Marine Life in Triassic & Jurassic / Why Life Recovered Slowly After Permian Extinction | GEO GIRL
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 2 ก.ค. 2024
- The Triassic and Jurassic periods are the first two periods of the Mesozoic Era that from ~252 to 145 million years ago. Marine life was forever changed after the Great Dying, or the largest mass extinction of all time at the end of the Permian period ~252 million years ago. For example, Fusulinid foraminifera, corals, and trilobites had gone extinct. Rugose and tabulate corals were major reef builders in the Paleozoic Era, before the Mesozoic, but since they went extinct at the end of the Paleozoic, this forced new coral species to take over reef building in the Mesozoic Era, but the recovery of corals in this way took a very long time. In fact, many organisms that recovered after the Great Dying did so very slowly. The slow recovery of organisms after the Great Dying was due to additional mass extinctions in the Early Triassic. These additional extinction events were recorded by the fossil records of ammonoids and conodonts as well as C and O isotopes, and they were caused by global warming and ocean anoxia. But in the mid-Triassic, life was finally able to recover in a more stable climate and environment. Mesozoic marine life included hexocorals (or scleractinians), which became the major reef builders in the Mesozoic and have continued to play this role into the present, echinoids, bivalves, coccolithophores, ammonoids & belemnoids, and many vertebrates. Some of the vertebrates that thrived in the Mesozoic include ray-finned bony fish, sharks, marine reptiles that looked like sea monsters, frogs, and turtles. Unfortunately, at the end of the Triassic period, another mass extinction event occurred, which I talk about here: • Late Triassic Mass Ext...
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0:00 Timing of Triassic & Jurassic
0:52 Major Events in Triassic-Jurassic
2:11 Extinct after the Permian
3:50 Recoveries after the Permian
5:13 3 Mass Extinctions in Early Triassic
6:57 Cause of these Extinctions
10:12 Completely New Reefs
12:04 Modernization of Ocean Floor
12:32 Invention of Chalk
13:26 Predatory Invertbrates
14:22 Fish & Sharks Modernized
15:35 Sea Monsters
17:58 Croccodiles
18:30 Frogs & Turtles
19:10 Another Mass Extinction
20:00 Related Videos & References
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As a pretty invested palaeo-nerd, I assumed I knew quite a lot about most ancient lifeforms but the stuff about corals and coccolithophores is absolutely fascinating, thank you so much for this great content.
I love turtles too. Every year in the spring, I like to go to Pond Mills (a region in my city), and help the turtles get across the road safely. They go to and from the 600 acres of "kettle" ponds, and other natural wetlands in the area. To do so often requires crossing roads that can be 2 to 5 lanes wide. I'm not the only one that does it either, a lot of folks that live in that area do the same thing.
You just pick them up by the edge of their shell, midway between the legs on either side, carry them to the grass on the other side, and put them down facing the *same* direction they were going when you picked them up. It does help to learn the difference between various turtles, like Painted and Snapping, before you go out. A snapping turtle can take a finger off you. Around here, snappers have a sort of peak in the center of the shell behind their head.
I love that this happens, because I and my friends will always stop to help an animal in need. As a teen we found a large rat snake or Michigan queen just coiled up in the center of a lane. We secured the area and guided her somewhere not tire bound!
@@TheRexisFern nice, good job. Snakes make me a bit nervous, I'd still rather find a way to get it out of danger though. I've helped families of ducks and geese get over curbs too. Canada geese are not appreciative of the help though, so you usually just try and slide a board the hatchings can walk up close, and run for your life from mom or dad. They usually don't chase you more than 10 or 15 meters, but in that time, you have a clear understanding of fear :)
Why does this feel like such a privilege to be tutored by a veritable Professor without incurring the crippling debt of a student loan? Ooh, I know! I know! **raises hand** Because it is!!!
Haha I am so glad you feel I am providing you valuable information
This is exactly how I feel too.
Geo girl. You have taught this 67 year old hobby geologist more through your your amazing videos than 20 years of trying to pick up clues here and there. Thanks to you I am now very comfortable with all of the concepts of who lived when and where, what the earth was doing at the time, and what to look for on our Ordovician rockface at our farm. You are extremely good at what you are doing. Many thanks!!!!
Wow this comment made my day, thank you so much for the kind words! I am so glad my videos have helped you that much ;D
I have learned to accept the loss of trilobites now that I've realized isopods are basically doing the same thing, only they're also on land.
Nicely done Rachel! Indeed it appears to be that extinction is the rule and survival the exception. I’ve really enjoyed all your lectures on extinctions. They can be viewed as major evolutionary downers but, in actuality, they seem to also lead to better things to come. Nature is beautiful and never ceases to astound me.
