The Celtic British heritage of Scotland is really apparent in etymology: Aber- in Aberdeen is like Aberystwyth and Abergavenny, Glasgow is Welsh for green/blue hollow, and Perth is Welsh for hedge (Perth came from Pictish, a possibly Brythonic language)
@@morriganmhor5078Edinburgh and the surrounding area was Brythonic-speaking before it was conquered by Northumbria, so there is a mixture of Brythonic and Anglic place names in the area. The 'Edin' in Edinburgh is inherited from Brythonic: its original name was Din Eidyn.
Much like Cumbria, the terrain and didnt allow for the quite the extent of isolation. And it's simply much smaller and always had a smaller population.
No - they are largely still there, although a lot of Cornish people moved to other parts of the world where there was mining work to be had in the nineteenth century. Any person with a surname starting with Tre-, Pol- or Pen- is likely to have Cornish ancestry.
@@bufferly5595 So the culture is still there? History books have failed me, it always states that the Cornish culture was wiped away during William the Conquerer's reign. I am so glad there are people still there keeping the language and customs alive. How many people are like you do you think?
The Anglo-Saxons settled in areas that resembled northern Germany and Denmark, their original homeland; flat rolling plains, and hilly valleys interspersed with rivers. They didn't like living in mountainous regions because they didn't know how to farm and survive in such areas. Wales and Scotland are fairly rugged, rocky and mountainous. It was mostly the Norwegian Vikings that settled in Cumbria, England's mountainous region, and...Norway is quite mountainous like Scotland. The Angles and Saxons stopped when things started getting a bit too hilly and rocky for their liking. England looks quite similar to the Netherlands, Frisia, northern Germany and Denmark.
Before the 1257 settlement, the Scottish territorial claim went as far South as Durham, even York. The Welsh border withdrew in stages. Until the reign of Athelstan, Welsh claims reached out to the river Severn. Owain Glyndwr claimed the Severn as his bouandary as late as 1405. Many place names up to the Severn have obvious Welsh origins, like Malvern. Aethelstan claimed the territory up to Offa's dyke for England. Most of it came back to Wales after a fashion with the formation of the Council of Wales and the Marches in 1472. This included the bordering English counties, Worcestershire and Bristol. It did not completely disappear until the early 19th C. It was the main form of government until the Civil War and helped maintain the Welsh sense of identity amongst the gentry. There was a similar Council of the North.
@@Sonny-m1f Henry 7, Henry Tudor, Henry 8's father, was descended from Welsh aristocracy. He landed in the UK from France at Pembroke Castle in Wales (Pembrooke was his). With a mixed French/Welsh army he marched to Bosworth where he defeated Richard 3 in 1485.
Wales being a Principality stems from Anglo-Norman "superirority" attitude and intentional mistranslations. As the High King was the Welsh was reffered to as "Princeps" (The First Person), but the Anglo-Normans intentionally mistranslated it as Prince
@@Inucroft Princeps title was never used by the High King of the Britons, and "High King of the Welsh" didn't exist it was just King or later Prince/Princeps
Prince can refer to a King too, hence "prince of the realm" refering to a king, the idea a Prince being the heir of the ruling king is a fairly recent idea
The Heptarchy only actually existed for around fifty years, if that. It is largely a medieval invention. By the time Northumbria had coalesced from its constituents Bernicia, Deira and parts of Rheged, Essex and probably Kent had already lost their independence and had become areas to be fought over and dominated by the other kingdoms. East Anglia had only probably been united into one kingdom for a relatively short time. What is now Suffolk was probably a separate kingdom with its royal centre at Rendlesham before being conquered by the Anglian kingdom of Norfolk at some time in the mid to late sixth century, with a new capital being established at Sutton Hoo, just a short distance from Rendlesham, almost certainly in order to keep the newly conquered southern part of the kingdom under control.
I know the title is "English borders with..." but you forgot to mention that the North of Scotland (a large part of Caithness and the Isles - Orkney, Hebrides and Shetland, etc) were part of Norway for a goodly chunk of time - until the 13th century - but practically some of the Isles still remained under Norwegian influence for at least another century as the clergy there reported into the Norwegian Church. Additionally, the border also stretches out into the sea - the border between England and Scotland (in the North Sea) was moved the night before devolution - to give England more oil rights - this was done without consulting Scotland and was not publicised.
Super cool video!! Small correction, but 'Scots Gaelic' is incorrect, we call it Scottish Gaelic and pronounce 'Gaelic' as 'gah-lik', differently to Irish. Scots is a separate Germanic language/dialect mostly spoken in the northeast these days and the term doesn't really apply for gaelic.
Interesting. Especially, to me, the part about Berwick upon Tweed. I grew up in Pennsylvania between the towns of Bloomsburg and Berwick. And, yes, it was named after the English city. (If you wanted to add the upon it would be "Berwick upon Susquehanna" but that doesn't sound as cool.) However, the pronunciation of the PA town is as if it was spelled Burr-wick.
@@jebrindle9380the Celtics were spread all across Western Europe, the Gauls were Celtic, parts of Northern Spain are still Celtic and play bagpipes the Bretons in Brittany are Celtic
Did you know that the Union Flag is coloured equally. There is as much red as there is white as there is blue, therefore adding something for Wales would need a complete redesign to rematch the colours.
