Exeter & Laira. Part 13 | River Exe Scenery.

แชร์
ฝัง
  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 13 มิ.ย. 2020
  • In this video I go all out on the biggest single section on the entire layout.
    I take on closing in open frames, building the scenery layer by layer.
    Also featured is a iron lattice girder bridge fully scratch built.
    The biggest feature has to be the river, made from 4 kilos of epoxy resin and poured in one hit.
    I'd like to say a massive thank you to ‪@BoulderCreekRailroad‬ for sharing his stunning models and how it's done.
    Also Paul Chapman ‪@GalgormHall‬ who's scratch building advice is top notch.
    Check out luke Towan here: / @bouldercreekrailroad
    Check out Galgorm Hall here:
    / @galgormhall
  • แนวปฏิบัติและการใช้ชีวิต

ความคิดเห็น • 144

  • @m2thef2thec
    @m2thef2thec 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Now that's a scratch-built bridge. Brilliant!!

  • @tonyhancock8479
    @tonyhancock8479 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Tim, you are right Luke and Paul are great inspirational modellers. BUT you also inspire many, many people with your skills and knowledge. And the end result is the fantastic layout that you are creating before our eyes. Thank you for everything you do.

  • @theangelsmodellingandrailways
    @theangelsmodellingandrailways 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Dude, seriously outstanding model making, an absolute belter. You ARE Luke Towan. I know its way out of my league, but I grow ever hopeful. Thanks for the upload, and not doing it in 4 parts, the amount of prep you'd have done beforehand is what makes it flow, nicely presented too. I'm a big fan of Peaks 47, he's blown away by it too. That's huge praise indeed.

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thank you very much. Yep I wanted to cover the river in one full swoop and not drag it out.
      This scene was a struggle as I get overwhelmed with anything bigger than a large diorama board to work on.
      Praise from so many during the build is certainly something that kept me going and pushed me beyond my own expectations.

  • @GreenhillJunction
    @GreenhillJunction 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wow! Absolutely stunning piece of modelling. Looks so realistic. Bravo!!!! 👍👍👏👏👏

  • @RichardWilson1984
    @RichardWilson1984 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Stunning.
    The level of detail on that bridge.
    Doing all that work then pouring the resin must've been heart stopping!

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Very much. A very tight time frame to get it all in and done in one hit.

  • @leilacentral1883
    @leilacentral1883 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Looks fantastic! Great video to watch. Clint

  • @BoulderCreekRailroad
    @BoulderCreekRailroad 4 ปีที่แล้ว +10

    You did a fantastic job Tim... I love it! I'm impressed you had the courage to pour that much resin and it certainly turned out looking great! I can't wait to see how the layout progresses, it's going to look amazing! Keep up the hard work 😉

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks for the praise, your methods on river builds are simply stunning and certainly an inspiration, the results speak volumes as I've found out! To take 4 kilos of resin and pour it in one single hit was probably jumping in the deep end first, I've never used epoxy let alone made a river.
      It took some working out to see if I could mix and pour it in one go using the measuring cups and it paid off.
      The photo / video opportunities on this area are endless.
      Hopefully you'll stay tuned as I slowly move back towards producing diorama's of an abandoned theme once this layout reaches its peak.
      I've learnt alot!
      Congratulations on hitting 1 million subscribers. Incredible!

  • @roystudds1944
    @roystudds1944 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    I found that whole video mesmerising, and what a stunning end result! Well done.

  • @ianjames1352
    @ianjames1352 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great scene enjoyed watch the build up. I give you a 👍. Cheers

  • @wibbleJunction
    @wibbleJunction 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Absolutely stunning!!!.. I am pretty sure Mr Towan would be very proud he inspired you and the result is the best I have seen on here for a river on our 00 layouts. 👏👏👏

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks Chris. He was indeed very proud to see a great result using some of his methods. He left a comment which is great to see.

