@@AlexIlesUK Seems like you’re doing everything right, Alex. The channel and you as a presenter are top notch, genuinely among the best TH-cam history channel. The problem lies fully with TH-cam, not you! Anyhoo, thanks again for the fantastic content. You’ve always got interesting and unique insights as well as being a great story teller.
Im Australian but have Scottish and English ancestry which is right on the border of Scotland and England including Roxburghshire. Thanks for this video 🇦🇺 🏴 🏴
Absolutely loved this episode. What a cracking job you've done. I wish my late Dad could have seen this. He was so interested in our history. My Borders family are originally from a place called Bellanden in Ettrick. It no longer exists, but you can still see the stones that outline where the buildings were. One of my cousins has traced us back to the 15th century in the Middle March on the Scottish side. I grew up in a village along the Tweed in Peeblesshire where there are (probably) iron age agricultural terraces and if you look at Google Earth you can see possible outlines of round houses. By the way, Alex, Yetholm is pronounced yet home.
Thank you Sophia, much apreciated and sorry about the pronounciation - its something I really struggle with due to dislexia and comes up often in the videos. I am so glad you enjoyed it and that means a lot as I really want people to see and understand the region better!
You have done a really excellent job of explaining a very complex and wide-ranging history. It is difficult when first approaching these periods to lose our modern sense of ethnic/national identity enough to really appreciate that for much of these times you're discussing, personal loyalties were more important, or at least more pressing. Your monologue was really well done, and I didn't find fault with any of it.Please keep them coming!
Thank you - I struggle with pronouncing everything, there's a disconnect between written and spoken word in my head due to dyslexia but I'll do my best in the future!
Doing my genealogy, my families didn't really think about the Border. Sometimes, they were in Northumberland. Sometimes they were over the border in Roxburghshire.
@@AlexIlesUK They were an ethnicity onto themselves that does not in anyway imply that the distinction between Scottish and english nationalities never existed.. it's clear to me you use history to project modern political notions as facts onto a historical people that would have never excepted such modernist interpretations of their identity.
@@AlexIlesUKHey Alex, any chance u can cover the influence an ties the lowlanders have to the kingdom of the britons of Syrathclyde on the western marches. They became lowlanders as well. An never get any mentions. Also, Pictish influence coming down across the firths. Please sir. Thank you.
Brilliant channel Alex and very pertinent to Geo politics of Britain Northumbria being so intertwined with Gaelic /Pictish/ Irish influences..from religion to art etc. Your local knowledge and perspective I being pivotal and paramount in exploration of the topics . .
Love the channel! Could you slow down the cadence of the presentation? It’s new and in-depth information and grasping the concepts are sometimes difficult…thank you!
It always makes me smile when I hear people stress the great differences between the Scots and English. My family are Armstrongs from mid Northumberland and historically this family never recognised the "new" border, their allegiance was to themselves and to how the old Northumbrian lands could benefit them.
If Lothian was a client state that may explain why there are still many Brithonic place names in Lothian rather than them being wiped by settlers.Galloway appears to be very Gaelic despite it being part of Northumberland. Re the earlier phase are there hill forts in the Lake District ,south of the wall area.Where I’m from in the Borders there are clusters . Enjoyed that thank you
Great to hear that you enjoyed it! Took a bit of work but one I wanted to set the foundations of before I launched into the Anglo-Scottish border series!!
In Cramond, N.Edinburgh there was royal graves of the indigenous people discovered closely to where a Roman Fort was at the mouth of the River Almond. I think because of the location of these graves they are considered to have allied with the Romans. Cramond means Fort on the River
@@AlexIlesUK Really good video's, although I'd rather see more maps for clarity (nothing against your boat race !). You're up against it to explain (except Kent) most of the pre-Roman Brits were not Celts. Sure they all spoke an IE language and could probably understand each other (proximally) but Celts were a culture from S Germany/Austria/Czech that then spread out over other IE people 1000 years after the bell Beaker expansion. It's not anti-Celt (my ychrom says Brythonic not English though all my folks were English. Here's something else many German placenames in the East end in -au, derived from Slavic -ov, but S German rivers (Donau/Moldau) are probably from celtic (like eau in French) while many slavic rivers (Vlatava) are -ava which I am told is also IE, like aqua in Latin. What about the Attacotti? Where they remnants of the First Farmers. Described as being cannibals, could be a misunderstanding of sky burials? Thanks again. Ain't genetics interesting !
this was a good listen thank you, i think Kenneth MacAlpine would have been worth a mention and the 'unification' north of the border he achieved.. won yourself a sub anyway cheers
@@AlexIlesUK i didnt actually notice sorry haha more med evil Scots history in future please.. Im a Glasgow history student writing short and long form stories
@simonwilliamson682 oh I don't see the Scots as evil! Just telling the story from a different perspective. I was a bit fed up of the 'Robert the Bruce and William Wallace are heros' story!!
@@AlexIlesUK 🙂😂sorry i meant to write medieval Scots history as in the time period.. not sure if i autocorrected incorrectly 😂 i write about 6th 7th and 8th century Scotland stories of where im from (Dumbarton and Loch Lomond) from St Mungo and St Patrick integrating the Picts up to Bedes related battles (that he talks of in his histories) and the MacAlpine dynasty. Love Ken Follet etc trying to become an author.. i use TH-cam often as inspiration with vids like yours so thank you
I have had the privilege of handling a Yetholm type shield (pronounced Yet-Holm with a hard 't' and a distinct 'h'). For its size and despite being all bronze it is incredibly light. The processing makes it slightly conical and thus stronger. The ridges and 'mini-bosses' contribute to its strength and ability to deal with attacking weapons if the shield is used edge on. The edge of the shields are either double thickness or with the edge folded over a bronze wire. This also contributes to the probability that it was used dynamically and edge on. See also the work of Roland Warzecka re: Viking/Anglo-Saxon sword and shield. The Yetholm type shields were contemporary with type IV BA 'rapiers' (robust and primarily thrusting weapons) and also the relatively massive Yetholm spear, a Ba analogue for the late medieval Partisan and rather like a viking 'cutting spear'. N.B. the experimental archaeology that Neil Burridge has been involved in as a creator of BA replicas. Just an area I find very interesting. All the best.
It's something that I find fascinating too. That makes total sense and on the Anglo-Saxon shield I've made, fighting with the rim makes sense. I love those massive spearheads, they are so huge and beautiful at the same time and one day I'd love to have a full replica set, so I can do reenactment around the Cheviots as a late Bronze age warrior chieftain!
@phillcardiac thank you! When I'm working from the script I can't always get the pronunciation right, but I always work on making sure it is accurate and entertaining!
That was an American accent? 😄 As an American with (border) Scots, English, Welsh, and Irish ancestry, I can really appreciate this particular subject. It's really cool to think of my (Carr) ancestry being Northumbrian or Bernician rather than strictly Scots or English.
Family antecedants(Australia) which point me to the borders area as well....greatly interested in the history of that place(including Northumbria)...one point...I notice you seemed to use the terms "Scots" and Dal Riata tribes synonymously while explaining one part of this period... the idea of an English _Scottish border which we know did not exist at the time. In general though I agree there is always a diversity within the competing groups & pollities which we tend to want to gloss over - I think that is perhaps a pre-occupation with history trying too hard to be science - looking back simplifying and resolving complexity for the sake of understanding, but falling victim to an unbalanced rationaillity. More on Uhtred welcome.👍
The Scots were a tribe in Northern Ireland during the Roman period, they migrated in the 5th century into the west coast of Scotland. That's why I can call Dal Riata Scots. Your request for Uthred has been noted!
Howdy Alex been enjoying your videos and insights on the history of the borders for weeks now. You hold your audience well. But according to the Irish Anals, Scotland was formed in 843AD. Also the Blood of the Vikings series done a huge DNA collection of the British gene pool and found that Scots and Welsh still have a very high % of Celtic DNA, with England having 40% Celtic on the East and 60% on the West. Crazy data for so called dominating of Saxon peoples? Maybe the Norman genocide of the North a factor???
So the genetics one is a bit off. It used modern not ancient DNA, have a look at my Anglo-Saxon aDNA episode and that will explain it in detail. Secondly look up the territory of 'Scotland' in 843. It's not the same geographic area as today. Best wishes Alex
yeah but we carry our DNA from our ancestors through the Y chromosome, so to get a general overall modern PICTure, no pun intended🤔 we can tell by some certainty where the genes lay. Scotland is the 5th oldest country in the world! And we came to Christianity around 6th century. where the Saxons took much longer 2 convert, also if u mean a mapped area, like Lothian & Borders then thats a area not a country! Scotland as a country started in 843AD. England took much longer! hagd
Genes mutate and alongside that - you are only here because your ancestors suvived. If people did not pass on their genetics that group is not reflected in the modern genetics. The Conversion you are refering too is complex, I belvie you are refering to monestaries on the west coast such as Iona and Whithorn, not the entirety of Scotland being Christian. By that logic Roman Britan was christian in the 4th century. Scotland was not a country in the 9th century, it was, like most nations an area controled by a Dynasty with various levels of control, exactly like England in the 10th century. Countries don't form until later. Anyhow Glad you are enjoying the content.
