Airspace Memory Aid

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 16 ก.ค. 2024
  • Here's a short video that presents a memory aid graphic that allows you to remember the VFR cloud clearance and visibility requirements for all types of airspace in which you might fly. It only takes about 10 minutes to memorize this graphic. Draw it on a piece of paper a few times and you'll have it down. You'll be an airspace master! Check out my "Understanding Airspace" eLearning course to learn many more unique things about today's modern airspace system. To download this memory aid graphic, please visit my FREE CFI Tools Page and scroll down to bottom then click link: rodmachado.com/pages/free-fli....

ความคิดเห็น • 141

  • @BabelFish78
    @BabelFish78 7 ปีที่แล้ว +67

    Rod Machado is the Bob Hoover of flight Instruction; articulation, humor, intensity, and clarity. Legends like this only come once in a lifetime.

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  5 ปีที่แล้ว +19

      Thank you BabelFish78. Even to be mentioned in the same sentence as Mr. Hoover is an honor.
      Sincerely,
      Rod

    • @ahmadtheaviationlover1937
      @ahmadtheaviationlover1937 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Rod Machado your awesome man!! A funny, smart and cool pilot you are. Thank you so much for these hilarious yet very clear explanations

    • @kaisondamon1461
      @kaisondamon1461 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      i know it is kind of off topic but do anybody know a good website to stream newly released movies online?

  • @captgmorris
    @captgmorris 6 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    I'm a student pilot and airspace minimums was one of my hardest things to learn until I saw this video. Memorized in less than 10 minutes. I suggests drawing the diagram multiple times until you don't have to look at it anymore. Thanks Rod!

  • @robrichards3847
    @robrichards3847 6 ปีที่แล้ว +19

    I was having a great deal of trouble memorizing this specific topic until I found this video. I was able to duplicate the image from memory within a couple of minutes and used it to help me pass my written exam two days ago. Thank you for the help!!!!

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Congratulations to you, Rob. I sure do appreciate the comment, too. I'm so happy this worked for you. Onward and upward!

  • @waytooslow
    @waytooslow 3 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    This is saving my bacon as I get ready for written. Need more of these visual devices as prep, some of us are visual learners -- Thanks a million

  • @Arculus192
    @Arculus192 4 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    Thank you Rod for kickstarting my adventure in pilot training, starting out on FSX has given me a good foundation for learning the fundamentals of aviation. It gave me a definite head start.

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      You are very welcome, Kevin. I wish you great success with your continued training.
      Best,
      Rod Machado

  • @paintraintn
    @paintraintn 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    I take my written exam tomorrow morning, and THIS is the video I needed!!! Thank you!!!

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Good luck to you, Brent!
      Best,
      Rod

    • @paintraintn
      @paintraintn 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      @@Flight-Instructor Thanks to you, and so many helpful pilots out there, I passed. Pretty pleased with my results too!

  • @sakumisan
    @sakumisan 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    After drawing the triangle for a week, I can now mentally picture and figure out the minimums with ease.
    Thanks Rod! Another satisfied customer ;)

  • @l44va
    @l44va 7 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    Thanks Mr. Machado, I appreciate this. I'm a student pilot, and showed this to my instructor who was amazed! It's very helpful!

  • @justinz284
    @justinz284 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    This is the best video and memory aid for VFR minimums. Every other book/video I studied prior to this paled in comparison. Found this the night before the PPL checkride. Thank you Rod!

  • @chris-5
    @chris-5 5 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    Omg, after playing FSX few years, I’m so familiar with this voice, man real Rod instructor in FSX

  • @thebestken
    @thebestken 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    All I can say is, I hate those cylinders that people showed me. You are a life saver. Thanks.

  • @charlesbecker3470
    @charlesbecker3470 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I just came home from a flight lesson, on in this case a no flight lesson,(ground lesson), this air space triangle saved me, there is no way I could have learned this stuff just studying charts. We did air space tonight, getting ready for my checkride, I felt very confident answering all the air space questions, now I won't have that knot in my gut on checkride day, Thank You Rod!.

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thank you for that nice comment, Charles. I'm so happy this helped you.
      Best,
      Rod

  • @amandaherrera7004
    @amandaherrera7004 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Exactly what I’ve been looking for. Take my written tomorrow!