    • @wibbleJunction
      @wibbleJunction 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@thescrapline4905 fantastic mate, really chuffed for you.. when I get chance to build my test layout ahead of my more permanent one when my new garage is up, I'm using some of his and your methods. Was going to consider a channel but yours is far too good. Well done dude

  • @9021ASH
    @9021ASH 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Inspirational and scary all in one go. Fantastic modelling!!

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      You're not wrong. One hit to get it right, that was always at the back of my mind.

  • @KEVINUK1004
    @KEVINUK1004 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Brilliant scenics, awesome.

  • @AndyHudson-ModelRailwayBuilds
    @AndyHudson-ModelRailwayBuilds 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    excellent video Tim the river and bridge look so realistic something to be proud of Andy

  • @TheDaf95xf
    @TheDaf95xf 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Absolutely first class 👍🏻 Looks so real well done 😄

  • @scopsowl123
    @scopsowl123 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Brilliant, if you didn't know beforehand you could believe it was the real thing, the fine details really make it pop.

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks. I'm pleased with the whole scene. Going to make for some great running shots.

  • @Chris-BognorRegis
    @Chris-BognorRegis 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    That was remarkable Tim, was totally mesmerised by this project. The finish was superb, enjoyed every minute of it.
    Regards Chris

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks Chris. I've stuck to the same format of showing each process start to finish as it seemed to do well on the north end. I'll be at a loss when I run out of scenes to start and finish in one single video lol.

  • @alexhill9169
    @alexhill9169 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wow Tim, you have blown my mind with this one.
    The bridge alone is worth a thumbs up, but the whole thing is incredible, those trees look so realistic, I cannot wait to see how you made them.
    My hat goes off to you for such a massive undertaking and not just pulling it off, doing with such talent and style.
    Well done Tim.
    All the best
    Alex

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks Alex. The bridge was very tedious but being a focal point had to be on the money. The whole scene is just beyond what I thought I could do.

    • @alexhill9169
      @alexhill9169 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@thescrapline4905 it's stellar Tim so be proud.

  • @mick9885
    @mick9885 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    WoW Awesome job 👍
    Nice to see how it was done,

  • @DudleyCentral
    @DudleyCentral 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Looks fantastic Tim and really well explained! Joe

  • @stmichaelshill7421
    @stmichaelshill7421 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Brilliant work mate. It looks absolutely stunning. The colours and textures are spot on and the river looks amazing. The bridge is a work of art too. You're really helping to set the bar for me on my layout - hopefully I can achieve the results you have. If so I'll be an incredibly happy man.

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks Richard. It's now the best focal point of the layout. Still more trees to add but it's on track.

  • @mattmaz2
    @mattmaz2 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great modelling , and informative instructional video 👌👍

  • @onnomulder9775
    @onnomulder9775 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Awesome Tim!!! You are a Luke Towan look-alike! Thanks for sharing this video. Cheers Onno.

  • @m2thef2thec
    @m2thef2thec 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great shout-outs for Boulder Creek Railroad and Galgorm Hall. Both superb modellers!

  • @danbrewer
    @danbrewer 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Fantastic video! That bridge is a triumph 💪 could have been really difficult getting the scale right I think you nailed it

  • @jmaccsarmiesofmiddleearth
    @jmaccsarmiesofmiddleearth 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Absolutely amazing

  • @scottym2994
    @scottym2994 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Not much to say other than excellent piece of work... Looks great 👍

  • @SouthWesternModeller
    @SouthWesternModeller 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Superb video Tim. This scene is incredible.
    You must be so pleased with the outcome.
    I will certainly be coming back to this video when I do my video river scene.

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks Jamie. I'll certainly look forward to seeing yours come to life.

  • @davidedwards6811
    @davidedwards6811 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Absolutely superb, congratulations

  • @chadm8868
    @chadm8868 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This has to be the best scene on a model railroad that I’ve ever seen. It’s like a highly detailed LT diorama that trains actually run through! Congratulations. A lot to sit back, admire and be proud of there sir.