@@alrh3674 I'm not debating science. An ancient population can be different to a modern one. That is why ancient DNA (extracted from the bones and remains of people dated to the period we are looking at) is used to create models of the genetic makeup of populations. In regards to Scotland - I do not believe the structure created by Keneth MacAlpine is the same 'Scotland' as a country as the later nation and I would say David I created Scotland. Same as I would say that the England created by Athelstan is not the nation and instead I would argue that Henry I created the structures that would survive as England.
So Bebba (or Bemba) was actually a British princess. Very interesting I always thought she was the wife of King Ida, the founder of Bernicia. Wasn't Acha the sister of King Edwin? And there's another lady, Rimmelth, who I believe was a British princess. Where does she fit in? Incidentally I am descended from both Uhtred the Bold and King Alfred the Great (who never actually met). But one of Uhtred 's wives was the daughter of Ethelred the Unready, and Alfred's 3 times great-grand-daughter and I'm descended from her via the Scots Royal family.
@@AlexIlesUKmost of the UK can probably link their families to that tree. Each of the family research sites allows you to connect your tree to trees created by other users. This creates a central tree that goes back into the early medieval period through noble and royal families as those are the ones that there is evidence for at that time. There will also be 3 or 4 very dodgy connections in the 17th and 18th centuries. For most people, with a bit of diligence can trace family trees back to the first census in 1831 reliably. To go back further than that you are relying on parish records which get increasingly sparse. If you are lucky and the parish where an ancestor lived had a vicar who kept good records and whose records have survived you can reliably get back into the 1600’s. However it is very easy to search a database for John Smith born 1630ish and get one result form Kent and assume that this John Smith is the same John Smith who marries in a Yorkshire village in 1657 when that is actually very unlikely and with no further evidence confirming the identification. As the people for whom we have evidence are generally richer and more powerful that means people connect to these big royal trees which get dodgy around 800AD. Having researched my own family using the Mormon web tools (for a bunch reasons the Mormons make their tools and databases free to use and have paid to have access to digital copies of government records) and looked at the actual evidence behind some of the links, I know I can’t go back further than the mid 1600s on the oldest line with any certainty and don’t trust any research that goes back further than that done by anyone without a PhD.
@davidwright7193 that's exactly my viewpoint, I've done mine and it's very hard before the 1800s in the North and 1600 in the south. Just seems like everyone in North America is descend from Robert the Bruce which I find very funny!!
@@AlexIlesUKI find it to be rather annoying 😂. If their surname isn't Bruce or if they don't descend from a family that's known to have married one of our women then I don't believe it. In fact, people have even used our surname that aren't descendants of the Bruce/Brus family. So even if they use our name sometimes I still don't believe it.
Trimontium which lies under modern day Melrose in the borders was one of the largest Roman cavalry camps in the whole of Britain (well North of Hadrian’s Wall)
I know. I love it, there's also a nice wooden sign. I know when they did the reenactment for the battle trey did it once with the historical ending and a second time with the reenactors being able to do what they wanted. It resulted in a Northumbrian victory. I wonder what Uthred would have thought!
To my mind the province of Valentia was a province founded to include the area between the Antonine wall and Hadrian's wall. As the presence of the Antonine wall indicates that this was the new limit of formal Roman possession in Britannia, moving on from the former limit at Hadrian's wall. The military garrison would inevitably have had to move with that border change. Hence Hadrian's wall becomes abandoned! Later on, around the year 162, the troops are recalled to Hadrian's wall, and Hadrian's wall is recommissioned. Why? To my mind it is logical to assume that the province of Valentia was entrusted to a newly established CLIENT STATE. Almost certainly being named the Votadini, which was the core of what became 'The Old North' (Gododdin) and where all the Roman artifacts and inscriptions are found. Once the 'Old North' led by Urien Rheged was 'decapitated' by the Angles at the Battle of Catraeth, the Gododdin, probably the last stronghold of 'Roman' power in Britannia was crushed to make way for the new Anglian Kingdom of Bernicia, which quickly took hold of all it's territory. All the way to the Mull of Galloway.
I think you've done a couple of jumps to get to your conclusion. Urien died at Lindisfarne, quite a while before Catterick. He was murdered by a Briton. The antonine wall had been abandoned about two Hundred years before Valentia was created.
@@AlexIlesUK Well, not necessarily. Urien was, as you say, assassinated, possibly on Lindisfarne, but this was after the Battle of Catraeth. When Mynyddog Mwynfawr led the forces of the Old North to battle Northumbria. After which time the power of the Gododdin was smashed, which led the way to Northumbrian dominance of the area. Which can only lead one to the conclusion (and certainly reading the text of 'Y Gododdin') that this was an immolation of the forces of the Old North. Valentia is of UNCERTAIN origins, in time and geography. Unless you know otherwise? Love the video!
They blow the anglo saxon part in it way out of proportion. Ppl forget all about the britons of Strathclyde in Galloway on down to carlisle on the western side of the borders. Lowlanders have that briton in their blood aswell. Plus pictish ppl from just above the firth would have had influence just north of Edinburgh. Scots are mostly Celt! 🦄⚔️🏴⚔️🦄
Celts is an ambiguous term. I do prefer Britons as Celts was made up as a term by the Greeks to describe the people north and west of them and doesn't work for the British isles in the early medieval period. As for the Anglo-Saxons, there's a good bit of influence and involvement. The Kingdom of Strathclyde is a Viking age Kingdom that's history is very interesting. Even Anglo-Saxon kingdoms have Briton and Pictish in their heritage and back and forth. The Pictish and Northumbrian kingdoms were close in the Viking Age. The Kingdom of Scots with its expansionist ambitions changed a lot of things.
@@AlexIlesUK I believe anyone speaking a Celtic language was a Celt. The Webster's dictionary says a Celt is a person speaking a Celtic language or descendant of such a person. I understand what you are saying but there was more of a connection than just language. There was a religious connection being Gaulish druids were supposedly thought to have went to their "schooling in Britain". Britons helped vercingetorix fight Caesars Roman legions before alesia. There were connections between CeltIberians an Ireland. This went on up until the 1600 an 1700s. Highland Scots were some of the first to arrive at the gates of London Derry. Irish Picquets were in the Bonnie princes army at Culloden. So these Celtic ppl understood themselves to be linked together for quite a few causes. Honestly, I think even England has just as much if not more ancient Briton blood than Anglo Saxon. An I'm not talking about Wales or Kernow or Strathclyde. I mean actual heart land, depending on area. The britons didn't die out, they assimilated. Some resisted sure an went west, some fled to Britagne. The modern English still have Celtic Briton DNA from a lot of the studies I've read. Hope I'm not sounding argumentative. The term does not a lot of different people's but they are inextricably linked in more than one way. If I must be labeled something, I'd prefer Celtic American over just plain Jane "white". I wish to remain linked to my ancestors, even tho I don't speak a Celtic language gauge as of now. I am a descendant. "White" is even worse ambiguous an erases a lot of culture. I'm rambling, hope u are well an thank you.
@@AlexIlesUK we have a St Cuthberts in my village from the 11th century it's a ruin now . Two alledged Templar artifacts in the village also. A grave and a cornerstone on a house engraved with a dagger and goblet. East Calder West Lothian. As far as I know my family has allways been in the Lothians I'm no interested in a dna test I look like my dad he looks like his dad and so on 😎👍
Many Scots moved to the North East of England for employment. An Army Regiment for WW1 called the Tyneside Scottish was raised, later to become the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers. Also Scottish Regiments raised in England from Scots communities - Liverpool Scottish, London Scottish.
Also in the Memorial Chapel at Carlisle Cathedral are commemorated the Kings Own Border Regiment and earlier Cumberland and Westmoreland Volunteers. All now incorporated in the Duke of Lancasters Regiment. Many of the names on the Honour Bosrds are Scottish - viz your observation re movement of families. At a tangent slightly Carlisle Cathedral and Precinct are wonderful. I think the Green Knight is referred to , and there is a headstone to the founder of Mountain Rescue to the left of the .main entrance. And the Railway Station was built by the Caledonian Rsilway , and is very similar to Perth Railway Station My Great Grandfather was a Driver of the mighty Caledonian Railway Compsny. They lived at Quarry Street , Hamilton.