  • @MerryfaceAviation
    @MerryfaceAviation 7 ปีที่แล้ว +15

    thanks rod! This is great. I can't use this particular pyramid here in the UK as airspace is slightly different here, but I can work on my own for my students. brilliant idea. thanks again to you and Mr. Timeter, Al Timeter

  • @Andresydiego28
    @Andresydiego28 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you so much.. before watching this video I honestly felt like it would take me years to memorise these requirements but after memorizing this memoric aid I can now say that I already know this topic, thank you!

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you, Andres:
      That's a wonderful comment and it means a lot me.
      Best to you,
      Rod Machado

  • @johnpro2847
    @johnpro2847 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanx Rod ...you have been teaching me since early MS flight sim days , where I was often 'chastised '.

  • @brianb5594
    @brianb5594 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Excellent Rod!

  • @nathanieltrudeau5235
    @nathanieltrudeau5235 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This was the best thing I have seen. Made memorizing the airspace for the written super easy. Thanks so much!

  • @randyvanvliet226
    @randyvanvliet226 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    The best, easiest way for visual learners to learn about airspace and visual requirements for cloud clearance.

  • @ThickThock
    @ThickThock 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This is an awesome visual! I'm planning on using it on my Airspace test today =). Thanks Rod!

  • @robsteal3887
    @robsteal3887 ปีที่แล้ว

    That made it a lot easier to understand.

  • @billkoenig1869
    @billkoenig1869 5 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    This is fantastic. Thank you so much Rod, you're the best!

  • @la9482
    @la9482 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This was so easy! As a soon to be CFI, Im using this from now on! Thank you

  • @asplatt2030
    @asplatt2030 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks Rod. This is terrific; much simpler than the other charts that I have seen and definitely easier to remember.​

  • @othmanothman2473
    @othmanothman2473 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I'm really excited with the method.many Thanks to Rod machado👏

  • @Bigfoot46555
    @Bigfoot46555 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    THANK YOU! I've been struggling with the subtle differences for various reasons. This makes me feel a LOT more comfortable that I understand it. Thanks again!

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      You are most welcome. I'm pleased you found this useful.
      Best,
      Rod

  • @PeterJCimino
    @PeterJCimino 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you Rod!! Great video for learning this concept!

  • @beepIL
    @beepIL 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    Rod you are a legend, love your material, some people were born to teach others

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      You are way too kind Mr./Ms. Beepil. I sure do appreciate that very generous comment. It means a lot to me.
      Best,
      Rod

  • @keithhopkins8593
    @keithhopkins8593 7 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Excellent as always! It was very helpful for both Private Pilot and Instrument Training. It remains a great memory aid for everyday use as well.

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      You are so kind Keith. Please subscribe.

    • @keithhopkins8593
      @keithhopkins8593 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Rod Machado Yes Sir, I already am. By the way, I've been showing this to other pilots for a couple years (even my flight instructors) and am always surprised when they have not seen it yet.

  • @remf4519
    @remf4519 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Rod, you are the best - ask anybody.

  • @Senseigainz
    @Senseigainz 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I was taught this diagram back in 2007. Great memory aide.

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Ah, it was in my book back in 1996. Thank you for that comment.

  • @hattrickpsh
    @hattrickpsh 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks Rod! That simplifies things quite a bit

  • @djdyke47
    @djdyke47 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Rod your a lifesaver. Thanks for the mnemonic.

  • @zone2Ironman
    @zone2Ironman 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Rod Machado wrote the book I studied for my PPL 20 years ago

  • @Funraiser
    @Funraiser 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thanks Rod for this very helpful video :)

  • @floydsouth5770
    @floydsouth5770 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Very nice explanation

  • @paulette8729
    @paulette8729 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Perfect. Thank you so much for tour work!!

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  5 ปีที่แล้ว

      It's my pleasure, Paula. Thank you for that very nice comment. Means a lot to me.
      Rod

  • @hayhay7789
    @hayhay7789 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Awesome video!

