And exactly how they are made is another fascinating subject. Steel, besides having so many variations in composition, can be made to vary a lot just by how it is heated and cooled. Tempering, hot quenching, hot-working and cold-working are some examples. A whole career can be made studying just 'steel'.
I'm assuming that's something to do with how much time you're giving the interstitial atoms to settle into the lattice structure as it cools. I don't know anything about metallurgy, but an educated guess based on my chemistry background would be that steel that has not been quenched has the interstitial atoms in a more orderly arrangement than steel that has been quenched, where they may retain some of the chaos of the molten or semi-molten state. I presume, therfore, that quenched steel is less malleable, but more brittle than unquenched steel, and steel that has been worked while hot, such as a tempered blade, will be highly resilient to shattering, but be much softer than a typical steel of a comparable carbon content. But, like I said, I don't know anything for sure, so I'd love it if a metallurgist or blacksmith could come in and educate us.
@@RaunienTheFirst Being a Metallurgist and a researcher whos working on alloy design and development. I'd say your assumption is pretty much accurate. What happens is that, when we heat the steal to the range of 723-912 degrees (usually), this steel retains an austenitic microstructure, However, If we quench it, or rapidly cool it from this temperature range, It turns to martensite, Which is a meta stable state and the hardest steel structure that exists having a needle-like morphology. While Austenite structure will be retained if you prefer furnace cooling which is very slow. What happens is that, When you quench the austenite from high temperature, the carbon atoms donot get time to diffuse and gets retained within the microstructure, resulting in a hard and brittle form of steel namely martensite possessing a Body centered cubic BCC structure, Whilst, The austenitic structure is a Face centered cubic structure and the carbon atoms are diffused as the cooling time increases. Actually, what you said was the other way around, Quenching result in the retention of the impurity (C) atoms within the austenitic microstructure, while slow cooling results in the escaping of carbon atoms. Martensite is a metastable state formed by ordered arrangement of atoms, when diffusion does not occur.
Some of the most famous alloys: stainless steel, brass, and pewter! Excellent discussion on lattices, Professor Dave. The engineer and materials scientist in me was glowing!
That is something ideal but in reality because of a phenomenon called "ElectroMigration" just a very small amount of impurity like 0.2wt% will extend the lifetime of electric connectors in microelectronics But you are right about big cables that EM is negligible and pure is preferred but to amount that purification costs allows us to use.
What I'm wondering is how does the alloying process work? Is it instant? Do you need to stir the molten metals to dissolve it? (like sugar in tea) I'm thinking maybe its like soldering, where the lead is pulled towards the copper wire, maybe as soon as the metal melts, it self distributes. Or, if you don't stir the metal, will it result in a unevenly mixed alloy?
If only steel manufacturers would code alloys in such a simple and intuitive manner... A few days ago I spent almost 2 hours browsing the differences between a bunch of tool steel types, found out there are multiple coding systems for pretty much the same thing depending on country and manufacturer and some of those are mindbogglingly convoluted and counterintuitive, I got the distinct feeling they do that on purpose to confuse people who want to find out more about the quality of a certain product.
My HS teacher gave us a trick to figure out brass and bronze. You know one has zinc and one has tin. But which one? Well, bronze has "nz" in its name which stands for "no zinc". Then I go to college and realize there are countless alloys of brass and bronze.
Yep, there are literally thousands of alloy compositions which is part of the reason why metallurgy is such a complex subject. Sadly a dying pure discipline compared to 30+ years ago when I studied it.
