3. Apoptosis: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways : USMLE Step 1

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Apoptosis: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways
Apoptosis, often described as programmed cell death, is a crucial process in the body, ensuring cellular turnover, development, and homeostasis. It occurs via two main pathways: the Extrinsic and the Intrinsic pathways. The Extrinsic Pathway is triggered by external signals, where death receptors on the cell surface bind to specific ligands, leading to the activation of caspases that dismantle the cell. This pathway plays a pivotal role in the immune system's ability to destroy harmful cells. On the other hand, the Intrinsic Pathway, also known as the mitochondrial pathway, is initiated from within the cell in response to stress signals, such as DNA damage or oxidative stress. This pathway involves the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, which then forms a complex with Apaf-1 and procaspase-9, ultimately activating the caspase cascade leading to cell death. Both pathways are essential for maintaining the balance between cell survival and death, with implications in disease processes, including cancer and neurodegeneration.
Extrinsic Pathway:
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Triggered by external signals
Involves death receptors and specific ligands
Activates caspases for cell dismantling
Crucial for the immune system
Intrinsic Pathway:
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Initiated by internal stress signals
Involves the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria
Activates caspase cascade
Essential for cellular response to damage
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[@djyr434]

In the executioner phase caspase 3 and also 6 are activated