Bede lived in an abbey on the Banks of the Wear (Sunderland) not on the banks of the Tyne (Newcastle). When he was around the Tyneside area it was South of Tyne in South Tyneside (Jarrow) not Newcastle. Bede has no connection to Newcastle at all. He has connections with Lindisfarne (Holy island) off the Nothumbrian coast. Jarrow (South Tyneside) & on the Northside of the River Wear (Sunderland). A massive mistake made by people from outside of the North East is to think or believe Newcastle is the North East when it isn't even the most populated area or the biggest area of the North East. Durham is also on the banks of the River Wear. The modern name of Tyne & Wear gives a little clue that there are 2 rivers in the Area. Newcastle is situated North of the River Tyne & inland of the North Sea by approx 10 miles. Sunderland is divided by the River Wear 75 to 80% being on the South side of the River. When Bede lived on the Banks of the Wear. The North side where he resided wasn't part of Sunderland. Sunderland is located on the North Sea coast. In fact Newcastle is only very slightly further North Than Sunderland it's more Westerly (inland) than it is to the North. Gateshead is South of Newcastle, South Tyneside is South East of Newcastle as is Sunderland.. The church Bede founded in Sunderland in 675 is still standing & in use today (St Peter's). He did most of his writings on the island of Lindisfarne. You're correct about Anglo Saxon DNA of the historical Kingdom of Nothumbria. We have at most 3% of it.
This video makes it seem like the borders have been set centuries ago. It was only in 1974 that Monmouthshire was set to be in Wales. Up to that point it made no difference as it was just another county.
You forget to mention that the Scoti tribe came from Ireland and eventually took over Alba from the Picts and changed its name to Scoti Land or Scotland. They also took over parts of Wales and set up kingdoms there too.
@@the98themperoroftheholybri33 No, its actually not. The first record of Albania as autonomous principality called Arbonon wasn't established untill the 12th century and in the 15th century it was part of the Ottoman Empire. Yet the Kingdom of England was established in 927, that's before France, Spain and Germany where many people falsely claim the English came from, but England is older.
@@the98themperoroftheholybri33The Scoti tribe and the Picti tribe are the same blooded peoples, the are indigenous to these ancient islands. What do you say about that you anglo saxon invader,
@@Knappa22 Edward Longshanks, King of England completely conquered Wales in 1283. If you're arguing that it was just an occupation until 1537, then I see your point.
@digit-zero Yes. Even though it was conquered it was not assimilated until 1537 re. law, administration etc. This is when the ‘principality’ part of Wales (under English royal control) and the marcher lordships were all abolished and the shire system introduced.
13:40 People really tend to forget basically all the countries did something like that at some point, but really love pointing it out as an argument against countries they dont like
Wales didn't. Granted Welsh people took part in it as part of the British Empire, but as a country Wales never had the opportunity to because it was surrounded. Ireland is similar, too, in the sense that it never really had anywhere to go but Britain and was essentially under English rule by the time America was discovered. Scotland colonised a few places but was unified with England before the had a chance to really get going. I expect Ireland and Scotland suffered similarly, but I studied Wales primarily and can say that Wales legitimately suffered an apartheid regime for a while. Some of the major towns in Wales today were made into essentially Welsh-free zones in the medieval and early modern period. Fortified urban centres in which only English, Normans or Flemish could settle. A good modern day equivalent would be Palestine/Israel. For several centuries, with fluctuating intensity, Welsh people were legally second class citizens. Even today, people still use the term 'Welshing' to describe double crossing someone, based on negative stereotypes generated by the English. All this happened, not because Wales invaded England, it happened because Wales was there. So, I think Wales is a very strong contender to use 13:40 as an argument without being hypocritical.
@@benismannit was a kingdom until it's last king was killed trying to defend against the roman empire after it was incorporated it was just slowly subjugated throughout history.😊
I mean, the union jack is a combination of the St Andrews cross an St Georges cross. To put a red dragon over the crosses. That's no good. Maybe they should incorporate the St David's cross. The Welsh cross. Kernow aka Cornwall has its own cross flag as well.
14:05 No it isn't. The border was fixed in 1536 by the Laws in Wales Acts, which abolished the Principality and the Marcher Lordships and brought Wales into the English shire system. The Marcher Lordships along the border were incorporated either into existing English shires, such as Shropshire and Herefordshire, or new creations within Wales, like Denbighshire and Montgomeryshire. The Laws in Wales Act actually sought to remove the border between England and Wales, and effectively made Wales a part of England, legally speaking. But because Welsh culture and identity persisted, it actually had the effect of fixing the border in place, in the popular imagination. Fast forward to the twentieth century, and popular imagination became legal reality, first with administrative devolution, and later the establishment of the National Assembly in 1999. So it's a piece of sixteenth century legislation, which sought to completely remove the border, which, 500 years later, determines who gets to pay less tuition fees, and who gets to pay less for buses.
@greg What are your sources for the Iberian Celts settling Ireland and vanquishing the indigenous people, names of the relevant books and the accredited historians/academics and their universities please. I’m interested in when this happened and how they managed to transport such a large number of people across such a vast treacherous ocean without a compass between the Iberian peninsula and Ireland. Thanks in advance.