Professor I have a quesiton, what's the differences between cast iron and steel rather than %C content?.Both of them ferrous alloys and iron is the main component in them
I am trying to science my enchanted metals for the science fantasy I am writing. Magic is essentially a consciousness-changing reality but some metals "conduct" this better than others. Aluminum will be the "super-conductor" that would be top tier mage-metal. I was thinking that mercury could be "quicksilver" but gallium looks better. I am thinking that would be some sort of alloy but not sure what would be a good alloy with gallium or mercury that would make "quicksilver". Then I would use "Nordic gold" as a magic metal, but I would rename it to "High Bronze" and if gold was added it would be "True Gold". I am thinking that "True Sliver" would be a Sliver alloy of tin, platinum, and Aluminum. I think that "True Gold" is a possible alloy but don't know about the others. Any resource that I could use that would help me with this? The Superconductors are Aluminum and Gallium. The normal metals that are enchantable are iron, cobalt, nickel, and copper, they have plausible enchantablity, and the good but not perfect would be the platinum group metals, Rhodium, Palladium, Silver, Iridium, Platinum, and Gold. Brass and Bronze are enchantable and are good for certain things but zinc and tin do nothing on their own. Brass of course is good for the sound type of enchantments and allows the "Deus Machina" to talk. "Deus Machina" will be the term I will use that would have machines that use magic and magic spells to operate. Magic on its own would be a technology in this world. And gems with Aluminium or with the other mentioned metals would be either mana stones, they are magic batteries, or they will hold spells and convert magic into the desired spell. So the "Deus Machina" will be themed with Brass, Bronze, Gold, and gem elements for them to function. Spell work would be like a programming language when written to scrollwork or gem "grimoire". If you have any possible resources on alloys that work and I can make magical, or gems of certain types of chemistries that would be a big help.
You think just mixing the elements is a 'dark art'. Look at things like heating it up to the point where the lattice shifts, then rapidly cooling to 'lock' in that lattice. Or 'work-hardening' and all the rest. Getting the mixture right is only the first step.
@@mikefochtman7164 alloys are really hard to predict. That is what makes them a dark art - something not well understood, mysterious etc. We do not really have good models to predict the properties of alloys. Heat / cryo treatment, on the other hand, is not easy either, but less mysterious and better understood.
I also need to add David Porter's "phase transformation in metals and alloys" to further reading about why different alloys with small difference in composition act significantly different.
Isn't Pewter An Alloy Of Zinc And LEAD?! -And What About "Stainless" Steel?-Lead Is Infused Into A Steel Alloy To Keep It Rust-Free, But Also Non-Magnetic.
Pewter as definined in the video is correct. Stainless steel is iron + carbon + at least 11% chromium (i.e. at least enough to make the steel "rust-proof"). Whether the stainless steel is magnetic depends on how the groups of atoms are arranged, or the crystal structure.
Modern pewter is as described in the video, older pewters (like in the 18th century) were often alloys involving lead and tin. Pewter is of one of those words that can refer to several things depending on the time period and context.
There are few types and grades of stainless steel some are Austenitic (non magnetic such as 3xx grades) and some are ferritic (magnetic such as 4xx grades) there is a transition temperature that ferrite will transform into Austenite، and Nickel additive can lower that temperature so you will have stable Austenitic phase in even sub zero temperatures with 8wt% Ni Also Austenitic phase is more formable
i love your videos i love your cosplay is super cool and you should probably not stop posting cuz im feeling lonely and i wish i could know what its like to be a cool sigma on a monday, maybe
Came in here expecting some Allomancy info from Mistborn and am disappointedthat it's just actual educational content. Now how am I going to find out what the 11th metal is!?!
Small correction: bronze is everything with the main metal being copper, so brass is a form of Bronze as well as for example copper with aluminium. Tin bronze is of course the most common kind of bronze.
Depending on the method of refining the ore, it usually comes from coal or charcoal. Either as co from the combustion of the fuel source, or directly added after the iron is melted. Carbon naturally will migrate into steel heated above its critical temperate in a carbon rich environment, but it gives a more consistant composition If added when melted.
Steelmaking with coal is less popular due to the pollution it produces Carbon is something always present They can enter by intentionally added coke OR just as a contamination of Graphite electrodes in arc furnace Also in Midrex method of steelmaking H2 and CO gasses will enter the chamber and that CO also can produce Carbon through Boudouard reaction
And exactly how they are made is another fascinating subject. Steel, besides having so many variations in composition, can be made to vary a lot just by how it is heated and cooled. Tempering, hot quenching, hot-working and cold-working are some examples. A whole career can be made studying just 'steel'.
