Oh man, when I was a freshman in college the Grants came to give a talk at my school. I was lucky enough to get to hang out with them a little after and chat with them about their work and they were some of the nicest people I have ever met. Also, cutest couple ever!
Hank, sometimes I think about how much better you are at talking and teaching than you were in 2007. Congratulations on your hard work and success over these past years!
Yes. The best example I can think of is the horse. They started off as small doglike animals that had more "pawlike" feet, but as forests gave way to grasslands in the Paleocene, the ones that survived best were those that were bigger and faster. The multiple toes on their feet slowly disappeared and only the middle digit remained as it grew larger through time, and ended up becoming the hoof that we are familiar with.
I like the fact that the previous video on the principles of natural selection didn't get much irate religious warfare but this video, which is in effect the conclusion to the principles in that video, does. That's interesting.
xXsakkelaoXx Male tigons and ligers are sterile, but female hybrids can produce cubs. Guess who was the father of that cub? A lion. Hence the classification as "Liliger" and not "Liger". Short: Ligers cannot produce ligers.
This video got more backlash from religious people than the previous video, because religious people agree that natural selection happens, but disagree that natural selection creates new types of animals. Or in other words, natural selection is adaptation, but adaptation is not evolution.
"Well, we're a specific type of animal called a primate" Thank you, I absolutely HATE when people say humans aren't animals (and primates) Like, if humans weren't animals what are they? plants? rocks?
Having an uncommon name like "Daphne", I normally don't have my name used in text book examples and on worksheets. This is why whenever Hank said "Daphne Major", I slapped my chest and fell back in class. We watched his next video on Natural Selection right after this one, and the same thing happened. Hank says my name again. Thank you for making me feel special, Hank😂
I am taking a crash coarse doing earning my associates degree online, and crash coarse biology has been a great help, I don't have time to read four chapters of text each week. After watching Hanks videos I walk away with a better understanding.
I have to say, I am quite heartened by the fact that people want to learn, rather than just take whatever is shoved down their throats and accept it as true. You are the kind of person that prevents me from hating all creationists, and I want to thank you for that.
Hello Hank, I have a question. Would the moth incident in London during the industrial revolution count as sympatric speciation? Thanks, Kartik PS: I enjoy watching your videos and really like the humorous parts. Keep on making videos!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! You are really awesome. Thanks
I love these. Its a great excuse to watch youtube videos because all of this stuff is relavent to my exam in two weeks. And they are way more intesesting than a grey textbook :)
Hank, you said that the horse-donkey cross and the lion-tiger cross produced hybrids that are infertile. Does this occur to all "hybrids"? Because, later in the video, you read about the ground finch-cactus finch cross that produces a hybrid yet they are capable of reproduction. Is there a separate word used for crosses of two species that produce fertile offspring or no - they are also just referred to as hybrids?
It's simple once you know about it, but it's not an easy conclusion to draw individually. We've only thought about life this way for the last 150ish years... I can understand why people don't get it. Some male insects have, well..., intromitent organs (penises) that only fit certain female insects, and this is how they form different species. It's called mechanical isolation. But I just don't get how an insect would have a random mutation that changes his * ahem *-shape, that he'd be lucky enough to find a lady insect with a complementary 'area' (even though he's got a random mutation), and that there'd be enough new insects produced carrying the mutation to form a new species. It just doesn't make much sense to me, I would have thought that having a reproductive organ that isn't complementary to your species wouldn't be at all beneficial, and the mutation would be lost when the insect dies. Just my opinion. I'm not religious, but I think some people ignore the holes and loose ends of evolution in order to stay secular, which is pretty unscientific.