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks. Certainly suprised myself with the end result.

  • @stef6567
    @stef6567 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    A master class there.

  • @philipmyatt1458
    @philipmyatt1458 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Fabulous work

  • @Locoforce
    @Locoforce 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    this is so impressive, i go over the river exe on my way to wales, looks better than real life! cheers, adam

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Cheers Adam. It's certainly a station with many interesting focal points. Great to model it.

  • @whitleyhead
    @whitleyhead 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Absolutely brilliant mate, a very informative video, which one day I’m sure I’ll refer. Top modelling mate, your skills are excellent. Cheers Jon

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks Jon. I suprised myself too.

    • @whitleyhead
      @whitleyhead 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Best video I’ve seen in a long time 👍

  • @sandwelljunction6337
    @sandwelljunction6337 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Brilliant!

  • @banggotyoujunctioncarlbraund
    @banggotyoujunctioncarlbraund 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wow that the Mona Lisa of river modeling the details, and pouring that much resin as well, that just art

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you very much for the kind words. It's been a great scene to build.

  • @andrewbailey399
    @andrewbailey399 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Fantastic

  • @GalgormHall
    @GalgormHall 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    A tour de force in model making Tim, beautifully shot and informatively narrated, this is a scene to be proud of. Thank you so much for your kind words at the beginning of the video, it means so much. Paul

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks Paul. Your skills and knowledge in scratch building is valuable even if buying 9 packs of U channel has ment the family have gone hungry, so be it 😆

  • @anfieldroadlayoutintheloft5204
    @anfieldroadlayoutintheloft5204 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    looking good keep up the good work

  • @2H80vids
    @2H80vids 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    I wonder if Mr Towan has seen this. They say that imitation is the sincerest form of flattery. It's *so* obvious that his work has inspired you and your scene is every bit as good as his.👌
    The overall effect is fantastic; the surface of the river is probably the best I've seen. It really looks like wet, moving water, rather than a lump of resin. I've seen this method turn out looking very fake but you've absolutely nailed it.👍
    I was surprised how little actual green you used in the scene but it looks perfect. I think "too much green" and "too green" are very common mistakes, which can look very "train set". By using different structures/buildings, this scene could easily be changed to suit various locations. I'm sure Mr Towan would approve.😁
    Cheers for now,
    Dougie.

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks Dougie. It would be great for the king of resin rivers to stamp it or even condemn it lol.
      You're right with the greenery, I held back. I studied alot of pictures of the railway embankment in that location and how it's done is how it was (More trees to add yet)
      Trees will block out grass growth and I did alot of woodland walks in the build up of this video to get an idea of what to expect.
      Unfortunately to many get carried away with grass. Less Is more, certainly where trees grow for sure.

  • @NicholassTrainChannel
    @NicholassTrainChannel 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    I am just blown away with your amazing work of art Tim can't wait for more.
    cheers Nic

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks Nic. More to add yet and itching to move onto the next build area.

  • @peaks4719
    @peaks4719 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Well that’s one of the best modelling videos I’ve ever seen .

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks Sam. It's been a great scene to work on.

    • @wibbleJunction
      @wibbleJunction 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Yours are also phenomenal too mate @peaks47

    • @peaks4719
      @peaks4719 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Chris Jones cheers 👍🏻

  • @corunnarailwayline7130
    @corunnarailwayline7130 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Unreal mate! This scene came up absolutely stunning! Great video. Cheers Sean

  • @chelmswoodjunction
    @chelmswoodjunction 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi ya mate
    Can i say an absolutely brilliant and amazing video had me glued all the way through I hope you do a video on how you make the trees i would love to try for myself as they look fantastic.
    Again well done mate on a brill video.
    Peter from Birmingham

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks. Should have a tree video out soon.

  • @nails6365
    @nails6365 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    awesome job - Luke has officially got competition !

  • @luvindemtrains
    @luvindemtrains 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    This video came up in my feed at the perfect time. I'm in the process of working on my creek area and definitely will utilize some of these techniques. Awesome work!