Alba is pronounced almost as "Ullipuh", but we Brits don't give a damn about correctly pronouncing the placenames on the other sides of our internal borders. Archaeologists and historians alike, (especially TH-cam amateurs), are determined to ignore Prof. Helena Hamerow's review: "Rural Settlements and Society in Anglo-Saxon England", (Oxford University Press, 2012), the Oxford-led study: "The fine scale genetic structure of the British population", (Leslie et al., Nature 519, 2015), and many other peer-reviewed papers. The study of Leslie et al. (2015) involved a whopping 522,862 autosomal (non-gender chromosome) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): places in our genomes where single DNA base pairs differ between people. Leslie et al. (2015) included many current genomes sampled across Europe for comparison with current British genomes, but failed to include Frisian and Italian genomes. A 70% confidence level for assigning genomes to genetic groups, revealed 7 current groups in England: Cornwall, Devon, Cumbria, the Welsh Borders, West Yorkshire (Elmet), Northumbria, and the "rest of England". Multiple regression shows the "rest of England" group (commonly called "Anglo-Saxon"), has a 33.2% overlap with a genome group found in Lower Normandy, Picardy, & Limousin, 15.3% with Frankish Germany (far western Germany / Westphalia centred on Aachen), 11.5% with Denmark, 9.9% with "Saxon" Germany, 9.2% with Belgium, 9.2% with a second French group found in Lower Normandy & Picardy, 5.7% with Sweden, 4.9% with Norway, and 1.2% with Spain. (Figures are rounded.) So what? 66.9% (roughly two-thirds!) of the genetic overlap of the "rest of England" with the Continent is with northern France, Belgium, and far Western Germany, even when Frisian/Dutch samples are missing from the European comparison groups! Much of the Scandinavian genetic overlap is due to the Viking settlement of England that began in 860 CE. LESS THAN 10% OF ENGLISH DNA IS "ANGLO-SAXON"! Most of the Continental overlap is due to underlying pre-Roman Celtic affinity, and probably Roman and sub-Roman migration from areas of the Continent closest to Kent. Peer-reviewed archaeology backs this. Indeed, the best interpretation is that the REAL Anglo-Saxon settlers in England were few, and the vast majority arrived more than a century after the Roman withdrawal (407-10 CE), and did not replace the existing residents of Roman villages and towns. Instead they built villages characterised by poverty-stricken Germanic pit houses and just a few Anglo-Saxon hall complexes. According to Prof. Hamerow only 84 definite "Anglo-Saxon" villages have been found in Britain (as of 2012), and only 19 hall complexes, versus thousands of Celtic Iron Age villages and a fair number of Roman towns. The largest Anglo-Saxon settlement ever found in Britain, (Thurrock, mouth of the Thames), only had about 300 houses at its peak and it was dwarfed by Romano-Celtic London, just a few miles upstream. Obviously the remains of people buried in Anglo-Saxon cemeteries alongside Anglo-Saxon cultural artefacts are genetically related to genuine Continental Anglo-Saxons, (so what?!), but in the light of whole genome fine scale population genetics, one is telling a whopper when describing today's ethnically English people as "Anglo-Saxon". Prof. Hamerow's review also shows NO convincing evidence of Anglo-Saxon defensive works and settlement patterns indicative of an Anglo-Saxon "invasion". Three other patterns dominate: (1) peaceful integration and intermarriage with the existing Brits, (e.g. West Heslerton), (2) moving into areas long vacated by Brits, and (3) settling as Anglo-Saxon subsistence farmers around Romano-Celtic urban hubs, with some tension but very little violence. Today's Northumbrians have a 69.6% overlap with the Northern French, Belgians, and German Franks, and just a 3.5% genetic overlap with Continental "Saxons", this overlap being in 10th place with regard to all Continental overlaps, even with the absence of Frisian/Dutch DNA from the analysis. According to the study of Leslie et al. (2015), the only area that Saxons ever dominated is possibly Oxfordshire. WHY THE ERROR? For centuries the British have swallowed much of the Venerable Bede's "An Ecclesiastical History of the Anglian People", but he was not a scientific scholar who travelled far and wide to conduct firsthand research. Instead, he spent his life living in an abbey on the banks of the Tyne (Newcastle today), and wrote from church records and unsubstantiated tales, especially the post-Roman rant of the northern Welsh monk, Gildas, whose view was badly distorted. Many scholars wrongly identified early English as "Saxon", but the dominant language was probably closer to early Frisian. Apart from the Celtic hold-outs (Cornwall, Devon, Cumbria, the Welsh Borders, and West Yorkshire, it seems likely the immediate post-Roman influx into Britain was from the closest areas of the Continent, and these people were Belgic, Frankish, and Frisian, and already closely genetically related to England's Iron Age Celtic population. THE ENGLISH ARE NOT ANGLO-SAXON. THE ANGLO-SAXON INVASION IS A MYTH.
Cornwall is part of England, therefore there is no border...just a county line. That's why the Cornish voted for Brexit. HRH Prince William is the 25th Duke of Cornwall. All banknotes in Cornwall say Bank of England on them. Let me know if I can help further.
Why is it that when the German bastards (Anglo-Saxons) invaded Celtic Britain and established their control over vast territories, they did not adopt and assimilated into the native British culture, similar to how the Franks assimilated into the Gallo-Romance culture of Gaul, or the Visigoths of Hispania, or the Lombards in Northern Italy, or even the Normans when they conquered England? Why was the Anglo-Saxon establishment of their kingdoms on British soil an utter defeat for the natives, and a complete victory for the German immigrants?
Um, excuse me, 11th generation "American" speaking here. I know who all my UK 11th great grandparents were. From my mom: Norwegian 16%, German 15%, Sweedish/Danish 12%, Welsh 5%, From my dad: Scottish 20%, Irish 15%, English 14%, French 2%, Finnish 1%
Also, the reason why Wales arent on the flag is because unlike the stuarts, the Tudors weren't the legal rulers of Wales. Hence never had any legal authority to add said flag. Which remains the reason why the Windsors can't add it to this very day.