The Tyneside Scots and Tyneside Irish were all raised as battalions of the Northumberland Fusiliers (there were eventually 52 Battalions of Northumberland Fusiliers raised in WW1). These Wartime battalions were called 'Service' battalions, the Tyneside Scots were the 20th to 23rd Service Battalions, the Tyneside Irish were the 24th to 27th Service Battalions. The make up of these battalions were not strictly on nationality (or self-identified nationality) but there was no doubt that those with other heritage than English would have preferred to go to these particular units, but if you know anything about the military you would know that your 'wants' are not high on their list of priorities. The Fusiliers became 'Royal' in 1935.
I am Scots/Irish but behind my Gaelic surnames named ancestors there is tribal ancestors by two Scottish surnames that put my ancestors of Anglo Saxon then there's Pictish, Norman, Breton, and dial riata tribe twice by Scottish surnames the tribes here mentioned adopted the clan system and Gaelic language, A professor of genetic Science Edinburgh and colleagues of London found that Northern English have genetically more in common with the Scots than their country folk to the South.
Yes, I've looked into that paper. Now some of that is because of modern DNA studies, which shows the migrations from the 17th to the 21st century, but they would have been a lot closer in the pre-roman periods!
Loving the series and the channel! The part on Hillforts was great. Here's a resource on iron age hillfort locations if it's any use/interest: experience.arcgis.com/experience/40ccda26452f427a9f081506958e1d81/#widget_23=active_datasource_id:acf7b6cc651c4bc1a392992140d959ca,center:-289350.4342091173%2C7358322.983679672%2C102100,scale:9244648.868618,rotation:0
OK - I enjoy your reviews of the history of the Borderlands. And not to forget The Kings s Own Scottish Borderers.raised in late C17 in Edinburgh - and whose spiritual home is Berwick upon Tweed ' another area of fluid frontiers !!. Best wishes.
Northumbria is post roman Anglo-saxon territory and so wouldnt that mean that hadrians wall was the border between Roman britain and non roman Scotland?
Go back to the earlier map in the video showing the late Roman divisions of Britain. Valentia is the name being given to the lands between the two walls - so north of Hadrian's. While not generally included as part of Roman Britain, these tribes were sufficiently Romanised to be regarded as being the same people by the Britons south of the wall. The British tribes north of the Antonine Wall were not Romanised and starting around the 3rd century the Romans started calling them Picts, meaning coloured/painted people. This was also the time Romans stopped trying to conquer the region so the term Pict was likely used as a way of saying barbarian/savage.
@@damionkeeling3103 The Antonine wall then does appear to have been a border between the Britons and the Picts. Hadrians wall also but perhaps to a lesser extent as the land north of Hadrians wall were roman occupied for some time. Still we have a clear border between the lands that we can identify today as England and Scotland, and so the point seems to me valid, the walls can be considered an ancient border between England and Scotland, or perhaps Briton and Caledonia. A bit more nuance than being the ancient border between England and Scotland but at the same time kind of is.
It would be fair to say that Gaelic language got to Britain the same way everything from the continent got to Britain after Doggerland disappeared up until the Viking raids: That is, across the English Channel. The Book of Invasions is mythology. The invasions never made any sense and now we have evidence that they never occurred (thanks to DNA). The border between Scotland and England existed before the Romans. It was between Gaels in the North and Britons in the south. Britons likely assumed positions of power over the Gaels in the parts of Scotland that the Romans penetrated. We call those areas Pictland. The language of Pictland is confusing because it was a British speaking elite over a Gaelic speaking population. Once the elite were dispatched, Scotland was Gaelic (we no longer have to believe that illiterate Irish cattle rustlers forced illiterate Scottish cattle herders to speak Old Irish - a language that even those learning it at their mother's knee must have found a challenge).
@@kevingriffin1376 First of all, Pictland did not exist before the Romans. There were various tribes banded together, to fight the Romans, and the Romans probably named Picts because of their painted faces, Picti. It is the same in England various tribes, not a national identity. The Scots invasion from Ireland did not start until 400.
@igorscot4971 nonsense the Pechts were indigenous before Rome arrived seven tribes with the power centre moving between the 7 kingdoms sometimes CE like Tap o noth, Dunnottar, dunicairn, bennachie the site of Mons Graupius sometimes ie later Fortriu beside Inverness ie Burghead the Vikings got battered for the last time at Cruden Bay and never invaded Scotland again Mac Beth died here in Lumphanan and was the last blood pictish / Dalriadan king. The Romans called the CE pronounced kay as the Caledones the Cat pronounced Caith as in Caithness were called Caereni these were Roman adaptions of the pictish own words 😅 Picts never came from Scotti irish tribes that was catholic priests lies to convert them to Christianity
Isn't the Northumbrian history of Scotland the reason English is spoken in the country? The Scots language is basically a somewhat more Scandinavian version of English, which it would have acquired via Northumbria, influenced as it was by the Danish period.
There's been a commenter below who appears to have some form of linguistics background, so please scroll down and see her answer, but simply SE Scotland was a part of Northumbria and they shared a language, which changed as the border moved.
I don't see evidence of Scandinavian settlement in SE Scotland tbh. Settlement would be the main driver of significant voabulary change, otherwise it would be just the odd loan-word.
@@neilog747 The Scandinavian influence in Scots is present in the language. Did it get to both Aberdeen and the West of Scotland by Scandinavian settlement? Obviously there was Scandinavian settlement in the more southerly parts of Northumberland after there were (Old) English speakers in Lothian. The question is whether Scandinavian-influenced English spread up to what became Scotland through the Northumbrian connection. If not there, then from Caithness?
Intetestingly David I of Scotland continued to claim that the land as far south as Yorkshire was legitimately part of the Scottish kingdom. He temporarily actually conquered and ruled there during his reign, but gave up and returned the rump of his kingdom, so it is largely forgotten to history. Those who fetishise the Wars of Independence take note: a Scottish king invaded the English kingdom.
I work with a lot of Americans and really like you all, It was more an observation that this period of history isn't well known and causes for geographic misunderstandings!
It's become accepted that the origin of the name Stranraer (in western Galloway/Wigtownshire) is An t-Sròn Reamhar meaning 'fat healand'. However, Scots (basically Old English) has been spoken in those parts for centuries, as it was part of Northumbria for so long as your fascinating and detailed video shows. Go there nowadays and NOBODY speaks Scottish Gaelic, they all speak typical 'modernised' Scots (I hope I'm not offending anyone by that description!). Stranraer was created in the 16th century as recorded on the Great Seal of Scotland. So if we take the SCOTS language as the basis for the name, we can derive STRAND ('Stran-' meaning beach) and REAR ('-raer' meaning to the back or rear), to form 'the beach to the rear' or STRAND-REAR. It also has to be pointed out that geographically derived place names are usually named after the geography they are placed on. Stranraer IS NOT PLACED on a 'fat headland'. This is a reference to the top of the Rhinns of Galloway peninsular, which is NEXT-DOOR to Stranraer. Stranraer is however on a beach at the foot (south) of Loch Ryan, although quite what the reference to 'rear' is is not clear. Possibly the Sands of Luce on Luce bay to the south of isthmus Stranraer stands on is the 'front'??? Or it may have been that Stranraer was to 'the rear' of either Soulseat Abbey, or Castle Kennedy perhaps ('Kennedy' deriving from the name CUNEDDA!!!) In any case, I don't believe that the Gaelic derived etymology is correct, because I don't think that's what people were speaking in the area at the time. It's much more likely to be a Scots derived name.