  • @philRminiatures
    @philRminiatures 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    What a gorgeous scenery, stunning job!!

  • @csxrensville5105
    @csxrensville5105 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hats off to you Sir! That river came out a treat. I panicked when I had to pour 400ml of resin. 😁

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Cheers. I was sick of mixing after doing 4 rounds of 4 mixes lol. Keeps you on your toes that's for sure

  • @daveoliver7590
    @daveoliver7590 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wow, this just gets better and better, excellent modelling...

  • @TheCrazyhorse1876
    @TheCrazyhorse1876 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Absolutely fantastic ,you must really proud of what you have created.

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks. Yep beyond what I thought I could do.

  • @ThePhosphater
    @ThePhosphater 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great bit of landscaping, looks great.

  • @MichaelHenfrey
    @MichaelHenfrey 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Blimey Tim, That looks bloody amazing! You sure are a master of scenics! I look forward to your tree tutorials, I'm gonna need loads of the damn things lol.

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks. Coming very soon the tree video.

  • @thebritfarmer
    @thebritfarmer 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wow that is stunning Tim. Certainly gives Luke Towan a tun for his money !

  • @peter7452
    @peter7452 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    That’s is excellent, very well done mate.

  • @MarchWestJunctionTMD
    @MarchWestJunctionTMD 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Fantastic mate, you are the scenic guru and I can’t wait to see how you made your trees 👍

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks. Tree video to follow very soon.

  • @TimberSurf
    @TimberSurf 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Beautiful result and great tutorial on how you got it!

  • @_-000-_
    @_-000-_ 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    I am genuinely blown away, amazing stuff!!

  • @JPoulAndersson
    @JPoulAndersson 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Your teaser made me very excited for this particular scene - and wonderful it is indeed! Joachim

  • @colintaylor8499
    @colintaylor8499 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Inspiring - I’m going to try something similar in n gauge-- thank you Sir!

  • @phixer64
    @phixer64 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent modelling there. Used to spot at St.Davids when i use a kid. Regards. Jeff

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks Jeff. If only we could go back to those good old days again.

  • @markwilson8002
    @markwilson8002 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Amazing, it reminds me of the fairy fast flowing river Severn... especially like the island with the river running either side. Not something I've seen modeled very often. That bridge is a work of art, looks absolutely the dogs doodlies. I remember it well on my trips down in the 80s..

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks Mark. It certainly took some going. More to add to it yet.

  • @malcolmhodgson7540
    @malcolmhodgson7540 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Museum quality work! Love that scene. Luke Towan eat your heart out!

    • @peaks4719
      @peaks4719 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      “Museum quality” I like that 👍🏻👍🏻

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Super comment. Thanks.

  • @ManchesterOxfordGate
    @ManchesterOxfordGate 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    It’s been fantastic watching this come together over the weeks Tim, great to now see the whole process of how that occurred 👍👍

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks Bob. I'm blown away how well it turned out.

  • @roberttemple8462
    @roberttemple8462 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Nice one Tim. The colours of the river look fantastic and the banks look very realistic, I'm sure I saw someone walking the dog on one of the banks! Lol. The rail bridge adds the finishing touch, very convincing. Is this where Paul helped? His scratchbuild methods are certainly worth following as are Luke's. Hope everyone is well with you, regards Bobby 'T'.

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks Bobby. Yep Paul's tips on getting the scales right on the lattice were vital. Though cutting 9 packs of that U channel into L shape strips was a killer on both my head and my wallet lol.
      Worth it though.

  • @James-Akers
    @James-Akers 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wow tim that's some great modelling there. Really like what you did with the river and making the ripple effect and the use of trees make it look realistic. Look forward to seeing the tree video you mentioned about
    Stay safe
    James

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Thanks James. Still got another batch of trees to add to the scene so that video should be out pretty soon too.