Interesting to say not the legal rulers, given the Tudors were welsh originally. But no, it's just because Henry VIII annexed Wales to England. So Wales is represented in the UK flag by being part of England.
No @cou2707 if The tudors were legal rulers of Wales upon their ascendancy to the English throne, it would stand to reason they would have Annexed England to Wales as opposed to Wales to England, or they could have even unified it legally like the stuarts would eventually do. They couldn't because they were only the legal rulers of England, not Wales. The only reason why you annex over Unification is you couldn't have had the rights.
@@Thebattler86no, it was annexed by the Welsh tudors. Has nothing to do with 1284 period like so many claim. Wales and England became joined via annexation because neither the Ruling Tudors of England had authority over Wales, or Wales hadnt already been annexed....you don't annex a place if you already on it ( the tudor actions prove 1. England didn't rule and 2. Tudors weren't legitimate within Wales).
About 1/6 of the country speak Welsh and it is spoken by people across every single county. Some have a very low percentage of speakers yes. You could say the same about English globally. English is spoken across the world. Does that mean it is spoken by everybody, no. But there are individuals in every country who can speak English. Welsh is also the most spoken Celtic language by a long way, which is a good achievement to have if you ask me.
Erm no. The statute of Rhuddlan had nothing to do with annexation, but rather the creation of the Principality of Wales (Gwynedd). Which in turn was annulled in 1536 with the laws In Wales act....created by the Ruling Tudors (Welsh). Please stop parroting clearly provable falsities, if Wales was annexed in 1284, what and why was it annexed In 1536?! Wouldn't have already have "belonged" to England?! Fact is the UK exist because successful Scottish AND Welsh resistance.
He really glossed over the history of the border between England and Wales didn't he. I hail from Shropshire where not only are there Welsh place names in the west e.g. Clun, Gobowen, Bettws-y-Crwyn, Llanvair Waterdine, Llanymynech, Trefarclawdd and Argoed; Oswestry too was part of Wales until 1536 and nowadays is considered by many a Welsh exclave, and many from there identify as Welsh not English.
The lowlands of Scotland aren't (wholly) Britonic (Brythonic) or Celtic. The Kingdoms of Gododdin and Strath Clyde, which were Brythonic (Welsh) speaking, were conquered by the Angles and therefore, the Scottish language (that spoken by Rabbie Burns) is a separate language to English. Therefore, the Kingdom of Scotland, was the victory of the Gaels over the Britons to define the border between England and Scotland.
The Celtic British heritage of Scotland is really apparent in etymology: Aber- in Aberdeen is like Aberystwyth and Abergavenny, Glasgow is Welsh for green/blue hollow, and Perth is Welsh for hedge (Perth came from Pictish, a possibly Brythonic language)
Yes! All over the British isles the names of towns and places gives insights into the respective History!
Peebles = Pebyll = Tents
Lanark = Llanerch = Grove
Ecclefechan = Eglwys Fechan = Little Church
Penicuik = Pen-y-Gog = Hill of the Cuckoo
And what about Edwinsbourgh? Part of Northumbria before Scots conquered Picts?
@@morriganmhor5078Edinburgh and the surrounding area was Brythonic-speaking before it was conquered by Northumbria, so there is a mixture of Brythonic and Anglic place names in the area. The 'Edin' in Edinburgh is inherited from Brythonic: its original name was Din Eidyn.
@KaiserMacCleg Definitively neither Pictish, not Scottish (WHO Came from Ireland). And I've read somewhere IT was built by Edwin of Northumbria).
Poor Cornish, they never survived being that close to France, they were 'bred' out I believe.
Much like Cumbria, the terrain and didnt allow for the quite the extent of isolation. And it's simply much smaller and always had a smaller population.
No - they are largely still there, although a lot of Cornish people moved to other parts of the world where there was mining work to be had in the nineteenth century. Any person with a surname starting with Tre-, Pol- or Pen- is likely to have Cornish ancestry.
Hello, I’m Cornish. I still speak the language, live in Cornwall and will never call myself English like many of my brethren.
@@bufferly5595 So the culture is still there? History books have failed me, it always states that the Cornish culture was wiped away during William the Conquerer's reign. I am so glad there are people still there keeping the language and customs alive. How many people are like you do you think?
If you speak Cornish, what does 'An Plyven' mean?
This series has been excellent
Thank you! :)
The Anglo-Saxons settled in areas that resembled northern Germany and Denmark, their original homeland; flat rolling plains, and hilly valleys interspersed with rivers. They didn't like living in mountainous regions because they didn't know how to farm and survive in such areas. Wales and Scotland are fairly rugged, rocky and mountainous. It was mostly the Norwegian Vikings that settled in Cumbria, England's mountainous region, and...Norway is quite mountainous like Scotland. The Angles and Saxons stopped when things started getting a bit too hilly and rocky for their liking. England looks quite similar to the Netherlands, Frisia, northern Germany and Denmark.
Before the 1257 settlement, the Scottish territorial claim went as far South as Durham, even York.
The Welsh border withdrew in stages. Until the reign of Athelstan, Welsh claims reached out to the river Severn. Owain Glyndwr claimed the Severn as his bouandary as late as 1405. Many place names up to the Severn have obvious Welsh origins, like Malvern. Aethelstan claimed the territory up to Offa's dyke for England. Most of it came back to Wales after a fashion with the formation of the Council of Wales and the Marches in 1472. This included the bordering English counties, Worcestershire and Bristol. It did not completely disappear until the early 19th C. It was the main form of government until the Civil War and helped maintain the Welsh sense of identity amongst the gentry. There was a similar Council of the North.