I'm afraid this is linguistically and historically untenable. The Northumbrian influence on Galloway was not as long-lasting as you think. The language spoken in that region was Cumbric at the time. By the late 700s the Western Norse (from Norway, not the Eastern Norse from Denmark and southern Sweden) were raiding all down the western coast of what would become Scotland and into Ireland. They were the ones who basically destroyed what remained of Dàl Riata in the islands [the rest was concentrated in the mainland and merged with the Picts to form Alba] and then formed a maritime kingdom which stretched from the Northern Isles (Shetland and Orkney) down the Western Isles (Outer and Inner Hebrides), Mull of Kintyre, Arran, Galloway and the Isle of Man. They also formed settlements in Ireland. These Western Norse eventually adopted Gaelic as their language in the western part of their sphere of influence. Only the Northern Isles remained Norse-speaking. Galloway (which in Gaelic is Gall-Ghàidhealaibh = land of the foreign Gaels) which may already have become Gaelic-speaking anyway because of the proximity to Ireland, became linguistically Gaelic. A specific dialect of Lowland Gaelic known as Galwegian Gaelic developed there and was spoken right up to the 1600s at least - that's about 700 to 800 years. One of the last native speakers is known by name: Margaret MacMurray, who died in 1760. Scots is NOT Old English. The term Old English refers to a specific period from around 600 to 1100 CE. Linguistically, Scots developed out of Northumbrian Middle English and the Scottish variety in the Lothians was originally known as Inglis. Northumbrian Middle English was already a different dialect from the English that would develop in the south of England following the Norman Conquest. At the time when David I became King of Scots in 1124, Galloway was an independent Gaelic-speaking territory. There were possibly also surviving traces of Cumbric spoken in Strathclyde. David had originally been known as the Prince of Cumbria. Inglis was restricted to the Lothians and a narrowing strip of land westwards to the Solway Firth. David I married the daughter of the last Anglian Earl of Northumbria. She was a great-niece of William the Conqueror. She was a widow and through her, David acquired the Earldom of Huntingdon (her first husband's property) which gave him a claim through his son Henry to the lands in Northern England. When he issued royal charters in Scotland to form royal burghs, he invited tradesmen from the north of England to move to these burghs. That is when English started spreading further in Scotland, not before. As for Stranrear, at the time the charter for the royal burgh was issued there had already been a settlement there for centuries. It is first mentioned in the 1300s. The people of Stranrear itself are not actually that convinced about the derivation of the name "fat headland". They think it refers rather to the Gaelic for a stream that was teeming with fish.
@@AlexIlesUK The language angle (spread of Gaelic, demise of Cumbric, spread of English, development of Scots) has been extensively researched by experts in historical linguistics.
I’m Scottish & did my heritage DNA test , I’m in North Lanarkshire, Airdrie , originally New Monklands anyway I discovered that I’m , 83% Irish , Scottish & Welsh 11.4% Greek & South Italian 5.6% Baltic . Most of my DNA matches are in USA, GB , Ireland all the commonwealth countries followed by Norway & Sweden.
Good video - somewhat tainted by anglocentrism. Scots-English language for example - no such thing, both develop equally as sister languages. And Strathclyde a successor state to Northumbria... as you rightly hint at Alex, complete nonsense. Migration following the harrying of the North is interesting.
That's ok, I tour the North East of England mostly. Please email me when you visit so I can tell you to book a tour with a boiled prune who will take your money and sell you Tartan tat, but possibly from your lack of humour you'll go away ignorant, glad and a bit poorer ;) Safe travels petal!
There is nothing mysterious about identity. The culture of Celtic peoples of Europe - the period we are talking about - were yet another cultural wave covering neolithic, mesolithic, etc. This allows France to regard Vercingetorix as a "French" hero and Lascaux to be a symbol of "French". identity. The South of Scotland was indeed under Northumbrian control for some time but Cumbria was also under Scottish control for many years. Vitrified forts did not occur because of "fuel" piled against them but from their wooden tressle interlace construction - what the Romans termed "murus gallicus" - "Celtic wall" construction, being set alight. After Carham those people inhabiting Lothian weren't Northumbrians; they were Scots who spoke Inglis. It might be worth doing a video on the Gaelic influence on the North of England. Cumbria/ Allendale are full of Gaelic placenames; even Northumbria has a few remants, especially around the coast opposite Lindisfarne, itself a Gaelic name.
I promise you the research I've done is very much up to date. And what I've said is based on evidence and data from recent publications and excavations.
Northumbrians living under Scottish occupation after Carham did not need the opinion of a man living 1,000 years in the future to negate their English identity. They knew who they were. Its a pity we can never ask them for their opinion.
@@neilog747 do you think Northumbrians, post-Carham, believed themselves to be "English"? The whole Border and adjacent counties had been contentious for centuries. I would suggest it's a common English identity which is debatable.
American do NOT think that Hadrians wall is the border between England and Scotland. Most of them have never heard of Hadrians wall. And the ones that have heard of it think thats it in Berlin. Most American are surprised to find out that people in England speak English. Or that theres a place in England named after New York. Most Americans dont even realise that they speak a foreign language(English is not native to my part of the world, despite what most American may think). I can say these horrible things about Americans because I am one. At least I know that the scottish-english border is Offa's Dyke. Or maybe its the Antonine Wall? Great Wall of China?
It is true we use a lot of old English ye is you, and lang is long and other words old and new Angalis but tired and gone to bed after Good vid can't watch it all.
The Scottish dialect is Northumbrian. cf. Preface of English Dialects from the Eighth Century to the Present Day. by W W Skeat. 1912. My old v interesting volume. Having folded at the back a facsimile of The only English Proclamation by Henry III Oct, 18,1258.. Lancashire lass from Liverpool, not Merseyside. Age 84 thanks
![ไลฟ์สุ่ม iPhone 295 บาท... โกงมั้ย?[ โกงมั้ยครับ ep.97 ] | DOM](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/gdstHEE4UUE/mqdefault.jpg)
It’s criminal that this channel doesn’t have more subscribers. TH-cam’s algorithm is a sham!
It's something I'm really working on - hopefully it can be sorted in the future as I really want to grow the channel!
@@AlexIlesUK Seems like you’re doing everything right, Alex. The channel and you as a presenter are top notch, genuinely among the best TH-cam history channel. The problem lies fully with TH-cam, not you!
Anyhoo, thanks again for the fantastic content. You’ve always got interesting and unique insights as well as being a great story teller.
@Andy_Babb thank you Andy, I'm really going to press forward to grow the channel, and seeing the growth that is coming in has really encouraged me!
Same thing has happened to Schwerpunkt too.
Im Australian but have Scottish and English ancestry which is right on the border of Scotland and England including Roxburghshire. Thanks for this video 🇦🇺 🏴 🏴
Glad you enjoyed it.
Absolutely loved this episode. What a cracking job you've done. I wish my late Dad could have seen this. He was so interested in our history. My Borders family are originally from a place called Bellanden in Ettrick. It no longer exists, but you can still see the stones that outline where the buildings were. One of my cousins has traced us back to the 15th century in the Middle March on the Scottish side. I grew up in a village along the Tweed in Peeblesshire where there are (probably) iron age agricultural terraces and if you look at Google Earth you can see possible outlines of round houses.
By the way, Alex, Yetholm is pronounced yet home.
Thank you Sophia, much apreciated and sorry about the pronounciation - its something I really struggle with due to dislexia and comes up often in the videos. I am so glad you enjoyed it and that means a lot as I really want people to see and understand the region better!
It's also a Scottish Borders thing. I live on Wirral these days and I mispronounce names all the time because I read them the Scottish way!
You have done a really excellent job of explaining a very complex and wide-ranging history. It is difficult when first approaching these periods to lose our modern sense of ethnic/national identity enough to really appreciate that for much of these times you're discussing, personal loyalties were more important, or at least more pressing. Your monologue was really well done, and I didn't find fault with any of it.Please keep them coming!
BTW a minor point, Whithorn is pronounced "whitt-horn", at least by the locals there.
Thank you - I struggle with pronouncing everything, there's a disconnect between written and spoken word in my head due to dyslexia but I'll do my best in the future!
Really glad you've enjoyed it! I put a lot of effort into these and it's a real pleasure to see people liking then!
Really excellent. Interesting , informative & very well presented. Very many thanks & looking forward to more.
Thanks Christopher!! Next it'll be Roman Politics but soon we'll be back to the English-Scottish border!
This is an excellent and comprehensive video about a fascinating period of time, with bonus points for the American accent! Superb work.
I'm glad you like it, I modelled it on Californian! Also I'm very pleased you enjoyed the episode! Plenty more to come!
Doing my genealogy, my families didn't really think about the Border. Sometimes, they were in Northumberland. Sometimes they were over the border in Roxburghshire.
Exactly - to locals there is no border. To London and Edinburgh it's everything.
@@AlexIlesUK They were an ethnicity onto themselves that does not in anyway imply that the distinction between Scottish and english nationalities never existed.. it's clear to me you use history to project modern political notions as facts onto a historical people that would have never excepted such modernist interpretations of their identity.
Pardon? I think you're confused and have a nice day.
@@nodruj8681 History is political. It follows the general consensus.
Great video. More like this please.
More coming!
Can't wait for the carlisle & cumbria history.
I'll have to do a different series specifically on that one!
@@AlexIlesUK It's because i'm from there,the romam bath house @ the cricket club is immense.
@derekblythe6143 I know, I hope to be at the dig in September!
@@AlexIlesUKHey Alex, any chance u can cover the influence an ties the lowlanders have to the kingdom of the britons of Syrathclyde on the western marches. They became lowlanders as well. An never get any mentions. Also, Pictish influence coming down across the firths. Please sir. Thank you.