Couldn't agree more, there is a negative connotation associated with the word 'extinction' but I think it is just as much a positive thing as it is negative, at least in the aftermath :)
I enjoy your vids! Listening to you while grilling on the patio. Have a great weekend!
Paleozoic reefs are often shown in dull brown colours. But we have no idea... Maybe they were as colourful as modern corals, despite being from completely different orders.
The early history of this planet and of life is fascinating.
I couldn't agree more ;)
Very informative, so impressive. In retrospect, that was a fantastic moment in which frogs & turtles (without detailed histories of their evolution), (gigantic) reptiles in the sea & a dawn of dinos, full of intriguing episodes there!
Bringing invertebrates to the spotlight is prowess of this video (as usual). Personally, the well-known symbiosis of coral & algae surprised me, as ignorantly they might've had a much longer history. Great Excitement!
Yes! Invertebrates are so important and underrated! ;D
Once again, great deep dive packed with details I wouldn't easily get on other natural history channels.
BTW, caught this one 57 seconds after it was published. :)
Woo! 57 seconds that's much quicker than I got here! haha
High quality production value 👏
Always good to see other fellow geologists, keep at it girl 🙌
As soon as I heard sea monsters you had my full attention.
These videos are so damn easy to binge watch. It's just so interesting! Awesome job!!
Thanks so glad you enjoy them! ;D
This really helped me with research for my uni project. Thanks!
Geo Girl has the right stuff! ❤🎉😊
Again, thanks for sharing - really like your earth history vids!
So glad to hear that because I really enjoy making the earth history content! :D
Great video. So much information. Thank you.
Thanks! So glad you liked it ;)
About the fossil of an ichthyosaur giving birth...what is most likely is that a pregnant Ichthyosaur died, sank to the bottom, and the gasses of decomposition forced out the fetus, and then they became preserved like that as a fossil.
Great video I must say...I discovered your channel recently and I am definitely a fan.
Ah, yes that is probably more likely! haha And thanks! I am so happy you like the channel ;D
Another great video, thank you!
Thanks! So glad you enjoyed it ;D
great job
This was great to listen to! Appreciate the look at the ocean side of recovery since so many focus on the land transformations and the reptilian and other groups that radiate forth.
You love turtles, huh? Herp at heart or just turtles?
Excellent video! I was curious if in the future you could cover why ammonites went extinct but nautiloids persisted after the end of the Mesozoic.
What a great video idea! I don't think the books I currently have explain why that is, but I will find one and make it a future video because that sounds like a great video :D Thank you for the idea!
It could have been due to different breeding strategies. Ammonites produced many planktonic larvae and nautiloids lay eggs that produce far fewer but much larger offspring.
@@michaelharper8503 Yes, I think that was 100% part of it! I have been reseraching it for a future video and found that it may have been in part due to their living conditions as well. Nautiloids favored deeper waters and ammonoids shallower waters, leavining ammonoids more susceptible to acid rain conditions characteristic of this extinction event.
Poor trilobites, it'd've been cool to have them around nowadays!
Same!
With enough abundance there would be an entire cuisine built around them. Which eww! I can't stand seafood. :)
@@ArturdeSousaRocha or we would have them for pets!
@@ArturdeSousaRocha I like seafood, but not all of it. Most fish taste wrong but I like shrimps, crab meat, cuttlefish, clamps, and palometa and tuna fish.
@@ArturdeSousaRocha Haha I don't like seafood either haha, I'd rather go with the pet idea ;)
Always interesting to see what kind of "monsters and wee beasties" existed before us in the geological record.... whenever I read about great extinctions, I get this uneasy feeling and hear a far off voice saying, "sure hope we don't have to go through THAT again!", as if every speck of life remembers somehow, and senses the extinctions we're going through NOW...
Thank you kindly for your wonderful videos....cheers!
It would be informative if you produced a video explaining how/why we are now in a sixth/seventh mass extinction today. It would be interesting to know how our modern mass extinction compares or contrasts to the geologic ones. PS, love your content and your style of presentation!
While mass extinctions have been brutal, they have also been one of the main drivers of evolution in the aftermath :)
So TRUE!
❤️nice
Coincidentally, I was just reading about the Rutland Ichthyosaur from about 180 million yrs ago found in January of last year when your video came in. It’s the biggest one found outside the Triassic (a geologically young 180 mya). Skull alone is over 2 m (7 feet) and entire body over 30 ft.
I always like it when various educational sources I’m using overlap to talk about something I’ve recently been reading.