Example is Straford upon Avon (Avon is afon in welsh)
Wow, didn't know that. Didn't Henry the 8 have a connection to Wales as well? An some kind of Welsh connection to the battle of bosworth?
@@Sonny-m1f Henry 7, Henry Tudor, Henry 8's father, was descended from Welsh aristocracy. He landed in the UK from France at Pembroke Castle in Wales (Pembrooke was his). With a mixed French/Welsh army he marched to Bosworth where he defeated Richard 3 in 1485.
Another amazing video!
Glad you enjoyed it!
Would have been a nice video if not for the sophomoric pot shots and silliness. You can do better. Perhaps maturity comes with age
@@vintedge9721 Ok.
Good stuff mate
Wales being a Principality stems from Anglo-Norman "superirority" attitude and intentional mistranslations.
As the High King was the Welsh was reffered to as "Princeps" (The First Person), but the Anglo-Normans intentionally mistranslated it as Prince
Wales hasn't been a principality for over 400 years, btw
@@Inucroft Princeps title was never used by the High King of the Britons, and "High King of the Welsh" didn't exist it was just King or later Prince/Princeps
Prince can refer to a King too, hence "prince of the realm" refering to a king, the idea a Prince being the heir of the ruling king is a fairly recent idea
You refer to yourself plurally, how many are there in the team?
There‘s three of us, one writer/researcher, one video editor and one narrator :)
The Heptarchy only actually existed for around fifty years, if that. It is largely a medieval invention. By the time Northumbria had coalesced from its constituents Bernicia, Deira and parts of Rheged, Essex and probably Kent had already lost their independence and had become areas to be fought over and dominated by the other kingdoms. East Anglia had only probably been united into one kingdom for a relatively short time. What is now Suffolk was probably a separate kingdom with its royal centre at Rendlesham before being conquered by the Anglian kingdom of Norfolk at some time in the mid to late sixth century, with a new capital being established at Sutton Hoo, just a short distance from Rendlesham, almost certainly in order to keep the newly conquered southern part of the kingdom under control.
I know the title is "English borders with..." but you forgot to mention that the North of Scotland (a large part of Caithness and the Isles - Orkney, Hebrides and Shetland, etc) were part of Norway for a goodly chunk of time - until the 13th century - but practically some of the Isles still remained under Norwegian influence for at least another century as the clergy there reported into the Norwegian Church. Additionally, the border also stretches out into the sea - the border between England and Scotland (in the North Sea) was moved the night before devolution - to give England more oil rights - this was done without consulting Scotland and was not publicised.
Good stuff. Some new historic facts, and the fun quirks like Berwick and Monmouth.
really good video, please do more histories of borders
Will do!
Could you make a similar video about Georgia?
Its borders are relatively new but they used to be literally set in stone for millennia.
Very good idea!
I mean, George’s borders aren’t relatively new. They reflect the historical border George’s maintained for anytime. It’s been an independent state.
@sp4391 Engrish
@@sp4391 Then Putin came around to ruin it.
@@brandonlyon730 Grow up.
Super cool video!! Small correction, but 'Scots Gaelic' is incorrect, we call it Scottish Gaelic and pronounce 'Gaelic' as 'gah-lik', differently to Irish. Scots is a separate Germanic language/dialect mostly spoken in the northeast these days and the term doesn't really apply for gaelic.
Interesting. Especially, to me, the part about Berwick upon Tweed. I grew up in Pennsylvania between the towns of Bloomsburg and Berwick. And, yes, it was named after the English city. (If you wanted to add the upon it would be "Berwick upon Susquehanna" but that doesn't sound as cool.) However, the pronunciation of the PA town is as if it was spelled Burr-wick.
Very interesting! And Burrwick upon Susquehanna also has a ring to it
New everything ...was that return of Hercules game in your intro. The music. I'm having flashbacks.
I'm american and I actually know about that. I even know about the celts in cornwall. And that there are Kelts in Brittany and In northern spain.
Celts….
@Swan_River_Cowboy correct
Celtic is a culture that established itself in Britain about 700 BC.
@@jebrindle9380the Celtics were spread all across Western Europe, the Gauls were Celtic, parts of Northern Spain are still Celtic and play bagpipes the Bretons in Brittany are Celtic
Did you know that the Union Flag is coloured equally. There is as much red as there is white as there is blue, therefore adding something for Wales would need a complete redesign to rematch the colours.
Berwick upon Tweed is more Scottish than Auchtermuchty!
6:25 Ironically, "Fitzkenneth" sounds even funnier!
Bede lived in an abbey on the Banks of the Wear (Sunderland) not on the banks of the Tyne (Newcastle). When he was around the Tyneside area it was South of Tyne in South Tyneside (Jarrow) not Newcastle. Bede has no connection to Newcastle at all. He has connections with Lindisfarne (Holy island) off the Nothumbrian coast. Jarrow (South Tyneside) & on the Northside of the River Wear (Sunderland). A massive mistake made by people from outside of the North East is to think or believe Newcastle is the North East when it isn't even the most populated area or the biggest area of the North East. Durham is also on the banks of the River Wear. The modern name of Tyne & Wear gives a little clue that there are 2 rivers in the Area. Newcastle is situated North of the River Tyne & inland of the North Sea by approx 10 miles. Sunderland is divided by the River Wear 75 to 80% being on the South side of the River. When Bede lived on the Banks of the Wear. The North side where he resided wasn't part of Sunderland. Sunderland is located on the North Sea coast. In fact Newcastle is only very slightly further North Than Sunderland it's more Westerly (inland) than it is to the North. Gateshead is South of Newcastle, South Tyneside is South East of Newcastle as is Sunderland.. The church Bede founded in Sunderland in 675 is still standing & in use today (St Peter's). He did most of his writings on the island of Lindisfarne. You're correct about Anglo Saxon DNA of the historical Kingdom of Nothumbria. We have at most 3% of it.