@Sonny-m1f I'll put it on the list!
Awesome & very interesting, love this kind of thing
Thank you! Please do share the channel with people who would be interested! I'm trying to grow as much as possible!!
Brilliant channel Alex and very pertinent to Geo politics of Britain Northumbria being so intertwined with Gaelic /Pictish/ Irish influences..from religion to art etc. Your local knowledge and perspective I being pivotal and paramount in exploration of the topics .
.
Thank you kindly!
Love the channel!
Could you slow down the cadence of the presentation?
It’s new and in-depth information and grasping the concepts are sometimes difficult…thank you!
Thank you, I've filmed about eight episodes so it'll be when I film the next block but I'll take that into account. Sorry about that.
It always makes me smile when I hear people stress the great differences between the Scots and English. My family are Armstrongs from mid Northumberland and historically this family never recognised the "new" border, their allegiance was to themselves and to how the old Northumbrian lands could benefit them.
'Benefit' is a very liberal way of describing the Armstrongs attitude to law and order.
We were merely trying to make an honest living from our surroundings
@antonharefield8341 that being the travelers on the road, the neighbours sheep and cattle and the occasional raid.
That's it. We're saddling up and the family are coming into town.
@@antonharefield8341 Didn't take much did it! :)
I love this content!
I’m Canadian, but my father’s family are originally from County Durham.
Thank you; that means a lot that you love it and glad I can get you in touch with your roots!
If Lothian was a client state that may explain why there are still many Brithonic place names in Lothian rather than them being wiped by settlers.Galloway appears to be very Gaelic despite it being part of Northumberland.
Re the earlier phase are there hill forts in the Lake District ,south of the wall area.Where I’m from in the Borders there are clusters .
Enjoyed that thank you
Great to hear that you enjoyed it! Took a bit of work but one I wanted to set the foundations of before I launched into the Anglo-Scottish border series!!
In Cramond, N.Edinburgh there was royal graves of the indigenous people discovered closely to where a Roman Fort was at the mouth of the River Almond. I think because of the location of these graves they are considered to have allied with the Romans. Cramond means Fort on the River
you are amazing!
Much appreciated
Thanks!
Thank you so much for your generosity!
I would love to know more about the Harrying of the North - I've heard about it and know a few details but....
It's coming in the Norman episode and I can do a focused one! I've got episodes recorded until October!
@@AlexIlesUK I'm looking forward to every episode. :D
Brilliant video, but also check out British History podcast by an American called Kamie Jeffers. It goes into alot of detail, none of it pleasant.
@@jcoker423 I don't get time to listen to podcasts, but yes, I've sanitised a lot of this for TH-cam
@@AlexIlesUK Really good video's, although I'd rather see more maps for clarity (nothing against your boat race !).
You're up against it to explain (except Kent) most of the pre-Roman Brits were not Celts. Sure they all spoke an IE language and could probably understand each other (proximally) but Celts were a culture from S Germany/Austria/Czech that then spread out over other IE people 1000 years after the bell Beaker expansion.
It's not anti-Celt (my ychrom says Brythonic not English though all my folks were English.
Here's something else many German placenames in the East end in -au, derived from Slavic -ov, but S German rivers (Donau/Moldau) are probably from celtic (like eau in French) while many slavic rivers (Vlatava) are -ava which I am told is also IE, like aqua in Latin.
What about the Attacotti? Where they remnants of the First Farmers. Described as being cannibals, could be a misunderstanding of sky burials?
Thanks again. Ain't genetics interesting !
this was a good listen thank you, i think Kenneth MacAlpine would have been worth a mention and the 'unification' north of the border he achieved.. won yourself a sub anyway cheers
Don't worry, he does get a mention, but I'm aiming to do this from a North East perspective as the Scottish perspective is all over TH-cam!
@@AlexIlesUK i didnt actually notice sorry haha more med evil Scots history in future please.. Im a Glasgow history student writing short and long form stories
@simonwilliamson682 oh I don't see the Scots as evil! Just telling the story from a different perspective. I was a bit fed up of the 'Robert the Bruce and William Wallace are heros' story!!
@simonwilliamson682 what time period do you write about? :)
@@AlexIlesUK 🙂😂sorry i meant to write medieval Scots history as in the time period.. not sure if i autocorrected incorrectly 😂 i write about 6th 7th and 8th century Scotland stories of where im from (Dumbarton and Loch Lomond) from St Mungo and St Patrick integrating the Picts up to Bedes related battles (that he talks of in his histories) and the MacAlpine dynasty. Love Ken Follet etc trying to become an author.. i use TH-cam often as inspiration with vids like yours so thank you
I have had the privilege of handling a Yetholm type shield (pronounced Yet-Holm with a hard 't' and a distinct 'h'). For its size and despite being all bronze it is incredibly light. The processing makes it slightly conical and thus stronger. The ridges and 'mini-bosses' contribute to its strength and ability to deal with attacking weapons if the shield is used edge on. The edge of the shields are either double thickness or with the edge folded over a bronze wire. This also contributes to the probability that it was used dynamically and edge on. See also the work of Roland Warzecka re: Viking/Anglo-Saxon sword and shield. The Yetholm type shields were contemporary with type IV BA 'rapiers' (robust and primarily thrusting weapons) and also the relatively massive Yetholm spear, a Ba analogue for the late medieval Partisan and rather like a viking 'cutting spear'.
N.B. the experimental archaeology that Neil Burridge has been involved in as a creator of BA replicas.
Just an area I find very interesting. All the best.
It's something that I find fascinating too. That makes total sense and on the Anglo-Saxon shield I've made, fighting with the rim makes sense. I love those massive spearheads, they are so huge and beautiful at the same time and one day I'd love to have a full replica set, so I can do reenactment around the Cheviots as a late Bronze age warrior chieftain!
@@AlexIlesUK Yet Hum , good video
@phillcardiac please come for content, not pronunciation, but thank you.
@AlexIlesUK content is good sir!
@phillcardiac thank you! When I'm working from the script I can't always get the pronunciation right, but I always work on making sure it is accurate and entertaining!
That was an American accent? 😄
As an American with (border) Scots, English, Welsh, and Irish ancestry, I can really appreciate this particular subject. It's really cool to think of my (Carr) ancestry being Northumbrian or Bernician rather than strictly Scots or English.
Couldn't you tell, it was Californian ;) ah the Carr's are a very important border family!
@AlexIlesUK California huh. 😄
I'm very proud of my heritage!
@@carrdoug99One of my great grandmothers was a Carr.
Family antecedants(Australia) which point me to the borders area as well....greatly interested in the history of that place(including Northumbria)...one point...I notice you seemed to use the terms "Scots" and Dal Riata tribes synonymously while explaining one part of this period... the idea of an English _Scottish border which we know did not exist at the time. In general though I agree there is always a diversity within the competing groups & pollities which we tend to want to gloss over - I think that is perhaps a pre-occupation with history trying too hard to be science - looking back simplifying and resolving complexity for the sake of understanding, but falling victim to an unbalanced rationaillity. More on Uhtred welcome.👍
The Scots were a tribe in Northern Ireland during the Roman period, they migrated in the 5th century into the west coast of Scotland. That's why I can call Dal Riata Scots.
Your request for Uthred has been noted!
Cheers mate. How about one on the Battle of Glenmama in 999 in Ireland. The vikings got a hiding there. I know you like Northern English history best
I've got to finish the Anglo-Scottish wars and then I've got a lot of genetics papers to record!! But I can look into it!
Just looked into it and it was a Irish Vs Viking battle!!
@@AlexIlesUK Ta
@@AlexIlesUK Bigger than the Battle of Clontarf 1014 really
Howdy Alex been enjoying your videos and insights on the history of the borders for weeks now. You hold your audience well. But according to the Irish Anals, Scotland was formed in 843AD. Also the Blood of the Vikings series done a huge DNA collection of the British gene pool and found that Scots and Welsh still have a very high % of Celtic DNA, with England having 40% Celtic on the East and 60% on the West. Crazy data for so called dominating of Saxon peoples? Maybe the Norman genocide of the North a factor???
So the genetics one is a bit off. It used modern not ancient DNA, have a look at my Anglo-Saxon aDNA episode and that will explain it in detail.