I'm assuming that's something to do with how much time you're giving the interstitial atoms to settle into the lattice structure as it cools. I don't know anything about metallurgy, but an educated guess based on my chemistry background would be that steel that has not been quenched has the interstitial atoms in a more orderly arrangement than steel that has been quenched, where they may retain some of the chaos of the molten or semi-molten state. I presume, therfore, that quenched steel is less malleable, but more brittle than unquenched steel, and steel that has been worked while hot, such as a tempered blade, will be highly resilient to shattering, but be much softer than a typical steel of a comparable carbon content.
But, like I said, I don't know anything for sure, so I'd love it if a metallurgist or blacksmith could come in and educate us.
@@RaunienTheFirst Being a Metallurgist and a researcher whos working on alloy design and development. I'd say your assumption is pretty much accurate. What happens is that, when we heat the steal to the range of 723-912 degrees (usually), this steel retains an austenitic microstructure, However, If we quench it, or rapidly cool it from this temperature range, It turns to martensite, Which is a meta stable state and the hardest steel structure that exists having a needle-like morphology. While Austenite structure will be retained if you prefer furnace cooling which is very slow. What happens is that, When you quench the austenite from high temperature, the carbon atoms donot get time to diffuse and gets retained within the microstructure, resulting in a hard and brittle form of steel namely martensite possessing a Body centered cubic BCC structure, Whilst, The austenitic structure is a Face centered cubic structure and the carbon atoms are diffused as the cooling time increases. Actually, what you said was the other way around, Quenching result in the retention of the impurity (C) atoms within the austenitic microstructure, while slow cooling results in the escaping of carbon atoms. Martensite is a metastable state formed by ordered arrangement of atoms, when diffusion does not occur.
@@SyedMuhammadHamzaIftikhar YAP YAP YAP
Some of the most famous alloys: stainless steel, brass, and pewter! Excellent discussion on lattices, Professor Dave. The engineer and materials scientist in me was glowing!
No mention of Bronze?
@@dongiovanni4331 Indeed. There was a Bronze Age, after all! I didn't mention bronze because it's a third-rate metal. 😆
But if you get into BCC, FCC, BCT, HCP, dislocations, stacking faults, etc, poor Dave would be here for weeks! ;-)
Steel all by itself is an alloy, doesn't need to be stainless.
@@Typexviiib True, although I suspect most people probably think of stainless steel when they think of "steel alloys."
Minor point, electrical wiring tends to be as pure copper as realistic for the application as alloys typically have higher resistance
That is something ideal but in reality because of a phenomenon called "ElectroMigration" just a very small amount of impurity like 0.2wt% will extend the lifetime of electric connectors in microelectronics
But you are right about big cables that EM is negligible and pure is preferred but to amount that purification costs allows us to use.
@@zosx3878 stop yappin boy
As a retired Master jeweler/goldsmith and having made my own solders and tools of course I find this subject interesting. Thank you for the memories.
What I'm wondering is how does the alloying process work? Is it instant? Do you need to stir the molten metals to dissolve it? (like sugar in tea) I'm thinking maybe its like soldering, where the lead is pulled towards the copper wire, maybe as soon as the metal melts, it self distributes. Or, if you don't stir the metal, will it result in a unevenly mixed alloy?
Yeahhhh professor Dave! Science!
Yeah
yeah science
If only steel manufacturers would code alloys in such a simple and intuitive manner... A few days ago I spent almost 2 hours browsing the differences between a bunch of tool steel types, found out there are multiple coding systems for pretty much the same thing depending on country and manufacturer and some of those are mindbogglingly convoluted and counterintuitive, I got the distinct feeling they do that on purpose to confuse people who want to find out more about the quality of a certain product.