    • @davidjohan99
      @davidjohan99 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@thescrapline4905 What an amazing scene! A 2021 project for me is the start of a 0 gauge GWR branch line layout....the scenery you have created so brilliantly is just the look I was seeking :-) Looking forward to your tree making instructional video....they look just perfect. Thank you for an inspirational piece of modelling!

  • @AmeryJunction
    @AmeryJunction 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Stunning work , love it , super video Tim

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Cheers. Will make for some great running shots.

    • @AmeryJunction
      @AmeryJunction 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      The Scrap Line yes 200%

  • @biggray304
    @biggray304 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Absolutely amazing top job will be trying the leaves and twigs on my next project

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks. The great outdoors does produce some great modelling materials.

  • @stretchedits
    @stretchedits 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very talented indeed, I can only imagine ever creating scenes as wonderful, yeah I said imagine. Very very good stuff, especially how you did the water, 4.5kg of resin wow. Looking forward to the next one, thanks and best regards Dave.

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks. Yep very nerving pouring that amount in one single hit, did it with 10 minutes to spare.

  • @wheezypalacemodels7726
    @wheezypalacemodels7726 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Amazing...nailed that Tim, fantastic scene, so realistic and as with all you’re work, really compliments the layout. Well done and keep it up...watching with interest and following with you, cheers, Chris

  • @hctreintje
    @hctreintje 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Fantastic video.
    HC Treintje Belgium Herman C.

  • @exehavenharbour
    @exehavenharbour 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Well that was excellent, really enjoyed that. I’ve watched most of Luke’s videos and I must say you’ve done a great job from learning from him. I’m modelling the same kind of area and although my layout really is pure fantasy it’s called Exehaven Harbour as it’s meant to be at the mouth of the River Exe. I have watched your videos on and off for sometime, I have just subscribed although I don’t why I didn’t long ago. Cheers John

  • @stephenhastie3801
    @stephenhastie3801 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    That's a great tutorial on how to do scenery. Can you do mine. 🤓😎

  • @wamgoc
    @wamgoc 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Are you local to Exeter? Wonderful work!

  • @barelanestephenprice7043
    @barelanestephenprice7043 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi Tim, great work. Which manufacturer did you use for the resin, and who sells it.
    Many thanks.

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks. The resin was made by a company called chem-distro. Search them online or they also sell on ebay.

  • @skel3110
    @skel3110 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wow Tim, just wow. That bridge alone is a masterpiece but with the river... Can I ask you where you get a wax based masking tape from? I usually use brass sheet to make plasticard templates on but this tape would be very handy and not come across it before. Cheers Steve

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks Steve.
      I got the tapes sent to me to trial by a company as I'm a decorator by trade. Can't remember the name of them now. Though leaving them a review could be fun 😆
      A regular tape I use which is similar to this is Tesa tapes. They too have a wax or sheen surface unlike the basic tapes.
      Hope that helps.

    • @skel3110
      @skel3110 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks Tim, that would explain why I could not find any on a Google search! I have found the Tesa tape at Amazon now though so will give it a try, cheers Steve

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      No problem. Avoid the pink one as it's really low tack.

  • @nkiey
    @nkiey 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Totally Towan-esque - it doesn't get much better than that!
    I've been wondering for a while why your channel is called "The Scrap Line" (it's hardly appropriate). Is SCRAP an acronym for something (South Coast Railway - - - -), or is it just tongue in cheek?
    With best wishes,
    Nick

    • @stmichaelshill7421
      @stmichaelshill7421 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Back in the beginning, Tim specialised in weathering things into scrap condition!

    • @thescrapline4905
      @thescrapline4905  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks Nick for the great comments.
      It is indeed my passion for scrap abandoned modelling why the channel is called 'The scrap line' the period I model reflects the rundown period before privatisation. Seeing many locos on scraplines was something I wanted to model so the channel was named on that basis.
      A near future addition to the channel will be tutorials of dioramas featuring anything abandoned, scrap etc.