Secondly look up the territory of 'Scotland' in 843. It's not the same geographic area as today. Best wishes
Alex
yeah but we carry our DNA from our ancestors through the Y chromosome, so to get a general overall modern PICTure, no pun intended🤔 we can tell by some certainty where the genes lay. Scotland is the 5th oldest country in the world! And we came to Christianity around 6th century. where the Saxons took much longer 2 convert, also if u mean a mapped area, like Lothian & Borders then thats a area not a country! Scotland as a country started in 843AD. England took much longer! hagd
Genes mutate and alongside that - you are only here because your ancestors suvived. If people did not pass on their genetics that group is not reflected in the modern genetics. The Conversion you are refering too is complex, I belvie you are refering to monestaries on the west coast such as Iona and Whithorn, not the entirety of Scotland being Christian. By that logic Roman Britan was christian in the 4th century. Scotland was not a country in the 9th century, it was, like most nations an area controled by a Dynasty with various levels of control, exactly like England in the 10th century. Countries don't form until later. Anyhow Glad you are enjoying the content.
@@AlexIlesUK well i was enjoying it, but u r debating recorded history & science 🤔
@@alrh3674 I'm not debating science. An ancient population can be different to a modern one. That is why ancient DNA (extracted from the bones and remains of people dated to the period we are looking at) is used to create models of the genetic makeup of populations.
In regards to Scotland - I do not believe the structure created by Keneth MacAlpine is the same 'Scotland' as a country as the later nation and I would say David I created Scotland. Same as I would say that the England created by Athelstan is not the nation and instead I would argue that Henry I created the structures that would survive as England.
Interestingly in modern history the border will come to represent the sharpest division between any varieties of the English language.
I'd have thought that was the Welsh border. The difference between Northumberland and the Scottish borders dialect isn't that much.
So Bebba (or Bemba) was actually a British princess. Very interesting
I always thought she was the wife of King Ida, the founder of Bernicia. Wasn't Acha the sister of King Edwin? And there's another lady, Rimmelth, who I believe was a British princess. Where does she fit in? Incidentally I am descended from both Uhtred the Bold and King Alfred the Great (who never actually met). But one of Uhtred 's wives was the daughter of Ethelred the Unready, and Alfred's 3 times great-grand-daughter and I'm descended from her via the Scots Royal family.
How did you find out about your ancestry? Also yes Acha is Edwins sister. Yes Bebba is thought to be British.
@@AlexIlesUKmost of the UK can probably link their families to that tree. Each of the family research sites allows you to connect your tree to trees created by other users. This creates a central tree that goes back into the early medieval period through noble and royal families as those are the ones that there is evidence for at that time.
There will also be 3 or 4 very dodgy connections in the 17th and 18th centuries. For most people, with a bit of diligence can trace family trees back to the first census in 1831 reliably. To go back further than that you are relying on parish records which get increasingly sparse. If you are lucky and the parish where an ancestor lived had a vicar who kept good records and whose records have survived you can reliably get back into the 1600’s.
However it is very easy to search a database for John Smith born 1630ish and get one result form Kent and assume that this John Smith is the same John Smith who marries in a Yorkshire village in 1657 when that is actually very unlikely and with no further evidence confirming the identification.
As the people for whom we have evidence are generally richer and more powerful that means people connect to these big royal trees which get dodgy around 800AD.
Having researched my own family using the Mormon web tools (for a bunch reasons the Mormons make their tools and databases free to use and have paid to have access to digital copies of government records) and looked at the actual evidence behind some of the links, I know I can’t go back further than the mid 1600s on the oldest line with any certainty and don’t trust any research that goes back further than that done by anyone without a PhD.
@davidwright7193 that's exactly my viewpoint, I've done mine and it's very hard before the 1800s in the North and 1600 in the south. Just seems like everyone in North America is descend from Robert the Bruce which I find very funny!!
@@AlexIlesUKI find it to be rather annoying 😂. If their surname isn't Bruce or if they don't descend from a family that's known to have married one of our women then I don't believe it. In fact, people have even used our surname that aren't descendants of the Bruce/Brus family. So even if they use our name sometimes I still don't believe it.
England 10th century Scotland 9th century ❤
Yes, I didn't have it on my notes but yes that's right.
Trimontium which lies under modern day Melrose in the borders was one of the largest Roman cavalry camps in the whole of Britain (well
North of Hadrian’s Wall)
I know, Gauls if I remember properly. I need to read through the excavation report. It's 3rd century right?
Very interesting, I’m a borderer but never really given it much thought.
There's a lot of Amazing history on the border, I'll try to bring it to life over the series!
The visitor centre at Carham is a old red phone box
I know. I love it, there's also a nice wooden sign. I know when they did the reenactment for the battle trey did it once with the historical ending and a second time with the reenactors being able to do what they wanted. It resulted in a Northumbrian victory. I wonder what Uthred would have thought!
To my mind the province of Valentia was a province founded to include the area between the Antonine wall and Hadrian's wall. As the presence of the Antonine wall indicates that this was the new limit of formal Roman possession in Britannia, moving on from the former limit at Hadrian's wall. The military garrison would inevitably have had to move with that border change. Hence Hadrian's wall becomes abandoned! Later on, around the year 162, the troops are recalled to Hadrian's wall, and Hadrian's wall is recommissioned. Why? To my mind it is logical to assume that the province of Valentia was entrusted to a newly established CLIENT STATE. Almost certainly being named the Votadini, which was the core of what became 'The Old North' (Gododdin) and where all the Roman artifacts and inscriptions are found. Once the 'Old North' led by Urien Rheged was 'decapitated' by the Angles at the Battle of Catraeth, the Gododdin, probably the last stronghold of 'Roman' power in Britannia was crushed to make way for the new Anglian Kingdom of Bernicia, which quickly took hold of all it's territory. All the way to the Mull of Galloway.
I think you've done a couple of jumps to get to your conclusion. Urien died at Lindisfarne, quite a while before Catterick. He was murdered by a Briton. The antonine wall had been abandoned about two Hundred years before Valentia was created.
@@AlexIlesUK Well, not necessarily. Urien was, as you say, assassinated, possibly on Lindisfarne, but this was after the Battle of Catraeth. When Mynyddog Mwynfawr led the forces of the Old North to battle Northumbria. After which time the power of the Gododdin was smashed, which led the way to Northumbrian dominance of the area. Which can only lead one to the conclusion (and certainly reading the text of 'Y Gododdin') that this was an immolation of the forces of the Old North. Valentia is of UNCERTAIN origins, in time and geography. Unless you know otherwise? Love the video!
@alexanderguesthistorical7842 valentia is uncertain origins but I was responding to your message above
They blow the anglo saxon part in it way out of proportion.
Ppl forget all about the britons of Strathclyde in Galloway on down to carlisle on the western side of the borders.
Lowlanders have that briton in their blood aswell. Plus pictish ppl from just above the firth would have had influence just north of Edinburgh.
Scots are mostly Celt!
🦄⚔️🏴⚔️🦄
Celts is an ambiguous term. I do prefer Britons as Celts was made up as a term by the Greeks to describe the people north and west of them and doesn't work for the British isles in the early medieval period.
As for the Anglo-Saxons, there's a good bit of influence and involvement. The Kingdom of Strathclyde is a Viking age Kingdom that's history is very interesting.
Even Anglo-Saxon kingdoms have Briton and Pictish in their heritage and back and forth. The Pictish and Northumbrian kingdoms were close in the Viking Age. The Kingdom of Scots with its expansionist ambitions changed a lot of things.
@@AlexIlesUK I believe anyone speaking a Celtic language was a Celt. The Webster's dictionary says a Celt is a person speaking a Celtic language or descendant of such a person. I understand what you are saying but there was more of a connection than just language. There was a religious connection being Gaulish druids were supposedly thought to have went to their "schooling in Britain". Britons helped vercingetorix fight Caesars Roman legions before alesia. There were connections between CeltIberians an Ireland. This went on up until the 1600 an 1700s. Highland Scots were some of the first to arrive at the gates of London Derry. Irish Picquets were in the Bonnie princes army at Culloden. So these Celtic ppl understood themselves to be linked together for quite a few causes.
Honestly, I think even England has just as much if not more ancient Briton blood than Anglo Saxon. An I'm not talking about Wales or Kernow or Strathclyde. I mean actual heart land, depending on area. The britons didn't die out, they assimilated. Some resisted sure an went west, some fled to Britagne. The modern English still have Celtic Briton DNA from a lot of the studies I've read. Hope I'm not sounding argumentative. The term does not a lot of different people's but they are inextricably linked in more than one way. If I must be labeled something, I'd prefer Celtic American over just plain Jane "white". I wish to remain linked to my ancestors, even tho I don't speak a Celtic language gauge as of now. I am a descendant. "White" is even worse ambiguous an erases a lot of culture. I'm rambling, hope u are well an thank you.
@Sonny-m1f have a watch of some of my earlier episodes - think you'll enjoy them and I discuss things like this.
@@AlexIlesUK I'm on it brotha!