  • @JoeCnNd
    @JoeCnNd 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    F111 and c152 is a good memory exercise. F for five miles 1000 feet above 1000 feet below cloud and 1 mile horizontally.
    C152 is c as the third letter which is 3 statue miles 1000 feet above 500 feet below and 2000 feet horizontally.

  • @Nice-music585
    @Nice-music585 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This is GENIUS!

  • @a320crew6
    @a320crew6 6 ปีที่แล้ว +17

    Excellent vid! (please God, let me memorise that tri-angle)

  • @A.Spiegler
    @A.Spiegler 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    This was very helpful and easy to memorize, thank you!

  • @billervin5799
    @billervin5799 7 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    And I've used it as memory aid for all my students for years,

  • @eliaswhoflias3744
    @eliaswhoflias3744 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Rod, I love you.

  • @bafee6496
    @bafee6496 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    You save my life, appreciate!!!

  • @pettsnjam
    @pettsnjam 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    This helped a ton! amazing

  • @smwagh123
    @smwagh123 ปีที่แล้ว

    wonderfully explained

  • @machinemanjr
    @machinemanjr 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you- very helpful.

  • @timgraham2537
    @timgraham2537 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Excellent tutorial.

  • @mikea6977
    @mikea6977 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I'll add your airspace jog to my collections and pass it along....it all helps; even me!

  • @sagehill8991
    @sagehill8991 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir, thank you. This is super useful.

  • @BizJetTV
    @BizJetTV 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Super video, thanks!

  • @martinleicht5911
    @martinleicht5911 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanx Rod !! 🍺 😎 👍

  • @kaylumsdee
    @kaylumsdee 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Such a helpful nmumonic!

  • @arod1pilot
    @arod1pilot 7 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Thanks it helps alot

  • @VirtualTo
    @VirtualTo 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    OMG thank you so much!

  • @user-ej8hd5dh9x
    @user-ej8hd5dh9x 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Very helpful staff

  • @yacahumax1431
    @yacahumax1431 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you

  • @LightSportMan
    @LightSportMan 7 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Great video...

  • @stephenyoungblood3683
    @stephenyoungblood3683 7 ปีที่แล้ว +10

    Mr. Machado, once again, a great tool and great presentation from you. I'm preparing for the CFI at this time so can I use this if I give you credit?!?
    Thank you

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  7 ปีที่แล้ว +10

      Greetings Stephen: Yes, of course, please use it. That's what I intended it for. Good luck on your CFI study, too. Visit my blog and read the piece on "Advice for the CFI Checkride."

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thank you, Jeremy. I deeply appreciate that very thoughtful comment. It means a lot to me!

  • @naronwayne652
    @naronwayne652 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you, thank you, thank you!!!!

  • @billydward
    @billydward 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Holy shit it’s the FSX guy

  • @newmanlord7130
    @newmanlord7130 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi Sir,
    I enjoyed the video Sir,
    Right thru the morning Sir,
    I have to go to the medical school class Sir.

  • @billervin5799
    @billervin5799 7 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    Hey Rod, I've was using this when you still had an F-111 above 10K. I think I still have the book ;-)

  • @billroberts9182
    @billroberts9182 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you!

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  5 ปีที่แล้ว

      You are welcome, Bill. Glad you found the video useful.
      Best,
      Rod

  • @chjadam
    @chjadam 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    very good. THX

  • @immortal8034
    @immortal8034 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks

  • @todrmf2
    @todrmf2 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    thanks!!

  • @pilotactor777
    @pilotactor777 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    excellent

  • @thomastucker5686
    @thomastucker5686 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Rod I found you on flight simulator many years ago and decided you were my go to guy when it comes to learning about piloting an airplane. I used to spend two hours simulating what I was going to practice for the day before I headed to the airport. The only issue at the time was I was renting a 152 and simulating in a 172. It seemed close enough at the time. I would like to know the reasons for airspace rules, that would go a long way towards remembering. I have never actually discussed with anyone ever the reasons for the rules. I am watching this video for review. At 10,000 and above I must remain further from the clouds and have better visibility. I don't know the reason, but it makes sense to me that faster airplanes will be at those altitudes on IFR plans and without the clearance from the clouds, small slow airplanes would be in danger of collision. It is things like this I wonder but don't know the reasoning.

