How to use phase diagrams and the lever rule to understand metal alloys

Metal alloys are used in many everyday applications ranging from cars to coins. By alloying a metal with another element we can control it's properties and microstructure. This video covers the basic concepts in metal alloys, phase diagrams and the lever rule, to help us understand how a materials properties are changed with varying compositions.
00:00 Introduction
00:12 Why is this important?
02:00 The basic building blocks - The periodic table
03:05 Basic concepts
04:12 What is a phase?
05:23 Complete solid solubility
06:42 Equilibrium phase diagrams for complete solid solubility
08:59 Limited solid solubility
10:01 Limited solid solubility example
10:56 Equilibrium phase diagram for limited solid solubility
12:46 Equilibrium microstructures
13:49 The lever rule
16:32 Lever rule derivation
18:08 Phase diagram example
22:07 Summary
Interested in learning more?
📚I highly recommend the textbook "Material Science and Engineering" by Callister and Rethwisch which you can get here amzn.to/3Ut5Efr (Amazon)
#PhaseDiagrams #Metals #LeverRule
Twitter: / icbillywu
Personal website: www.imperial.ac.uk/people/bill...
About us: www.imperial.ac.uk/design-engi...

[@sollinw]

the best video I ve seen about this theme so far

[@BillyWu]

Thanks. Appreciate the comment

[@rajaryaann]

True

[@someguy7723]

Im torn between just enjoying how simple and well you explain things, and being irrationally angry at my own lecturer for just being so bad at explaining somthing he clearly knows every aspect off...
Great work man, you are a life saver, and saves me from hating material engineering

[@BillyWu]

Thanks. I think material science is a really interesting subject! Can do some much with it

[@bruhxd9209]

My god i relate

[@makego]

I feel ya. This was the case for my calculus classes. The rambling professor was not only the instructor but had also written our relatively impenetrable textbook. One of my classmates quipped, "He knows what he's doing; he just can't tell you about it!"

[@terrycheng4094]

Same thoughts bro. This guy is just too good compare to my lecturer.

[@cooperjio1917]

Thank you Mr. Billy Wu, you really helped me understand this topic. You explained everything so clearly!

[@BillyWu]

Glad it helped

[@dominikgoluch6559]

Thank you so much! I watched so many videos in an attempt to understand this and you explained it so well, thank you so much.

[@BillyWu]

Glad it was helpful!

[@billminckler6550]

So well done. Helping us to understand how temperature affects materials. THANK YOU!

[@BillyWu]

Glad it was helpful!

[@rahulmenon-jt6pb]

Thank you so much. I never had proper clarity about this while pursuing my engineering degree. Now I do! All thanks to you!

[@BillyWu]

Glad it helped!

[@trade_perfectionist2235]

Sir plz make video on making phase diagram from cooling curves, this video was truly fantastic.

[@joeywang9978]

Thank you so much from KCL next door. You have explained one of the most difficult topic in materials so wonderfully and explicitly!

[@BillyWu]

Thanks and glad it was helpful

[@vinitaahuja2486]

This is wonderful. Explained very well and in very simplified manner. Thank you .!! :)

[@BillyWu]

Thanks. Glad to hear you found it useful

[@satrioesar7151]

Great explanation, thank you sir for making this video. I'll watch the other one for sure.

[@BillyWu]

Thanks

[@reinholdburchardt4581]

Wonderful explanation, and thankfully so detailed that one is not left with any open questions remaining at the end! Thank you!

[@BillyWu]

Glad you found it useful :)

[@JZ1917]

Superb material!
Thank you for making this.

[@BillyWu]

Glad to hear it was helpful

[@user-ot5wg9tl7y]

Thank you Sir for the systematic explanation. Best wishes for you

[@BillyWu]

Thanks. Glad to hear it helped

[@agusrcas3448]

Very useful video, made ut easy and accesible what some professors make complicated for no reason.

[@BillyWu]

Glad to hear you found it useful

[@cymbalsalvation1427]

Really great video thank you for making and sharing. Best wishes.

[@BillyWu]

Many thanks :)

[@simrannahar8262]

This is the best materials science video ever made

[@BillyWu]

Thankssss

[@rodrigojesus8961]

Thank you very much, this helped light years of work, it is so well explained, thank you my friend

[@BillyWu]

Glad it helped

[@bekhruznuraliev4431]

thank you for such a detailed explanation

[@BillyWu]

Glad it was helpful!

[@michaelmuiruri3623]

Very informative and good explanation simple and clear kudos.

[@BillyWu]

Glad it was helpful!

[@rahulpanditpwwale8070]

This is literally amazing video thanks for making this video

[@BillyWu]

Glad to hear it was useful

[@debu326]

Phase diagram is very easy now for me sir, thank you very much for making this video.