"Rhuddlan" is a welsh name, pronounced "Řiðlan".
This video makes it seem like the borders have been set centuries ago. It was only in 1974 that Monmouthshire was set to be in Wales. Up to that point it made no difference as it was just another county.
You forget to mention that the Scoti tribe came from Ireland and eventually took over Alba from the Picts and changed its name to Scoti Land or Scotland. They also took over parts of Wales and set up kingdoms there too.
I love pointing this out to Scots who are Anglophobic and say silly things like "send Anglos out of Britain", Scots got here *after* the English 😂
@the98themperoroftheholybri33
Yes true, in fact England is one of the oldest established countries in Europe.
@@johnbrereton5229 well it depends what you mean by country, because places like Albania are much older than England
@@the98themperoroftheholybri33
No, its actually not. The first record of Albania as autonomous principality called Arbonon wasn't established untill the 12th century and in the 15th century it was part of the Ottoman Empire. Yet the Kingdom of England was established in 927, that's before France, Spain and Germany where many people falsely claim the English came from, but England is older.
@@the98themperoroftheholybri33The Scoti tribe and the Picti tribe are the same blooded peoples, the are indigenous to these ancient islands. What do you say about that you anglo saxon invader,
The annexation of Wales happened in the 1530s not in 1283.
Welsh law held in Wales until 1537.
@@Knappa22 Edward Longshanks, King of England completely conquered Wales in 1283. If you're arguing that it was just an occupation until 1537, then I see your point.
@digit-zero Yes. Even though it was conquered it was not assimilated until 1537 re. law, administration etc. This is when the ‘principality’ part of Wales (under English royal control) and the marcher lordships were all abolished and the shire system introduced.
@@Knappa22 There is nothing "royal" about the Anglo-Saxon ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS.
@@Demun1649 Conquerors. They fought and won. If you cant defend your land, you lose your rights. vae victis.
Plz could you do France next
On our list!
@@historyinbitsYou'll have a blast with the back and forth history of its border with Belgium 😅
13:40
People really tend to forget basically all the countries did something like that at some point, but really love pointing it out as an argument against countries they dont like
Wales didn't. Granted Welsh people took part in it as part of the British Empire, but as a country Wales never had the opportunity to because it was surrounded. Ireland is similar, too, in the sense that it never really had anywhere to go but Britain and was essentially under English rule by the time America was discovered. Scotland colonised a few places but was unified with England before the had a chance to really get going.
I expect Ireland and Scotland suffered similarly, but I studied Wales primarily and can say that Wales legitimately suffered an apartheid regime for a while. Some of the major towns in Wales today were made into essentially Welsh-free zones in the medieval and early modern period. Fortified urban centres in which only English, Normans or Flemish could settle. A good modern day equivalent would be Palestine/Israel. For several centuries, with fluctuating intensity, Welsh people were legally second class citizens. Even today, people still use the term 'Welshing' to describe double crossing someone, based on negative stereotypes generated by the English. All this happened, not because Wales invaded England, it happened because Wales was there. So, I think Wales is a very strong contender to use 13:40 as an argument without being hypocritical.
@@kingstannisbaratheon7974 wasnt dunking on wales, but that's def one of the counterpoints. Except wales wasn't an independent country at that time.
@@benismannit was a kingdom until it's last king was killed trying to defend against the roman empire after it was incorporated it was just slowly subjugated throughout history.😊
@@-Kc1937- "at that time" as of in 18th century, because that's what moment the comment was about
@@benismann and? I'm adding context to the point of wales not being an independent country.
When the Ck3 Finland video😔
Great video tho❤
France and Finland in CK3 are on our list for next year!
You kind of skipped over a lot of history of the foundations of each nation of Great Britain.
Do a video on the Pale of Calais, a British overseas possession from 1347 to 1558.
I mean, the union jack is a combination of the St Andrews cross an St Georges cross. To put a red dragon over the crosses. That's no good. Maybe they should incorporate the St David's cross. The Welsh cross. Kernow aka Cornwall has its own cross flag as well.
*Northern Ireland is legally and is recognised as a province, not a country
Scottish is Celtic, but Scots is Germanic not Celtic
So Wales is a province too by that definition
A good summary. fwiw Jutes /dy-/ Lothian /low-/ Rhuddlan /rithlan/
England as mainly flat is hilarious!
Southerner hasn't been up north 😂
@@the98themperoroftheholybri33 true, but the south has many seriously hilly zones too- Sussex & Devon for starters!
14:05 No it isn't. The border was fixed in 1536 by the Laws in Wales Acts, which abolished the Principality and the Marcher Lordships and brought Wales into the English shire system. The Marcher Lordships along the border were incorporated either into existing English shires, such as Shropshire and Herefordshire, or new creations within Wales, like Denbighshire and Montgomeryshire.
The Laws in Wales Act actually sought to remove the border between England and Wales, and effectively made Wales a part of England, legally speaking. But because Welsh culture and identity persisted, it actually had the effect of fixing the border in place, in the popular imagination. Fast forward to the twentieth century, and popular imagination became legal reality, first with administrative devolution, and later the establishment of the National Assembly in 1999.