Gets more complex the more you look
Always the case; it's a rabbit hole but an enjoyable one!
Good video. Lowland SCOT myself. Family's name originated around Coldingham before the house moved upto Aberdeen. 😊👍
Glad you enjoyed it!! I've got Lowlanders on both sides of my mother's family
@@AlexIlesUK we have a St Cuthberts in my village from the 11th century it's a ruin now . Two alledged Templar artifacts in the village also. A grave and a cornerstone on a house engraved with a dagger and goblet. East Calder West Lothian. As far as I know my family has allways been in the Lothians I'm no interested in a dna test I look like my dad he looks like his dad and so on 😎👍
@dobermankompanie I was born in Livingston Village!
@@AlexIlesUK old Bangour myself it's a housing development now. Their keen, it's a cold hole up there with the prevailing wind, silly incomers eh
@dobermankompanie take the land your given eh! Also East Lothian is amazing farm land!
Many Scots moved to the North East of England for employment. An Army Regiment for WW1 called the Tyneside Scottish was raised, later to become the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers.
Also Scottish Regiments raised in England from Scots communities - Liverpool Scottish, London Scottish.
I am well aware, the movement goes both ways across the borders.
Also in the Memorial Chapel at Carlisle Cathedral are commemorated the Kings Own Border Regiment and earlier Cumberland and Westmoreland Volunteers. All now incorporated in the Duke of Lancasters Regiment.
Many of the names on the Honour Bosrds are Scottish - viz your observation re movement of families.
At a tangent slightly
Carlisle Cathedral and Precinct are wonderful. I think the Green Knight is referred to , and there is a headstone to the founder of Mountain Rescue to the left of the .main entrance.
And the Railway Station was built by the Caledonian Rsilway , and is very similar to Perth Railway Station
My Great Grandfather was a Driver of the mighty Caledonian Railway Compsny. They lived at Quarry Street , Hamilton.
The Tyneside Scots and Tyneside Irish were all raised as battalions of the Northumberland Fusiliers (there were eventually 52 Battalions of Northumberland Fusiliers raised in WW1). These Wartime battalions were called 'Service' battalions, the Tyneside Scots were the 20th to 23rd Service Battalions, the Tyneside Irish were the 24th to 27th Service Battalions.
The make up of these battalions were not strictly on nationality (or self-identified nationality) but there was no doubt that those with other heritage than English would have preferred to go to these particular units, but if you know anything about the military you would know that your 'wants' are not high on their list of priorities. The Fusiliers became 'Royal' in 1935.
Very true! That is how, without recent Scottish ancestors, my genetic profile has a huge chunk of SE Scotland in it.
Could you do a whole episode in American?
Now, could I manage that? I think my voice would break too many times!
Or maybe Anglish 🤔
@@HighWealder Old English would be hard!
I am Scots/Irish but behind my Gaelic surnames named ancestors there is tribal ancestors by two Scottish surnames that put my ancestors of Anglo Saxon then there's Pictish, Norman, Breton, and dial riata tribe twice by Scottish surnames the tribes here mentioned adopted the clan system and Gaelic language, A professor of genetic Science Edinburgh and colleagues of London found that Northern English have genetically more in common with the Scots than their country folk to the South.
Yes, I've looked into that paper. Now some of that is because of modern DNA studies, which shows the migrations from the 17th to the 21st century, but they would have been a lot closer in the pre-roman periods!
such knowlege!
Lots of reading but it's all available for people to find!
Loving the series and the channel! The part on Hillforts was great. Here's a resource on iron age hillfort locations if it's any use/interest:
experience.arcgis.com/experience/40ccda26452f427a9f081506958e1d81/#widget_23=active_datasource_id:acf7b6cc651c4bc1a392992140d959ca,center:-289350.4342091173%2C7358322.983679672%2C102100,scale:9244648.868618,rotation:0
Thank you, I know the dataset. I used it for my dissertation! I love the detail and the information!
Battle of Carham
That's the one
In mid C 12 much of Cumbria was part of Scotland.
I will get to that over the next episodes, starting two weeks time!
OK - I enjoy your reviews of the history of the Borderlands. And not to forget The Kings s Own Scottish Borderers.raised in late C17 in Edinburgh - and whose spiritual home is Berwick upon Tweed ' another area of fluid frontiers !!. Best wishes.
My surname originates from the Scottish borders and North East ❤️
Hope the series is educational!
Very good but don’t forget about the north western border
I'll do my best.
Northumbria is post roman Anglo-saxon territory and so wouldnt that mean that hadrians wall was the border between Roman britain and non roman Scotland?
A frontier, to the North was the British tribes of the Roman Iron Age. They were influenced by the Romans.
Go back to the earlier map in the video showing the late Roman divisions of Britain. Valentia is the name being given to the lands between the two walls - so north of Hadrian's. While not generally included as part of Roman Britain, these tribes were sufficiently Romanised to be regarded as being the same people by the Britons south of the wall. The British tribes north of the Antonine Wall were not Romanised and starting around the 3rd century the Romans started calling them Picts, meaning coloured/painted people. This was also the time Romans stopped trying to conquer the region so the term Pict was likely used as a way of saying barbarian/savage.
@@damionkeeling3103 The Antonine wall then does appear to have been a border between the Britons and the Picts. Hadrians wall also but perhaps to a lesser extent as the land north of Hadrians wall were roman occupied for some time. Still we have a clear border between the lands that we can identify today as England and Scotland, and so the point seems to me valid, the walls can be considered an ancient border between England and Scotland, or perhaps Briton and Caledonia. A bit more nuance than being the ancient border between England and Scotland but at the same time kind of is.
It would be fair to say that the Picts adopted the Scots/Gaelic language and culture. This Gaelicisation took years to happen.
That's often the case in places that were conquered.
It would be fair to say that Gaelic language got to Britain the same way everything from the continent got to Britain after Doggerland disappeared up until the Viking raids: That is, across the English Channel. The Book of Invasions is mythology. The invasions never made any sense and now we have evidence that they never occurred (thanks to DNA). The border between Scotland and England existed before the Romans. It was between Gaels in the North and Britons in the south. Britons likely assumed positions of power over the Gaels in the parts of Scotland that the Romans penetrated. We call those areas Pictland. The language of Pictland is confusing because it was a British speaking elite over a Gaelic speaking population. Once the elite were dispatched, Scotland was Gaelic (we no longer have to believe that illiterate Irish cattle rustlers forced illiterate Scottish cattle herders to speak Old Irish - a language that even those learning it at their mother's knee must have found a challenge).
@kevingriffin1376 we've gone over this. You have a pet theory and it doesn't stand up.
@@kevingriffin1376 First of all, Pictland did not exist before the Romans. There were various tribes banded together, to fight the Romans, and the Romans probably named Picts because of their painted faces, Picti. It is the same in England various tribes, not a national identity. The Scots invasion from Ireland did not start until 400.
@igorscot4971 nonsense the Pechts were indigenous before Rome arrived seven tribes with the power centre moving between the 7 kingdoms sometimes CE like Tap o noth, Dunnottar, dunicairn, bennachie the site of Mons Graupius sometimes ie later Fortriu beside Inverness ie Burghead the Vikings got battered for the last time at Cruden Bay and never invaded Scotland again Mac Beth died here in Lumphanan and was the last blood pictish / Dalriadan king. The Romans called the CE pronounced kay as the Caledones the Cat pronounced Caith as in Caithness were called Caereni these were Roman adaptions of the pictish own words 😅 Picts never came from Scotti irish tribes that was catholic priests lies to convert them to Christianity
Isn't the Northumbrian history of Scotland the reason English is spoken in the country? The Scots language is basically a somewhat more Scandinavian version of English, which it would have acquired via Northumbria, influenced as it was by the Danish period.
There's been a commenter below who appears to have some form of linguistics background, so please scroll down and see her answer, but simply SE Scotland was a part of Northumbria and they shared a language, which changed as the border moved.
I don't see evidence of Scandinavian settlement in SE Scotland tbh. Settlement would be the main driver of significant voabulary change, otherwise it would be just the odd loan-word.
@@neilog747 The Scandinavian influence in Scots is present in the language. Did it get to both Aberdeen and the West of Scotland by Scandinavian settlement? Obviously there was Scandinavian settlement in the more southerly parts of Northumberland after there were (Old) English speakers in Lothian. The question is whether Scandinavian-influenced English spread up to what became Scotland through the Northumbrian connection. If not there, then from Caithness?
Intetestingly David I of Scotland continued to claim that the land as far south as Yorkshire was legitimately part of the Scottish kingdom. He temporarily actually conquered and ruled there during his reign, but gave up and returned the rump of his kingdom, so it is largely forgotten to history. Those who fetishise the Wars of Independence take note: a Scottish king invaded the English kingdom.