Speciation does not support evolution as it is an example of stasis and stasis is the exact opposite of evolution. For ex. over 200,000 species of beetles are all still beetles. There are thousands upon thousands of species of birds, bees, lizards, trees, bacteria, trees, yeast, flowers, whatever. If a new species develops within any groups at all, you can bet your bottom science dollar that it will still be just a beetle, bee, bacteria, tree, fish, or whatever. . We are supposed to fill in the blanks here with...faith...and think, "Well! If a new species develops then things just keep evolving and evolving from there on." But the next step above a species, in the Animal or Plant Kingdom, is a Family. We aren't seeing any new Families forming. Anywhere. Ever. According to Darwin's so called Tree of Life and peer reviewed evolutionary literature, new Families have evolved. Over and over and over. . However, nature operates today as it did in the past. In the real world, with trillions of life forms around us, we never see anything developing above the level of a new species. Those life forms out there have purportedly had eons and eons of ancestors preceding them which should be revealing at least one example of a part this Family "transitioning" to be a part that of another Family. . But we only see that in the purely theoretical, unverifiable, ancient past, in the realm of evolutionary literature, and never in any life around us. If there is no evidence for transitions from one Family to another - and please provide data if you know of any such evidence in the observable and not theoretical realm - then there is no evidence for evolution. And that's just for starters on how evolutionism defies real science. . You are not a goo through the zoo to you update. You have a Heavenly Father Who made you in HIS image and likeness. He loves you and wants you to know Him, and to love Him, too.
Lorica Lass I've already caught you contradicting yourself in another YT forum (the Ken Miller video, you should check your replies). Evolutionary theory is simply a highly statistically accurate explanation that has descriptive and predictive power (as all scientific theories should) and it has nothing to say about whether there's an afterlife, because it's just a *process*. Why not just say god did it?
There is a noticable change in Hank's overall approach to narrating in this video than in the previous videos. I like it. He seems a little less quirky and more confident. I would love to know he got coaching, or had a life change.
no. oh no. i need more videos. our ap bio test is tomorrow! i don't know ecology and that's a majority of the test!! >.< but i seriously can't thank you enough. you have taught me more in these videos than my teacher has all year -__- good luck to everyone else taking the ap bio test tomorrow!
If fertile offspring are produced by two separate species, are they really separate? I'm thinking of the grolar/pizzly bear, which we know to be fertile. Does that mean that grizzlies and polar bears are still really the same species, or is there more to it than that?
They are the same species only if they interbreed fertile offspring in nature. Grizzly Bears and Polar Bears are both geographically isolated from one another and would like have different behaviors that would keep them from wanted to shack up. Since their offspring are fertile it's likely Grizzlies and Polar Bears are an end result of allopatric speciation.
@frozenheat90 I'm glad we can all come together and learn about what causes speciation in an environment full of understanding folks such as yourselves. Thanks for your contribution to TH-cam, vlogbrothers, and the crashcourse biology community!
I love this subject, learned about it in Animal behavior and Evolution classes. The Grants wrote a book about their work, I think its called "Beak of the Finch".
I love that slightly hysterical note in Hank's accent adding even more to somewhat mumbling-cowboy accent sometimes, which makes him totally convincing during declaration of the long science terms and laws of our world.
Mole Conversions Worksheet 1. How many moles of magnesium is 3.01 x 1022 atoms of magnesium? 0.05 moles 2. How many molecules are there in 4.00 moles of glucose, C6H12O6? 2.408 x 1024 3. How many moles are 1.20 x 1025 atoms of phosphorous? 19.93 moles 4. How many atoms are in 0.750 moles of zinc? 4.515 x 1023 5. How many molecules are in 0.400 moles of dinitrogen pentoxide? 2.408 x 1023 11. Find the mass in grams of 2.00 x 1023 molecules of C10H15O (called penguinone because its structure looks like a penguin). 50.17 g 12. Determine the mass, in grams, of 2.6 moles of angelic acid, C5H8O2. 260 g 13. Find the mass, in grams, of 1.00 x 1023 molecules of N2.
My 10 year old niece came to me and didn't understand how Evolution works and she wasn't sure if it was real or not. So I showed her this video, and by the end of it she understood how Evolution worked and understood that it was real.
This guy should have his own show!!! his way of explaining details of the diferent kind of selection is fucking simple aaaand funny!! keep it up man ;)
we watched this on science and I go 'it's hank!' and everyone looked at me... then after the video I asked miss about something and I said 'what did Hank say about that?' and she was like 'I love how you use his actual name!' I then felt the need to explain that he has vlogbrothers and I watch him... it was a good lesson.
i was checking wikipedia about ligers and i saw this- According to Wild Cats of the World (1975) by C. A. W. Guggisberg, ligers and tigons were long thought to be sterile; however, in 1943, a fifteen-year-old hybrid between a lion and an 'Island' tiger was successfully mated with a lion at the Munich Hellabrunn Zoo. The female cub, though of delicate health, was raised to adulthood.