So it's a piece of sixteenth century legislation, which sought to completely remove the border, which, 500 years later, determines who gets to pay less tuition fees, and who gets to pay less for buses.
Yeah fr the researcher hasn't studied tudor history at all and it shows lmao
Dumnonia we remember 🫡💚🖤🤍
The Romans and the Anglo-Saxons didn't fail to conquer Scotland - they rightly judged that there was not enough there to justify the effort.
Do one for Greece, Anatolia, Armenia and Syria
Northern Ireland or the occupied 6 would definitely need a full video😂 we be savages outside of the pale
Who's 'we'? Are you one of the Iberian Celts who settled in Ireland and vanquished the indigenous people?
@greg What are your sources for the Iberian Celts settling Ireland and vanquishing the indigenous people, names of the relevant books and the accredited historians/academics and their universities please. I’m interested in when this happened and how they managed to transport such a large number of people across such a vast treacherous ocean without a compass between the Iberian peninsula and Ireland. Thanks in advance.
Alba is pronounced almost as "Ullipuh", but we Brits don't give a damn about correctly pronouncing the placenames on the other sides of our internal borders. Archaeologists and historians alike, (especially TH-cam amateurs), are determined to ignore Prof. Helena Hamerow's review: "Rural Settlements and Society in Anglo-Saxon England", (Oxford University Press, 2012), the Oxford-led study: "The fine scale genetic structure of the British population", (Leslie et al., Nature 519, 2015), and many other peer-reviewed papers. The study of Leslie et al. (2015) involved a whopping 522,862 autosomal (non-gender chromosome) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): places in our genomes where single DNA base pairs differ between people. Leslie et al. (2015) included many current genomes sampled across Europe for comparison with current British genomes, but failed to include Frisian and Italian genomes. A 70% confidence level for assigning genomes to genetic groups, revealed 7 current groups in England: Cornwall, Devon, Cumbria, the Welsh Borders, West Yorkshire (Elmet), Northumbria, and the "rest of England".
Multiple regression shows the "rest of England" group (commonly called "Anglo-Saxon"), has a 33.2% overlap with a genome group found in Lower Normandy, Picardy, & Limousin, 15.3% with Frankish Germany (far western Germany / Westphalia centred on Aachen), 11.5% with Denmark, 9.9% with "Saxon" Germany, 9.2% with Belgium, 9.2% with a second French group found in Lower Normandy & Picardy, 5.7% with Sweden, 4.9% with Norway, and 1.2% with Spain. (Figures are rounded.) So what? 66.9% (roughly two-thirds!) of the genetic overlap of the "rest of England" with the Continent is with northern France, Belgium, and far Western Germany, even when Frisian/Dutch samples are missing from the European comparison groups! Much of the Scandinavian genetic overlap is due to the Viking settlement of England that began in 860 CE. LESS THAN 10% OF ENGLISH DNA IS "ANGLO-SAXON"!
Most of the Continental overlap is due to underlying pre-Roman Celtic affinity, and probably Roman and sub-Roman migration from areas of the Continent closest to Kent. Peer-reviewed archaeology backs this. Indeed, the best interpretation is that the REAL Anglo-Saxon settlers in England were few, and the vast majority arrived more than a century after the Roman withdrawal (407-10 CE), and did not replace the existing residents of Roman villages and towns. Instead they built villages characterised by poverty-stricken Germanic pit houses and just a few Anglo-Saxon hall complexes. According to Prof. Hamerow only 84 definite "Anglo-Saxon" villages have been found in Britain (as of 2012), and only 19 hall complexes, versus thousands of Celtic Iron Age villages and a fair number of Roman towns. The largest Anglo-Saxon settlement ever found in Britain, (Thurrock, mouth of the Thames), only had about 300 houses at its peak and it was dwarfed by Romano-Celtic London, just a few miles upstream.
Obviously the remains of people buried in Anglo-Saxon cemeteries alongside Anglo-Saxon cultural artefacts are genetically related to genuine Continental Anglo-Saxons, (so what?!), but in the light of whole genome fine scale population genetics, one is telling a whopper when describing today's ethnically English people as "Anglo-Saxon". Prof. Hamerow's review also shows NO convincing evidence of Anglo-Saxon defensive works and settlement patterns indicative of an Anglo-Saxon "invasion". Three other patterns dominate: (1) peaceful integration and intermarriage with the existing Brits, (e.g. West Heslerton), (2) moving into areas long vacated by Brits, and (3) settling as Anglo-Saxon subsistence farmers around Romano-Celtic urban hubs, with some tension but very little violence. Today's Northumbrians have a 69.6% overlap with the Northern French, Belgians, and German Franks, and just a 3.5% genetic overlap with Continental "Saxons", this overlap being in 10th place with regard to all Continental overlaps, even with the absence of Frisian/Dutch DNA from the analysis. According to the study of Leslie et al. (2015), the only area that Saxons ever dominated is possibly Oxfordshire.