  • @saeedag4468
    @saeedag4468 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    great video,, should have hired me for the animation part :P

  • @Quinn_______
    @Quinn_______ 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    Life saver.. Haha thanks

  • @captainzeppos
    @captainzeppos 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Proud to say I am one of Mr. Rod Machado's aviation "children". Learned to fly in sims 15 years ago by using Mr. Massado's lessons in MS Flight Simulator. 15 years later I'm still going strong, all because of that solid foundation and I'm still learning. Pretty sure that without those lessons I would have dropped that fantastic hobby ages ago.

  • @refutedbeans7624
    @refutedbeans7624 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Who else is watching this the night before thier written

  • @vittoriafiorentini8276
    @vittoriafiorentini8276 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    😍 love you

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you, Vittoria. You are so kind.
      Best,
      Rod

  • @ChugiakAK
    @ChugiakAK 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hey Rod, Perhaps someone has already suggested this: How about making a batch of stickers of this graphic for sale? I would put one on my clipboard or even on my dash of my Kitfox!

  • @alejandrodebasilio1606
    @alejandrodebasilio1606 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Thank you for this video. This is great! I'm still a bit confused about the ceiling of class G airspace. I thought it was 700 AGL around certain airports up to 1,200 AGL, but on this graph is goes beyond 1,200 AGL.

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Greetings Alejandro:
      Class G can go up higher than 1,200 feet AGL where the floor of airways (Class E airspace) begin at higher altitudes. The FAA began removing these higher Class E floor several years ago, reducing all Class G tops to 700 or 1,200 feet AGL.
      Best,
      Rod

    • @alejandrodebasilio1606
      @alejandrodebasilio1606 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@Flight-Instructor Thanks for the clarification and Mach-1 speedy reply!

  • @jose20008
    @jose20008 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great

  • @ritchierich2820
    @ritchierich2820 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Just to add to this although you most likely won't be tested on it at night for class G if you remain within 1/2 a mile from the airport and under 1200ft AGL you may still operate as 1sm visibility and clear of clouds (:

  • @paulcrooks4467
    @paulcrooks4467 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Neat

  • @BEACHYz
    @BEACHYz 7 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    I'm not sure I understand the additional 1000 Ft ceiling if touching BCDE airspace? Maybe you can add some clarification. If I'm in C airspace then it's C rules no? In C airspace ATC will tell us where to be anyway right? Is it just when I'm touching that perimeter then that the ceiling changes from 500 to 1000? Why wouldn't it just be C rules of 500ft? is it an additional 1000ft totaling a 1500ft ceiling or the ceiling just changes to 1000ft. I might be making this more complicated than it has to be,. : )

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  7 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Greetings Jon:
      I describe this relationship in detail in my Private Pilot Handbook or my Understanding Airspace eLearning course (in case you're interested. See www.rodmachado.com). The fact is that "all" surface-based airspace requires a ceiling of at least 1,000 feet along with three miles visibility for VFR operations. The reason being that surface-base airspace is primarily installed at airport having instrument approaches with relatively low minimums or airports that once had instrument approaches with relatively low minimums. This allows airplanes on IFR approaches to enter the airport environment and have less of a chance of hitting someone operating with only one mile visibility and remaining clear of clouds.
      Hope this helps,
      Best,
      Rod

  • @tacticalbacon8064
    @tacticalbacon8064 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I just dont understand why the FAA must make this so complex
    Imo alot of this could be simplified down to 3nm 1k-1k-1k for all airspace surface to 10000 msl and 5NM 1-1-1 10000 msl - 18000 msl sure it would add more restrictions in some airspaces but it would add a saftey buffer and create a much better memory for airspace and just allow for special VFR 1nm clear of clouds in all controlled airspace the only change would be class G at night which can be just an increase in visibility required such a 5nm -1-1-1
    Same with speed limits just make it one limit across the board
    Its almost as if its deliberately confusing

  • @fobypawz418
    @fobypawz418 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    this is a prime example of how complicated the federal government love to be with all these rules and regulations where we are left to try and make something simple and humanly digestable out of it!

  • @stephen5147
    @stephen5147 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very good. Thanks! Now do helicopters?