My HS teacher gave us a trick to figure out brass and bronze. You know one has zinc and one has tin. But which one? Well, bronze has "nz" in its name which stands for "no zinc". Then I go to college and realize there are countless alloys of brass and bronze.
Yep, there are literally thousands of alloy compositions which is part of the reason why metallurgy is such a complex subject. Sadly a dying pure discipline compared to 30+ years ago when I studied it.
Damn, does it pay well?
Thank you for still making these videos despite your conspiracy debunking videos getting 100x the views
We really appreciate it
big thank to you Professor Dave this play list save my time to remember the basic , I prepare now to master test wish me luck
good luckkkkk
I DID actually need this, thanks.
hello.thanks sir.
is general chemistry playlist finished now?
Perhaps, perhaps not! We shall see.
@@ProfessorDaveExplains thanks for replying.
what about math playlist and physics?
I'm sorry for asking too much🙏
Both of those should continue at some point.
procrastinating my real homework (writing a paper about vocabulary interventions) so I could watch this
how the hell are you making it to MY recommended??? my science teacher watched 2 of your videos and now im getting your videos in recommended
U are better then my science teacher 😂,thanks 😊
Professor I have a quesiton, what's the differences between cast iron and steel rather than %C content?.Both of them ferrous alloys and iron is the main component in them
loved that, I was looking for this. thanks
I am trying to science my enchanted metals for the science fantasy I am writing. Magic is essentially a consciousness-changing reality but some metals "conduct" this better than others. Aluminum will be the "super-conductor" that would be top tier mage-metal. I was thinking that mercury could be "quicksilver" but gallium looks better. I am thinking that would be some sort of alloy but not sure what would be a good alloy with gallium or mercury that would make "quicksilver". Then I would use "Nordic gold" as a magic metal, but I would rename it to "High Bronze" and if gold was added it would be "True Gold". I am thinking that "True Sliver" would be a Sliver alloy of tin, platinum, and Aluminum. I think that "True Gold" is a possible alloy but don't know about the others. Any resource that I could use that would help me with this?
The Superconductors are Aluminum and Gallium. The normal metals that are enchantable are iron, cobalt, nickel, and copper, they have plausible enchantablity, and the good but not perfect would be the platinum group metals, Rhodium, Palladium, Silver, Iridium, Platinum, and Gold.
Brass and Bronze are enchantable and are good for certain things but zinc and tin do nothing on their own. Brass of course is good for the sound type of enchantments and allows the "Deus Machina" to talk. "Deus Machina" will be the term I will use that would have machines that use magic and magic spells to operate. Magic on its own would be a technology in this world. And gems with Aluminium or with the other mentioned metals would be either mana stones, they are magic batteries, or they will hold spells and convert magic into the desired spell. So the "Deus Machina" will be themed with Brass, Bronze, Gold, and gem elements for them to function. Spell work would be like a programming language when written to scrollwork or gem "grimoire". If you have any possible resources on alloys that work and I can make magical, or gems of certain types of chemistries that would be a big help.
Alloys - the Dark Art of Metallurgy
You think just mixing the elements is a 'dark art'. Look at things like heating it up to the point where the lattice shifts, then rapidly cooling to 'lock' in that lattice. Or 'work-hardening' and all the rest. Getting the mixture right is only the first step.
@@mikefochtman7164 alloys are really hard to predict. That is what makes them a dark art - something not well understood, mysterious etc. We do not really have good models to predict the properties of alloys. Heat / cryo treatment, on the other hand, is not easy either, but less mysterious and better understood.
shut up boy
Callister's and Khana's books if you want a really deep material science rabbit hole...
I also need to add David Porter's "phase transformation in metals and alloys" to further reading about why different alloys with small difference in composition act significantly different.
@@zosx3878 Nice!.. I could maybe add some books about heat treating metals... But it's been a while, I'd have to look those up..
3:26 nice emblem you got there XD
Isn't Pewter An Alloy Of Zinc And LEAD?! -And What About "Stainless" Steel?-Lead Is Infused Into A Steel Alloy To Keep It Rust-Free, But Also Non-Magnetic.