WHY THE ERROR? For centuries the British have swallowed much of the Venerable Bede's "An Ecclesiastical History of the Anglian People", but he was not a scientific scholar who travelled far and wide to conduct firsthand research. Instead, he spent his life living in an abbey on the banks of the Tyne (Newcastle today), and wrote from church records and unsubstantiated tales, especially the post-Roman rant of the northern Welsh monk, Gildas, whose view was badly distorted. Many scholars wrongly identified early English as "Saxon", but the dominant language was probably closer to early Frisian. Apart from the Celtic hold-outs (Cornwall, Devon, Cumbria, the Welsh Borders, and West Yorkshire, it seems likely the immediate post-Roman influx into Britain was from the closest areas of the Continent, and these people were Belgic, Frankish, and Frisian, and already closely genetically related to England's Iron Age Celtic population. THE ENGLISH ARE NOT ANGLO-SAXON. THE ANGLO-SAXON INVASION IS A MYTH.
You forgot thst Cornwall is also apart of it now, they had a vote for devolution to Westminster which partially passed recognising them as a people.
You missed out Cornwall.
Cornwall is part of England, therefore there is no border...just a county line. That's why the Cornish voted for Brexit. HRH Prince William is the 25th Duke of Cornwall. All banknotes in Cornwall say Bank of England on them. Let me know if I can help further.
@greg1943-u3i ask the Cornish people. They will tell you they are NOT English
Why is it that when the German bastards (Anglo-Saxons) invaded Celtic Britain and established their control over vast territories, they did not adopt and assimilated into the native British culture, similar to how the Franks assimilated into the Gallo-Romance culture of Gaul, or the Visigoths of Hispania, or the Lombards in Northern Italy, or even the Normans when they conquered England?
Why was the Anglo-Saxon establishment of their kingdoms on British soil an utter defeat for the natives, and a complete victory for the German immigrants?
I love you
😘
Um, excuse me, 11th generation "American" speaking here. I know who all my UK 11th great grandparents were.
From my mom:
Norwegian 16%, German 15%, Sweedish/Danish 12%, Welsh 5%,
From my dad:
Scottish 20%, Irish 15%, English 14%, French 2%, Finnish 1%
Also, the reason why Wales arent on the flag is because unlike the stuarts, the Tudors weren't the legal rulers of Wales. Hence never had any legal authority to add said flag. Which remains the reason why the Windsors can't add it to this very day.
I thought it was because England and Wales were the same country represented under the English flag after Longshanks?
No Wales is a separate country that's just been colonised @@Thebattler86
Interesting to say not the legal rulers, given the Tudors were welsh originally. But no, it's just because Henry VIII annexed Wales to England. So Wales is represented in the UK flag by being part of England.
No @cou2707 if The tudors were legal rulers of Wales upon their ascendancy to the English throne, it would stand to reason they would have Annexed England to Wales as opposed to Wales to England, or they could have even unified it legally like the stuarts would eventually do. They couldn't because they were only the legal rulers of England, not Wales. The only reason why you annex over Unification is you couldn't have had the rights.
@@Thebattler86no, it was annexed by the Welsh tudors. Has nothing to do with 1284 period like so many claim. Wales and England became joined via annexation because neither the Ruling Tudors of England had authority over Wales, or Wales hadnt already been annexed....you don't annex a place if you already on it ( the tudor actions prove 1. England didn't rule and 2. Tudors weren't legitimate within Wales).
Cornish?
What about Kernow only fully absorbed into England in the 16th century! Poor little Cornwall!
I wouldn't say welsh is spoken across wales. It is used by a few, but most welsh not real.
About 1/6 of the country speak Welsh and it is spoken by people across every single county. Some have a very low percentage of speakers yes. You could say the same about English globally. English is spoken across the world. Does that mean it is spoken by everybody, no. But there are individuals in every country who can speak English. Welsh is also the most spoken Celtic language by a long way, which is a good achievement to have if you ask me.
No need for the annoying background Muzak please!
Erm no. The statute of Rhuddlan had nothing to do with annexation, but rather the creation of the Principality of Wales (Gwynedd). Which in turn was annulled in 1536 with the laws In Wales act....created by the Ruling Tudors (Welsh). Please stop parroting clearly provable falsities, if Wales was annexed in 1284, what and why was it annexed In 1536?! Wouldn't have already have "belonged" to England?! Fact is the UK exist because successful Scottish AND Welsh resistance.
He really glossed over the history of the border between England and Wales didn't he. I hail from Shropshire where not only are there Welsh place names in the west e.g. Clun, Gobowen, Bettws-y-Crwyn, Llanvair Waterdine, Llanymynech, Trefarclawdd and Argoed; Oswestry too was part of Wales until 1536 and nowadays is considered by many a Welsh exclave, and many from there identify as Welsh not English.
Was it really necessary to dig on Americans? "
روما روما روما روما روما روما روما الاعظم
Chairman Farage 😂😂😂
I stopped watching after the American comment.
😂
Edinburgh is Scotland
It's the one nice city they have and they just go "nah not ours" lmao
@ I’ve met a lot of Scots, from Stornoway to Edinburgh, and not one of them said this.
There is no such thing as the British Isles.
Pictish. Not a Celtic language.
A work experience error by this young English person.
Sorry poke fun as you may...most Americans know what the UK is...trope is getting old. Like English "food "or bad teeth.
The Belgae, who spoke the progenitor to English, had a significant presence in Britain before the Romans. Brythonic wasn't universal in 'England'.
The lowlands of Scotland aren't (wholly) Britonic (Brythonic) or Celtic. The Kingdoms of Gododdin and Strath Clyde, which were Brythonic (Welsh) speaking, were conquered by the Angles and therefore, the Scottish language (that spoken by Rabbie Burns) is a separate language to English. Therefore, the Kingdom of Scotland, was the victory of the Gaels over the Britons to define the border between England and Scotland.
I vote for Russian borders next