  • @hefeibao
    @hefeibao 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Waaa, where was this when I was studying for my test. :-p They should hand this out to all new students.

  • @TonyP9279
    @TonyP9279 6 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Can someone please explain to me how to determine your distance from a cloud? How can you see clouds at night?

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  3 ปีที่แล้ว +7

      Greetings Tony:
      It's nearly impossible to accurately estimate your distance from a cloud. The question you really want to ask, however, isn't "How far am I from a cloud?" Instead, you want to ask, "What separation do I need from that cloud to prevent being hit by anyone exiting it?"
      Best,
      Rod Machado

    • @randyvanvliet226
      @randyvanvliet226 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@Flight-Instructor Why the heck doesn't the FAA gurus write it in that manner, to really make the lesson positive? Instead of "Don't go less than 500 feet below a cloud, or less than 1000 ft above a cloud or less than 2000 ft laterally. " Seems the FAA is always trying to write questions to screw you up, instead of in a positive format. Like writing any sentence with a double negative. ""What separation do I need from that cloud to prevent being hit by anyone exiting it?" is so much more positive and educational.

  • @davidjd123
    @davidjd123 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    thank so much, and also 100th comment,

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you, BushidoKi. And you are welcome, too.
      Best,
      Rod

  • @liamsullivan5783
    @liamsullivan5783 7 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thanks a lot, Rod! Is is possible that I could make a free downloadable file of your design?

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  7 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Greetings Liam:
      I've added a link in the video description box that you can visit and find a download for that graphic.

    • @liamsullivan5783
      @liamsullivan5783 7 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks!

  • @Not-a-bot222
    @Not-a-bot222 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Just remember surface to 700’ class G is 1/2 SM clear of clouds. (Day) 1SM Night
    Truly the least amount of needed vis. (Helicopters)

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Greetings Branden:
      You're reading the regulation incorrectly here. It's actually 3 sm night and 1 sm day for airplanes.
      The lowest allowed visibility for any general aviation "airplane" is one-mile, period! One-half mile visibility is never allowed for an airplane under any VFR conditions. The value of "one-half" pertains to the distance from the runway, not to visibility. Here's the reg excerpt.
      "(2) Airplane, powered parachute, or weight-shift-control aircraft. If the visibility is less than 3 statute miles but not less than 1 statute mile during night hours and you are operating in an airport traffic pattern within 1⁄2 mile of the runway, you may operate an airplane, powered parachute, or weight-shift-control aircraft clear of clouds." FAR 91.155
      Best,
      Rod

    • @Not-a-bot222
      @Not-a-bot222 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Rod Machado oh okay, I’ll be honest I never noticed there was a difference for helicopters and fixed wing. I’m a helicopter pilot and still fairly new. Thanks for the quick response, the more knowledge in the tool bag is always better

  • @mcospottinghd7157
    @mcospottinghd7157 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    fucking legend

  • @foryst
    @foryst 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I'm having flashbacks to FSX

  • @casapilotsaustralia3599
    @casapilotsaustralia3599 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Does this work in Australia ???

    • @Flight-Instructor
      @Flight-Instructor  5 ปีที่แล้ว

      QZ: The airspace discussed here is ICAO, or international airspace. So it applies almost everywhere. However, we don't use Class F airspace very much in the US. And there are a few differences between us (USA) and other countries. Nevertheless, this is worth remembering.
      Rod

    • @casapilotsaustralia3599
      @casapilotsaustralia3599 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks rod.
      Im student piolet in Australia- we dont use class F.. it sounds very similar except cloud seperation here is in km or metres ...

  • @jessest3602
    @jessest3602 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    im so confused

  • @ItsAllAboutGuitar
    @ItsAllAboutGuitar 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    This proves my theory that people are getting dumber. None of my flight instructors are even close to the great Rod.

  • @hippiewithacowboyhat
    @hippiewithacowboyhat 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    Huh?

  • @a.ah.3293
    @a.ah.3293 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Low voice as usual !

  • @mikearakelian6368
    @mikearakelian6368 ปีที่แล้ว

    I should be watching ur video on cognitive decline/older pilots oops?