@@ThePakistanExperience
I am not in Pakistan :p
V good podcast. Watching from India.
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Shehzad always comes with something to learn from. Keep it up and stay blessed.
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Pakistani Liberia ya Siberia se toh seekhenge par bagalgheer Hindustan ya Phir Bangladesh se kabhi nahin seekhenge. Beizzati hogi na?
What? In this podcast, they talked about multiple things which India did, that Pakistan should've also done.
Dimagh nai chalta kiya? Bas zaleel hone ka shoq ha?
@@waleedabbas4996zaleel toh Pakistani hote hai 😂😂 har jgh
good podcast but bhai nehru ko foreigner na prove kar dena 44:00 aik nayi controversu ho jayegi 😂😂
Nehru refused to hold an Indian Passport.
@@vinsin328 source? whatsapp group ka link na bhejna.
Shehzad!! This chap is brilliant. He articulated the key causes post 1953 as to why Pak was on a rotten course, with little chance of recovery. You guys ARE in a TOUGH spot!
Great Show Shehzad
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How easy it is to look back at history and draw a neat path linking actions and consequences leading to current circumstances, right? Why can we not predict the future with reasonable accuracy given this knowledge? In any case, I liked this guest. Though it seems like an error to draw sweeping narratives from historical events.
BTW for all the fetishisation of Nehru, India did not have smooth power transfer till the 80s. In fact BJP was the first non congress government to complete it's full term 1999-2004. So you might need to re-read your history books there. European renaissance happened under despots as well.
India had tons of power transfers at the state level till then.
@@AKumar-co7oeyeah, but in centre congress was there for 54 years until now
@@Arkham-kq9uf it created in effect a laboratory of democracy where non congress parties were trained in democracy. Otherwise if communists had come to power 5 years in we would have easily collapsed as a country.
Dr Ilhan can become our morgan freeman. 😅
I still feel folks in pakistan dont analyse india well. Its a problem because if the well read do not understand their so called enemy the relations can never be improved. The culture of scholarship is severly lacking in Pakistan.
They can't, publicly
What a great personality and the way he speak is so calming!
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Excellent. ISB podcast series is top notch
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Aaj establishment ka banda Lake bhai.. ne Parish vacasation book kar li after italy😂😂😂
He’s a Professor, establishment ka Banda kahan say laye ho bhai ?
@@ThePakistanExperience Professor working at a University Funded and Controlled by Establishment.
Therefore - Establishment ka Banda
Historian teaching partition in typical hindu-muslim binary taught in Pakistan.... And saw this guy at every india Pak debates on partition from Pak side and taking typical Pak rhetoric in a sober way and it's said if a guy is seen at all places at all times is a guy from powerful and who are they in Pak everybody know..... Don't try to interfere in Indian election bcoz u have failed earlier in 4state elections and people of India are wise enough, they don't vote locally seeing Pak podcast or bbc or cnn or franch24. People of India have known all political parties from a long time , they know who's who... Don't need foreigners to teach Indian Hindus how to behave with their Indian muslims and vice versa who have been living side by side for hundreds of years and who have intermarriages,school friends,paly mates and who have faught foreigners including pakis side by side in Kashmir and elsewear.... Look inside bcoz time is running out.... Best of luck
And the establishment of Pakistan have a typical modus operandy..... They give foreign trips as gift to their people after a project for a particular time period and narrative is over... Seen with many youtubers from Pak..... Typical..... You, that black hole guy, channels on strategic issues during last election brought that Jeffrey guy from France to influence with some fake statistics....... Please follow Indian parliament debates and q and a sections of my parliament for authentic information bcoz my parliament is constitutionally bound to give auntentic information not these so called independent analyst, media houses, narrative spanning interested parties.... By the way communal violence in India have dropped considerably in last many years which is authenticated by parliament in this so called hindu fascist modi govt and share of all minorities and I mean all minorities not just muslims in all govt sector have risen relatively in past years...... So study first and don't blindly follow politically movitated narratives of opposition in India....
Quite a good discussion. Fairly honest. Except does not admit that if you form a nation based on a lie then those who had the vested interest to do so will keep manipulating the truth in their interest
Shahzad, please work on the voice volume of the guests. There is this continuous drop of voice/volume due to which, it becomes extremely difficult to comprehend, what is being said.
This guy looks like the Bollywood actors of the 30s/40s/50s Kundan Lal Sehgal, Bharat Bhushan etc. I almost expected him to start singing "ik bangla bane nyara.." with a peti hanging from his neck.
lol he looks like Kundan Lal Seghal
An enlightened conversation. Liked his comparison of Brazil and Mexico and how Pakistan and India can learn from all that. Please invite more people like him. It really takes up our knowledge quotient
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The anchor has done an excellent job too. And has a good insight into the problem. It is time Pakistanis start speaking clearly about what went wrong. Also discuss the Establishment or the Deep State
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democracy means inclusivity not majority, if it is majority : Punjab should run pakistan!
What? Democracy is about majority.
Get a dictionary mate.
In a representative democracy the majority of people vote for a certain leader and get he/she will govern the country with the help of other representatives that are voted in by the majority but from a constituency.