Where is CrashCourse based? I recognize the fish (and building behind) in the intro to this video -- they are in my hometown, just on the banks of the Clark Fork River. Curious who develops Crash Course.
Biggest plot twist ever: the greyhound is named Lemon, not the yellow corgi
ikr
yeah lol
Wha?????
I actually looked away for a minute when he said "HEY PAY ATTENTION", so it actually made me jump
A.P. Bio exam tomorrow. This is more like cramcourse.
Well...did you pass?
Tyler Snow lmao no don't cram kids... But I didn't get a 1! only 1 kid passed the exam
Lauren The Vegan LITERALLY SAME RN
OMG I'm not the only one that care! Thank you!
SAMEEEE
.... I flipped to facebook and spaced out at right about 1:45... where he yells "hey pay attention!".... I thought I was going crazy....
+Victoria Simonetta me too!!! i think he's watching us lol
+Victoria Simonetti I was reading this then spaced out and seconds later heard that lmao
+Victoria Simonetti I was texting when he yelled "hey pay attention"
+Victoria Simonetti Me too
+Victoria Simonetti OMG!! I so was drifting off. DWLROFL!! That was creepy!!
Oh man, when I was a freshman in college the Grants came to give a talk at my school. I was lucky enough to get to hang out with them a little after and chat with them about their work and they were some of the nicest people I have ever met. Also, cutest couple ever!
Hank, can I take you into my exam on Monday?
Too much talking is not allowed in exam .
Sorry
@@belog8412 dang it
No
Josh Cohen lemme do it first then sure
its been 4 years how did the exam go
Hank, sometimes I think about how much better you are at talking and teaching than you were in 2007. Congratulations on your hard work and success over these past years!
Ligers often have short lifespans. There's another tiger/lion mix called a "tigon" which is smaller but have longer lifespans
Ligers have longer lifespans, tigons have shorter lifespans
ligers are HUGE
I think my education would have been much more effective had there been more puppy bribery.
r/nocontext
Maybe you don't belong in institutions of learning if cute dogs is all you care about?
Haha when you yelled "Pay attention" I was staring out the window instead of watching the video :P
:P
Haha so relatable
Not
I was telling my sister to do her work when he yelled. I got a big jumpscare.
@@dheveshananth3940 Oh my goodness. That's a coincidence.
Lol I was scrolling TH-cam
Yes. The best example I can think of is the horse. They started off as small doglike animals that had more "pawlike" feet, but as forests gave way to grasslands in the Paleocene, the ones that survived best were those that were bigger and faster. The multiple toes on their feet slowly disappeared and only the middle digit remained as it grew larger through time, and ended up becoming the hoof that we are familiar with.
I have m biology exam tomorrow and these videos are really helping me not to suck at the subject thanks Hank!!!
Exam tomorrow I see people from years ago with the same struggle good luck to everyone present and future
I like the fact that the previous video on the principles of natural selection didn't get much irate religious warfare but this video, which is in effect the conclusion to the principles in that video, does. That's interesting.
xXsakkelaoXx Male tigons and ligers are sterile, but female hybrids can produce cubs.
Guess who was the father of that cub? A lion. Hence the classification as "Liliger" and not "Liger".
Short: Ligers cannot produce ligers.
John Doe You still don't have a point; ligers are not sterile
This video got more backlash from religious people than the previous video, because religious people agree that natural selection happens, but disagree that natural selection creates new types of animals. Or in other words, natural selection is adaptation, but adaptation is not evolution.
xXsakkelaoXx
You don't know what you're talking about. You don't get ligers from ligers, because the species cannot reproduce.
CaveFreediving Yup, and they are demonstrably wrong.
Lemon, forever immortalized through education
I'd be lying if said I didn't tear up a little on seeing Lemon.
"Well, we're a specific type of animal called a primate" Thank you, I absolutely HATE when people say humans aren't animals (and primates)
Like, if humans weren't animals what are they? plants? rocks?
we are venom
did anyone notice the lone dog running past the screen at 9:00?