Pewter as definined in the video is correct. Stainless steel is iron + carbon + at least 11% chromium (i.e. at least enough to make the steel "rust-proof"). Whether the stainless steel is magnetic depends on how the groups of atoms are arranged, or the crystal structure.
Why would they make Pewter into a tea pot? I never drank our of it because it had an odd smell, but as a teenager I kept my marijuana in it.
Modern pewter is as described in the video, older pewters (like in the 18th century) were often alloys involving lead and tin.
Pewter is of one of those words that can refer to several things depending on the time period and context.
I've not heard of stainless with lead!
There are few types and grades of stainless steel some are Austenitic (non magnetic such as 3xx grades) and some are ferritic (magnetic such as 4xx grades) there is a transition temperature that ferrite will transform into Austenite، and Nickel additive can lower that temperature so you will have stable Austenitic phase in even sub zero temperatures with 8wt% Ni
Also Austenitic phase is more formable
sir what actually do we mean by zeroeth , first , second order reaction in chemical kinetics
Check my kinetics tutorial.
Thank you.
Very nice. Good clip. thanks for sharing.
Thank you! This was interesting!
i love your videos i love your cosplay is super cool and you should probably not stop posting cuz im feeling lonely and i wish i could know what its like to be a cool sigma on a monday, maybe
actually on tuesday if im feeling happy yk 🌝
More Dave is always good for our brains.
Can you make a playlist about materials science?
Came in here expecting some Allomancy info from Mistborn and am disappointedthat it's just actual educational content.
Now how am I going to find out what the 11th metal is!?!
Types and examples? More like "Terrific information that is ample!" Thanks again for making all of these very high-quality videos.
I was surprised to see that statue in video about metals. I live not far from there.
Thnx sir Dave
Could you explain the steel carbon diagram?
greeting from germany :D
Small correction: bronze is everything with the main metal being copper, so brass is a form of Bronze as well as for example copper with aluminium. Tin bronze is of course the most common kind of bronze.
Teacher l want the lesson that related solute and solvent solution so can you help me that lesson
When adding carbon to iron, where does the carbon come from?
Depending on the method of refining the ore, it usually comes from coal or charcoal. Either as co from the combustion of the fuel source, or directly added after the iron is melted. Carbon naturally will migrate into steel heated above its critical temperate in a carbon rich environment, but it gives a more consistant composition If added when melted.
It can come from the Coke used in the blast furnace
Steelmaking with coal is less popular due to the pollution it produces
Carbon is something always present
They can enter by intentionally added coke OR just as a contamination of Graphite electrodes in arc furnace
Also in Midrex method of steelmaking H2 and CO gasses will enter the chamber and that CO also can produce Carbon through Boudouard reaction
fortnite battle card
@@Typexviiib thanks.
Oh my God I have been learning about this for last5 days
Professor I love your videos but I think we are not done. With mathematics plzz elaborate geometry PLS I AM STRUGGLING
If you need help with geometry, visit my geometry tutorials.
@@ProfessorDaveExplains I seen it but there are no concept of similarity triangles there is no talk about Thales theorm and much more
@@ProfessorDaveExplains professor olds work out on maths series I beg you
@@devanshtripathi9314 Have you read books about geometry?
@@altuber99_athlete lot off
Insert appropriate Army Of Darkness quote.
lol
Hi sir where you from
hA? alloys itu kan nama
Yes
In the next episode: stress fields of dislocations, phase diagram and military transformation 😂
Interesting. I struggled with the graphics because I'm colorblind but was a nice vid.
adam sandler
Monument at the end is in Ukraine. What a coincidence.
Yeah, it is a coincidence. That's what the stock clip service had.
@@ProfessorDaveExplains Yes, and the video was posted before the war started anyway. I was just surprised to see it) thank you for your videos ♥️
@@Kalashnikova_Val yap yap yap
first
3:30 Ukraine🇺🇦🇺🇦🇺🇦
Kewl
🌝