That's what this series is about, it's coming soon!
Not offended by the attempt at the accent. Offended by the attempted put down.
I work with a lot of Americans and really like you all, It was more an observation that this period of history isn't well known and causes for geographic misunderstandings!
It's become accepted that the origin of the name Stranraer (in western Galloway/Wigtownshire) is An t-Sròn Reamhar meaning 'fat healand'. However, Scots (basically Old English) has been spoken in those parts for centuries, as it was part of Northumbria for so long as your fascinating and detailed video shows. Go there nowadays and NOBODY speaks Scottish Gaelic, they all speak typical 'modernised' Scots (I hope I'm not offending anyone by that description!). Stranraer was created in the 16th century as recorded on the Great Seal of Scotland. So if we take the SCOTS language as the basis for the name, we can derive STRAND ('Stran-' meaning beach) and REAR ('-raer' meaning to the back or rear), to form 'the beach to the rear' or STRAND-REAR. It also has to be pointed out that geographically derived place names are usually named after the geography they are placed on. Stranraer IS NOT PLACED on a 'fat headland'. This is a reference to the top of the Rhinns of Galloway peninsular, which is NEXT-DOOR to Stranraer. Stranraer is however on a beach at the foot (south) of Loch Ryan, although quite what the reference to 'rear' is is not clear. Possibly the Sands of Luce on Luce bay to the south of isthmus Stranraer stands on is the 'front'??? Or it may have been that Stranraer was to 'the rear' of either Soulseat Abbey, or Castle Kennedy perhaps ('Kennedy' deriving from the name CUNEDDA!!!) In any case, I don't believe that the Gaelic derived etymology is correct, because I don't think that's what people were speaking in the area at the time. It's much more likely to be a Scots derived name.
Interesting hypothesis
I'm afraid this is linguistically and historically untenable. The Northumbrian influence on Galloway was not as long-lasting as you think. The language spoken in that region was Cumbric at the time. By the late 700s the Western Norse (from Norway, not the Eastern Norse from Denmark and southern Sweden) were raiding all down the western coast of what would become Scotland and into Ireland. They were the ones who basically destroyed what remained of Dàl Riata in the islands [the rest was concentrated in the mainland and merged with the Picts to form Alba] and then formed a maritime kingdom which stretched from the Northern Isles (Shetland and Orkney) down the Western Isles (Outer and Inner Hebrides), Mull of Kintyre, Arran, Galloway and the Isle of Man. They also formed settlements in Ireland. These Western Norse eventually adopted Gaelic as their language in the western part of their sphere of influence. Only the Northern Isles remained Norse-speaking.
Galloway (which in Gaelic is Gall-Ghàidhealaibh = land of the foreign Gaels) which may already have become Gaelic-speaking anyway because of the proximity to Ireland, became linguistically Gaelic. A specific dialect of Lowland Gaelic known as Galwegian Gaelic developed there and was spoken right up to the 1600s at least - that's about 700 to 800 years. One of the last native speakers is known by name: Margaret MacMurray, who died in 1760.
Scots is NOT Old English. The term Old English refers to a specific period from around 600 to 1100 CE. Linguistically, Scots developed out of Northumbrian Middle English and the Scottish variety in the Lothians was originally known as Inglis. Northumbrian Middle English was already a different dialect from the English that would develop in the south of England following the Norman Conquest.
At the time when David I became King of Scots in 1124, Galloway was an independent Gaelic-speaking territory. There were possibly also surviving traces of Cumbric spoken in Strathclyde. David had originally been known as the Prince of Cumbria. Inglis was restricted to the Lothians and a narrowing strip of land westwards to the Solway Firth.
David I married the daughter of the last Anglian Earl of Northumbria. She was a great-niece of William the Conqueror. She was a widow and through her, David acquired the Earldom of Huntingdon (her first husband's property) which gave him a claim through his son Henry to the lands in Northern England. When he issued royal charters in Scotland to form royal burghs, he invited tradesmen from the north of England to move to these burghs. That is when English started spreading further in Scotland, not before.
As for Stranrear, at the time the charter for the royal burgh was issued there had already been a settlement there for centuries. It is first mentioned in the 1300s. The people of Stranrear itself are not actually that convinced about the derivation of the name "fat headland". They think it refers rather to the Gaelic for a stream that was teeming with fish.
@alicemilne1444 I'm going to cover a lot of that over the series,
@@AlexIlesUK The language angle (spread of Gaelic, demise of Cumbric, spread of English, development of Scots) has been extensively researched by experts in historical linguistics.
Thank you.
In a word ‘Brunanburh’
It has some impact and provided president for later events.
I see you have a union jack pillow. Be careful two tier kier is gonna make those illegal at the current rate
I don't cover modern politics on this channel.
I’m Scottish & did my heritage DNA test , I’m in North Lanarkshire, Airdrie , originally New Monklands anyway I discovered that I’m , 83% Irish , Scottish & Welsh
11.4% Greek & South Italian
5.6% Baltic .
Most of my DNA matches are in USA, GB , Ireland all the commonwealth countries followed by Norway & Sweden.
Interesting.
Good video - somewhat tainted by anglocentrism. Scots-English language for example - no such thing, both develop equally as sister languages. And Strathclyde a successor state to Northumbria... as you rightly hint at Alex, complete nonsense. Migration following the harrying of the North is interesting.
I'd argue I'm giving some balance to the Scots history that is depicted often, but I understand if you have different opinions and biases.
Yetholm. Yet holm, not Yeth olm. Yet being gate, holm being hamlet. Hamlet at the gate of the Border
I sometimes make mistakes.
@@AlexIlesUK don't we all 🙂
@@Turnbull62 Thanks for being understanding!
Remind me never to book a tour with you when I visit Scotland.
-- Random American who understands you don't really want her to visit Scotland.
That's ok, I tour the North East of England mostly. Please email me when you visit so I can tell you to book a tour with a boiled prune who will take your money and sell you Tartan tat, but possibly from your lack of humour you'll go away ignorant, glad and a bit poorer ;)
Safe travels petal!
There is nothing mysterious about identity. The culture of Celtic peoples of Europe - the period we are talking about - were yet another cultural wave covering neolithic, mesolithic, etc. This allows France to regard Vercingetorix as a "French" hero and Lascaux to be a symbol of "French".
identity.
The South of Scotland was indeed under Northumbrian control for some time but Cumbria was also under Scottish control for many years.
Vitrified forts did not occur because of "fuel" piled against them but from their wooden tressle interlace construction - what the Romans termed "murus gallicus" - "Celtic wall" construction, being set alight.
After Carham those people inhabiting Lothian weren't Northumbrians; they were Scots who spoke Inglis.
It might be worth doing a video on the Gaelic influence on the North of England. Cumbria/ Allendale are full of Gaelic placenames; even Northumbria has a few remants, especially around the coast opposite Lindisfarne, itself a Gaelic name.
I promise you the research I've done is very much up to date. And what I've said is based on evidence and data from recent publications and excavations.
Northumbrians living under Scottish occupation after Carham did not need the opinion of a man living 1,000 years in the future to negate their English identity. They knew who they were. Its a pity we can never ask them for their opinion.
@@neilog747 do you think Northumbrians, post-Carham, believed themselves to be "English"? The whole Border and adjacent counties had been contentious for centuries. I would suggest it's a common English identity which is debatable.
American do NOT think that Hadrians wall is the border between England and Scotland. Most of them have never heard of Hadrians wall. And the ones that have heard of it think thats it in Berlin. Most American are surprised to find out that people in England speak English. Or that theres a place in England named after New York. Most Americans dont even realise that they speak a foreign language(English is not native to my part of the world, despite what most American may think). I can say these horrible things about Americans because I am one. At least I know that the scottish-english border is Offa's Dyke. Or maybe its the Antonine Wall? Great Wall of China?
That's not been my experience, I run a tourism company and the majority of my customers are from the United States.
Americans and British: two peoples separated by a wide language. Same might be said of the Scots, Welsh, Irish...
I think he's being ironic especially with the end of his comment.
It is true we use a lot of old English ye is you, and lang is long and other words old and new Angalis but tired and gone to bed after Good vid can't watch it all.
Feel free to come back later and there's way more coming on the channel!
The Scottish dialect is Northumbrian. cf. Preface of English Dialects from the Eighth Century to the Present Day. by W W Skeat. 1912. My old v interesting volume. Having folded at the back a facsimile of The only English Proclamation by Henry III Oct, 18,1258.. Lancashire lass from Liverpool, not Merseyside. Age 84 thanks
You're welcome. I've had some people disagree but I think it is!