Marianne Yang yes!!! I can't believe nobody had said it yet!!!
It was not my dog 😂
just as he said really weird
4:30 I was really expecting that to be followed by “and not the British for ‘hello Patrick’”
I'm studying to be an environmentally biologist and I watch your videos for school and also because they're extremely interesting and awesome! thanks!
Having an uncommon name like "Daphne", I normally don't have my name used in text book examples and on worksheets. This is why whenever Hank said "Daphne Major", I slapped my chest and fell back in class. We watched his next video on Natural Selection right after this one, and the same thing happened. Hank says my name again. Thank you for making me feel special, Hank😂
you are pretty much the only reason I am not failing my biology class. I am insanely thankful to you
Lemon and Abby are the cutest puppies ever!!!!
That immigrant bird had better luck with the local ladies than me.
I am taking a crash coarse doing earning my associates degree online, and crash coarse biology has been a great help, I don't have time to read four chapters of text each week. After watching Hanks videos I walk away with a better understanding.
"The difficulty in the getting it on process"... Lol
My university Ecology teacher recommended these videos to the entire class. They're great!
I have a corgidor! A lab and corgi mix. He's adorable and named Fred.
That's what I plan to call my minotaur.
I have to say, I am quite heartened by the fact that people want to learn, rather than just take whatever is shoved down their throats and accept it as true. You are the kind of person that prevents me from hating all creationists, and I want to thank you for that.
I havent watched CrashCourse in a while so when my teacher pulled this up in class today it was a wonderful suprise!! Thank you for all that you do :)
I love your channel bro. you pack those boring hour long lectures into mildly entertaining 10 minute clips. preciate ya brah
An Irish wolf hound could have babies with a chihuahua just like how a skitty could have babies with a wailord.
that pokemon reference doe 😂
LOL
i love this man! he takes what I'm learning in your so much more interesting and fun- and everything he goes through goes in. Hes a life saver! Ty!!
“That, my friends, is something giraffes rarely have to deal with.” 😅🦒
Studying for bio finals. In English eventho I'm Finnish. But it's a win-win situation, I learn bio and English at the same time. Yay!
same for me but I'm Brazilian :)
Minäki olen täällä biologian koen takia.
Hello Hank,
I have a question.
Would the moth incident in London during the industrial revolution count as sympatric speciation?
Thanks, Kartik
PS: I enjoy watching your videos and really like the humorous parts. Keep on making videos!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
You are really awesome.
Thanks
We watched this in my bio class and I was so ridiculously excited! Every time we watch a video in that class I'm always hoping its CrashCourse!
Nice haircut Hank.
I love these. Its a great excuse to watch youtube videos because all of this stuff is relavent to my exam in two weeks. And they are way more intesesting than a grey textbook :)
Now that is the most chubbiest corgi I have ever seen.
Oh man, I looked away rght before 1:40 and was surprised when Hank told me to pay attention... xD
Thank you for making these Biology vids! They were a great review for the AP bio test.
This show is now my new study technique for my 10th grade Bio class.
Epic!
i began scrolling through the comments with the video still playing then he goes "HEY PAY ATTENTION" and it felt like I committed a crime
Hank, you said that the horse-donkey cross and the lion-tiger cross produced hybrids that are infertile. Does this occur to all "hybrids"? Because, later in the video, you read about the ground finch-cactus finch cross that produces a hybrid yet they are capable of reproduction. Is there a separate word used for crosses of two species that produce fertile offspring or no - they are also just referred to as hybrids?
This is so helpful for revision :) Thank you Hank!
Thanks for providing an example of recent speciation observed in the wild. Also, you are super adorable, Hank.
You've kept me from failing AP bio. Thank you so much 😂
playing 9:44 in .5 speed sounds like he's hungover and just woke up
A.P. Bio Exam in an hour. I love you.
that is indeed a most awe-inspiring Napoleon Dynamite costume
I don't get how people can't accept this. It's so simple, so beautiful, so obvious. I just don't get it.
Strawmen and misinformation propagated by the religious conmen, that's how.