[@BillyWu]

Glad it was helpful

[@Steynkasegwe]

Well compiled and explained thank you

[@BillyWu]

Glad it was helpful!

[@pradgadagkar8557]

Loved ur lecture and ur style supported by suitable sketches. Excellent. I am a lecturer myself. Shall adopt ur style soon.🙏

[@BillyWu]

Thanks!

[@lachlantate2379]

Very helpful thank you!

[@BillyWu]

Glad it was helpful!

[@davidcorrea1663]

Thank you so much! Very useful.

[@BillyWu]

Glad it was helpful!

[@sunmichoi6888]

Thank you so much!!

[@izyhew1081]

Sir,may i know how to calculate lever rule if the mass of unknown liquids are given without molar mass for temperature-composition phase diagram?

[@rajeevmech9]

simple and informative

[@BillyWu]

Glad it was helpful!

[@alikhaled844]

Very helpful thank you very much

[@BillyWu]

Glad you found it useful

[@AryanBhole563]

Thank you sir.

[@BillyWu]

Glad you found it useful

[@joshtargo6834]

might use this to help teach my materials course. thanks.

[@BillyWu]

Glad to hear it's helpful Josh

[@oluwatosinoseni5413]

Wonderful explanation

[@BillyWu]

Thanks

[@ramamanikanta2223]

Very good

[@azz650]

Amazing explanation

[@BillyWu]

Thanks. Glad it was helpful

[@thedazzlingape2006]

one reason I heard nordic gold was used for coins is because it is a hellish material to diy, it has an insane oxidazation and slag build up which makes cleanly casting it a very fickle and near impossible task, without some proper machinery and setups.
so think of it like this: "if you make a perfect 50cent coin mold, it would take you atleast 5 50cent coins to have 1 successful 50cent coin. because most of the alloy would turn into slag/crud/oxidated-sponge-mass"

[@BillyWu]

Great insight

[@user-go3es3qp3l]

Excelent video

[@BillyWu]

Thanks

[@kucingputih2649]

Thankyou so much for explaining it. May I ask what if we have 3 different metals. How is the graph gonna be?

[@BillyWu]

Thanks. Glad to hear you found it useful. As you go to more elements the graph does become a bit more messy. If you search for ternary phase diagrams you can see some examples of the presentation of 3 element systems.

[@kucingputih2649]

@@BillyWu I appreciate your response. I'll definitely check out ternary phase diagrams.

[@saltman4935]

amazing my professor should learn to teach like this

[@BillyWu]

Thanks :)

[@adrianholguin1988]

Thanks

[@Billybutcher31]

Thanks 🙏

[@BillyWu]

Glad to hear it was useful

[@micas9206]

Hello, Thank you so much for this video!!! It helped clarify so much that I missed in lectures.
Could you clarify or provide a source that explains why we can use the lever rule to help us find out the wt% compositions of each phase? 19:08

[@BillyWu]

Thanks. I have a separate video where I go though the full derivation for the lever rule which can be found here (th-cam.com/video/eWs6Sv4S7yU/w-d-xo.htmlsi=8BixPQrt0foTLhkp). In terms of good source, I recommend Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction by Callister

[@santhoshvenkat7356]

Please do more videos , you are a simplified teacher...!

[@gravnine]

rude

[@katetakoronou]

bless you

[@BillyWu]

Hope you found it useful

[@bijayanshrestha2459]

Hello sir, at 17:29 when Mn/M = X/100, why did you divide by 100?
thank you

[@BillyWu]

Good question. M_N is the mass of nickel and M is the total mass of the alloy. M_N/M is therefore the mass fraction of nickel in the alloy expressed as a fraction. X we define as the percentage composition of nickel in the alloy and thus the division by 100 is to convert the percentage amount to a fractional amount.

[@yigitcanbaysal824]

Hi professor I have a question here about driving force. Why does driving force increases as temperature differrence is increasing ? If we have large supercooling , for example, we have _many nucleis, small crystals ,rapid nucleation rate_ .But for small supercooling we have opposites. I wonder why it is like that?

[@BillyWu]

Temperature is a key parameter in controlling metal properties. Under slow cooling rates, atoms have sufficient time to move to where they thermodynamically want to be, allowing for the formation of larger crystals and more ductile metals. For faster cooling you get many nucleation sites resulting in smaller crystals. The finer grains tend to increase strength but reduce ductility

[@ibrahimirungu6908]

❤❤

[@vikaspanchal7564]

Can you please share ppt?

[@Feed_Science]

why melting point for eutectic composition is lower than eighter of the elements

[@CH_name258]

10:00 two phase alloys

[@abdelaziztaleb5602]

graphe du Fer-carbone pour les fontes GL/GS

[@rumely7232]

love

[@BillyWu]

Hope you found it useful

[@amruazam4614]

Unikl hadir

[@YXu-kw8me]

like I am taking lecture hhh