FYI, there are only 1 or 2 true democracies, India is a republic and USA is a federal republic. They claim they are democracies but they are not
What were the problems of nehruvian socialism?
If it was not for the Armed forces of Pakistan, our so called civilian leaders would have amalgamated Pakistan with India by now in my opinion.....God bless the Armed forces of Pakistan 🇵🇰 the seventh strongest in the world 🌎
wouldn't have been such a bad thing TBH . A united india would've had a STRONG Muslim minority and politicians would have to cater to muslim voices in order to form government. just add up the total muslim population of india ( 197 million)+PAK ( 240 million)+ Bangladesh( 169 million) = 606 million people . That about the same amount of muslims and hindus.
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Please!!!!! What’s happening with PTI now is totally different than what happened to their opponents!!!! THERES NO COMPARISON
Well, I disagree with this Hindutva narrative from Nehru's perspective in today's era. Because even during Nehru's era 60s, pakistani intellectuals class called Gandhi Nehru as Fascist, Hindu majority during those times in Ayub Khan era. I would recommend you to do podcast with Shakeel Chaudhary who has done multiple podcasts about this issue with multiple pak guests . It's not true that today's pak so called intellectuals class is calling India as Fascist, hindu majority driven. It happened in every era Mr. Shakeel Chaudhary will gladly tell you these all facts and you can verify that with multiple sources ( scholarly). Every pak intellectual class from the beginning 1947 has called India as Fascist, hindu majority. 😅😅
If India elects Nehru as prime minister for 15 years then wah ! But if the same people elect Modi as prime minister then the democracy is being hollowed out ?
Democracy shouldn't be limited to elections.
@@politicalscience-768very rightly said, if there had been true democracy in india under modi rss bjp hindutva manuwaad then every rape jihad ki najayaz paidaish ganduudin namazi aashiq gay rasool jamat I ghasti islami LeT Huji HuM simi and there salwari supporters would have been dispatched to there 72 hijabi musalminas ka dalla Allah tallah wala jannat
Begining of the solution is to draft a fresh constitution and framework of laws to lay the foundation of a new begining. Start with If two nation theory was a lie, then .what kind of sgonstitution do you want
Nehru's greatest contribution was IIT and ISRO
HE was corrupt like any other politician but he knew how to play long game.
What corruption was Nehru involved in?
@@lanoklom9697 mostly railway funds. But mainly he influenced his party to accept his daughter as next leader.
@@lanoklom9697 first corruption in india Jeep scam....u can google it
less than modi but he won't care@@lanoklom9697
Nehru was against IITs. ISRO started after his death.
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Sir, there is a basic difference, that is class difference. Is not the ruling elite fighting for their own supremacy and dominance? Neither the country nor the masses are the objectives or target of their politics!
We agree or not but atleast this information or debate open our brainlock. We see a new direction.
Zabardazt guftagu
If there were population exchange, it seems now that Pakistan would have survived as a one nation because there would not have Punjabi majority.
Congress had Gandhi and Dr Ambedkar Muslim League had none..
Congress had galaxy of leaders apart from Nehru...Sardar Patel, Rajgopalachari , Rajendra Prasad..I am quoting famous Pakistani Historian Ayesha Jalal..
What is Muslim League... myself and my typewriter..thus spoke Jinah..
Muslim League had no leadership..that lead to chaos and eventually military takeover..
Your guest is finding it difficult to compare Muslim League with Congress
Ambedkar was not in Congress. He was anti congress. Only leader that matters in Congress was Nehru who was getting inflused from Lady Mountbatten and Kashmiri Muslims.
Still they were tall, white and handsome, atleast that's what they think about them
Shahzad bhai bahut ho gaye podcast , where is your bakchodi wali gang ? Live shive aayein .. Missing those live fun podcasts.
Podcast with Mariam Goraya soon
Sir plz invited someone from Gilgit Baltistan ❤
Pakistanis are a martial race as well pious Muslims . Sharia rule under Military and Islamic religious leaders will unite Pakistanis and make it a ideal Islamic nation
What about Zia's rule..? Did Pakistan flourish under Zia's rule..?
Pakistan is destined to go to dogs..
Irrespective of who rules Pakistan..
This is the dumbest comment I have seen. Please read history and educate yourself.
Hahahaha nice to see that comedy is still alive and well in Pakistan
Martial race who have never won a single war
@@vardhamanpatil1539yes it did it’s just people will take time to judge such a towering Islamic leader
I respect all educators but to hear a word democracy from Pakistani makes me laugh but carry on no changes are on dreams
Ayyub Khan could have done the land reforms? I didn’t hear poorer joke than this in my life. Pakistan was created to preserve disproportionate land ownership by powerful people of the reagon. Come on you guys are not even funny. 🙃🙃🙃
What is the use of talking about past..Pakistan will never learn its lesson nor you are going to change...become you think if you change your religion feelings will hurt become u have been taught being a Muslim assures you victory...
He is wrong that brazil is bigger than America
People were not killed in ayubs protest, he is wrong here, otherwise excellent explanation by the guest and good questions by the host