It's simple once you know about it, but it's not an easy conclusion to draw individually. We've only thought about life this way for the last 150ish years... I can understand why people don't get it. Some male insects have, well..., intromitent organs (penises) that only fit certain female insects, and this is how they form different species. It's called mechanical isolation. But I just don't get how an insect would have a random mutation that changes his * ahem *-shape, that he'd be lucky enough to find a lady insect with a complementary 'area' (even though he's got a random mutation), and that there'd be enough new insects produced carrying the mutation to form a new species. It just doesn't make much sense to me, I would have thought that having a reproductive organ that isn't complementary to your species wouldn't be at all beneficial, and the mutation would be lost when the insect dies. Just my opinion. I'm not religious, but I think some people ignore the holes and loose ends of evolution in order to stay secular, which is pretty unscientific.
That's not a flaw, it's called co-evolution. Look it up.
Speciation does not support evolution as it is an example of stasis and stasis is the exact opposite of evolution. For ex. over 200,000 species of beetles are all still beetles. There are thousands upon thousands of species of birds, bees, lizards, trees, bacteria, trees, yeast, flowers, whatever. If a new species develops within any groups at all, you can bet your bottom science dollar that it will still be just a beetle, bee, bacteria, tree, fish, or whatever.
.
We are supposed to fill in the blanks here with...faith...and think, "Well! If a new species develops then things just keep evolving and evolving from there on." But the next step above a species, in the Animal or Plant Kingdom, is a Family. We aren't seeing any new Families forming. Anywhere. Ever. According to Darwin's so called Tree of Life and peer reviewed evolutionary literature, new Families have evolved. Over and over and over.
.
However, nature operates today as it did in the past. In the real world, with trillions of life forms around us, we never see anything developing above the level of a new species. Those life forms out there have purportedly had eons and eons of ancestors preceding them which should be revealing at least one example of a part this Family "transitioning" to be a part that of another Family.
.
But we only see that in the purely theoretical, unverifiable, ancient past, in the realm of evolutionary literature, and never in any life around us. If there is no evidence for transitions from one Family to another - and please provide data if you know of any such evidence in the observable and not theoretical realm - then there is no evidence for evolution. And that's just for starters on how evolutionism defies real science.
.
You are not a goo through the zoo to you update. You have a Heavenly Father Who made you in HIS image and likeness. He loves you and wants you to know Him, and to love Him, too.
Lorica Lass I've already caught you contradicting yourself in another YT forum (the Ken Miller video, you should check your replies). Evolutionary theory is simply a highly statistically accurate explanation that has descriptive and predictive power (as all scientific theories should) and it has nothing to say about whether there's an afterlife, because it's just a *process*. Why not just say god did it?
There is a noticable change in Hank's overall approach to narrating in this video than in the previous videos. I like it. He seems a little less quirky and more confident. I would love to know he got coaching, or had a life change.
so helpful~ maybe i'll pass my exam now
no. oh no. i need more videos. our ap bio test is tomorrow! i don't know ecology and that's a majority of the test!! >.<
but i seriously can't thank you enough. you have taught me more in these videos than my teacher has all year -__- good luck to everyone else taking the ap bio test tomorrow!
If fertile offspring are produced by two separate species, are they really separate? I'm thinking of the grolar/pizzly bear, which we know to be fertile. Does that mean that grizzlies and polar bears are still really the same species, or is there more to it than that?
They are the same species only if they interbreed fertile offspring in nature. Grizzly Bears and Polar Bears are both geographically isolated from one another and would like have different behaviors that would keep them from wanted to shack up.
Since their offspring are fertile it's likely Grizzlies and Polar Bears are an end result of allopatric speciation.
@frozenheat90 I'm glad we can all come together and learn about what causes speciation in an environment full of understanding folks such as yourselves. Thanks for your contribution to TH-cam, vlogbrothers, and the crashcourse biology community!
When he said HEY PAY ATTENTION! I was looking at my phone in that EXACT moment. This means that Hank wants me to study for my exam
CrashCourse (specifically this guy) has a brilliant way of describing concepts
Am I the only one who looked up what a corgi and greyhound mix looks like?
not anymore
Nope
You guys are the only reason I'm passing AP Bio!
I miss Lemon so much :(
recommended this to my bio teacher he likes crash course heaps and now class is interesting! yay thank you for existing.
"and sweaty animals with sweaty animals" lmao
Awww, that cardigan welsh corgi is the cutest little thing. The greyhound has a sweet face too.
Awesome video, awesome hair!!!!!!! :DDDD
I've watched all your sci shows, and i just notices how awesome the triangles are!
Has to keep a Pembroke Welsh Corgie on a retracting leash, while he keeps the fastest dog species in the world, a Greyhound, on a regular one
I'm so incredibly happy there aren't any creationist comments that refute evolution on a video about evolution
But the greyhound mommies will do just fine!
I love this subject, learned about it in Animal behavior and Evolution classes. The Grants wrote a book about their work, I think its called "Beak of the Finch".
oh god, I'm imagining the baby ripping out of the chihuahua's stomach.
don't put that in my head!!!
I have my semester 2 biology exam in two days and I'm so happy I click this video love u man . u are the man bru I love u
Look at the Corgi
I am forever thankful for this and it helping me to study for my exams.
ligers are not all sterile...look up liligers...
I love that slightly hysterical note in Hank's accent adding even more to somewhat mumbling-cowboy accent sometimes, which makes him totally convincing during declaration of the long science terms and laws of our world.
I had science test tomorrow and this is helping me :)
Great episode and I'll study this in the second part of my biology undergraduate.
"Talk real good."
Well played, Hank.
I wish I found out about your videos back when I was in high school. Things would’ve been much better
9:01 that fluffy doge in the background
Mole Conversions Worksheet
1. How many moles of magnesium is 3.01 x 1022 atoms of magnesium?
0.05 moles
2. How many molecules are there in 4.00 moles of glucose, C6H12O6?
2.408 x 1024
3. How many moles are 1.20 x 1025 atoms of phosphorous?
19.93 moles
4. How many atoms are in 0.750 moles of zinc?
4.515 x 1023
5. How many molecules are in 0.400 moles of dinitrogen pentoxide?
2.408 x 1023
11. Find the mass in grams of 2.00 x 1023 molecules of C10H15O (called penguinone
because its structure looks like a penguin).
50.17 g
12. Determine the mass, in grams, of 2.6 moles of angelic acid, C5H8O2.
260 g
13. Find the mass, in grams, of 1.00 x 1023 molecules of N2.
My 10 year old niece came to me and didn't understand how Evolution works and she wasn't sure if it was real or not. So I showed her this video, and by the end of it she understood how Evolution worked and understood that it was real.
9:00 cute dog running in the background :)
Thanks for helping with my AP Biology summer work CrashCourse!
This guy should have his own show!!! his way of explaining details of the diferent kind of selection is fucking simple aaaand funny!! keep it up man ;)
we watched this on science and I go 'it's hank!' and everyone looked at me... then after the video I asked miss about something and I said 'what did Hank say about that?' and she was like 'I love how you use his actual name!' I then felt the need to explain that he has vlogbrothers and I watch him... it was a good lesson.
Hank has helped me with exams for Bio 112 the night before
Which is what I love about this project and the Nerdfighter community :) DFTBA
am i the only one who thought "cutest invasion ever!" when hank said "the puppies are coming"
This helps out massively with as biology surprisingly i have to go through fill in some smaller gaps
As usual, Hank is brilliant at explaining scientific concepts, as well as being funny and sexy...excellent stuff!
Alevel bio exam tmr😭 This video surely helps!
this is how I study for bio. can't understand anything in lecture, crashcourse saves me
i was checking wikipedia about ligers and i saw this-
According to Wild Cats of the World (1975) by C. A. W. Guggisberg, ligers and tigons were long thought to be sterile; however, in 1943, a fifteen-year-old hybrid between a lion and an 'Island' tiger was successfully mated with a lion at the Munich Hellabrunn Zoo. The female cub, though of delicate health, was raised to adulthood.
thank goodness this was about speciation, so now i don't feel as bad about not studying for my Anthropology exam!!
Thanks for doing this series.
I always love how Hank shows his expressions, especially of disgust. It's adorable. Lol.
Where is CrashCourse based? I recognize the fish (and building behind) in the intro to this video -- they are in my hometown, just on the banks of the Clark Fork River. Curious who develops Crash Course.
Thumbs up for the St. Bernard running around on its own in the background.