And I didn’t know that the algae-coral symbiosis only evolved in our modern corals, and wasn’t found in the extinct ones. Why didn’t I know that? I’m supposed to know my biology. Sigh. But, still cool!
I didn't know that about corals until I started researching for this video haha! But yes, it is so cool! ;D
Nice video...I like 🐠🐠🐠...
Very nice...👏👏😇😇🐳
So glad! Thank you! ;D
@@GEOGIRL most most welcome...🙂🙂🙂
Using recent advances in genetic-engineering especially with the CRISPR-Cas technology, Rachel, it should be possible to create living Trilobite analogues from genetically-modified Horseshoe Crabs.
Ah but then we are getting into bioethics... Would recreating trilobites be ethical? Also, what other life might it affect? Would it have negative effects? Etc. But don't get me wrong, I absolutely LOVE the idea of bringing back trilobites if possible ;D haha
@@GEOGIRL I didn't say anything about releasing them into the wild but instead have them in a controlled, isolated environment first indoors then outdoors in the wild but in a segregated environment so they can't get loose.
After some time, I had to watch this again and noted that, in 12:27, I heard, "Crabs and mobsters." I listened three times over this passage and it didn't change... Come on, you made this as a deliberate test, to see how attentive we are... ;-D
Nice look..geo girl...
Hmm... so we'll get a heritage/lineage of the turtles video in the future? Steps of evolution shown slide by slide?
That's a GREAT IDEA! Thanks haha! I hope there is a book or papers that will tell me this information so I can make this video!
I love turtles too :3
I've become really interested in your videos thanks! It seems to me your field of study can help inform how mankind might dramatically improve global carbon sequestration to help offset our past and future use of fossil fuels. In your discussion about extinctions and isotope excursions you mentioned that "first to rebuild reefs were sponges & algae". And later coccolithophores and chalk formation. Am I wrong in thinking that reef and chalk production are good sequestration pathways? If you could mobilize a dramatic long-term sequestration effort, what would be your most efficient or best biological pathway choice for doing so (short of causing any new extinctions!)? I don't want to take you sideways here, am just fascinated by the options.
You are absolutely right that reef and chalk production are great C sequestration pathways! Anything with carbonate deposition and burial is great for C sequestration. That's actually one of the ways that large C sequestration research projects are doing it, they spread basalt over large forested areas which gets chemically weathered by rain to increase the pH of the soil system, which favors calcium carbonate deposition. And just like you mention with chalk or carbonate reefs, the C stored in carbonate minerals is a great C sequestration mechanism because it LASTS MILLIONS of years rather than something like trees taking up CO2 which is a short term sequestration mechanism because as soon as the tree dies, it's C is released as it is decomposed. Anyway, what a great question and discussion to have, I also love this topic! Thanks for bringing it up here ;D
@@GEOGIRL Thanks so much for answering, very interesting!
before i watch this one i have a joke for doc geo and everyone - its in british:
‘Ow did the geologist get down the mountain?
'E rode.
😂
also remember - geology rocks, but geography is where it’s at. 😉
It is counterintuitive that heavier oxygen isotopes disproportionately evaporate at high temperatures. Is the mechanism for this well-understood? Or is that my misunderstanding, suggesting that at high temperature *even* the heavier oxygen compounds can evaporate at a greater rate than they would during lower temperatures?
Oh great question! I should've been more clear about this but: it's NOT that more heavy oxygen evaporates in warmer climates than light oxygen. It is that more heavy oxygen evaporates in warmer climates than in cooler climates. The ratio is still mostly light oxygen, but a tiny bit of heavy oxygen is allowed to evaporate with it in warm conditions because the warmth drives stronger evaporation, whereas in cold conditions, evaporation is weak and can only take light oxygen.
This discrepancy leaves the ocean water with a higher ratio of heavy to light oxygen in cold climates and lower ratio of heavy to light oxygen in hot climates (and vice versa for the evaporated water, so clouds, rain & glacial ice, which forms from the rain)
@@GEOGIRL Thanks for the explanation! It is pretty cool how subtle differences in behavior for different isotopes provide us with really useful dating mechanisms.
@@davidniemi6553 Oh yea, I should also mention or clarify that the isotopes I discuss in this video are stable isotopes (so not the type we use for dating). The isotopes we use for dating are called radioactive because they undergo radioactive decay over time (which is why they are useful for dating), whereas stable isotopes do not decay over time and are therefore useful in other ways. For example, the oxygen ratios that I discuss in this video would be meaningless if the isotopes underwent decay, but thankfully since they do not decay we can count on their ratios to have meaning for tracking environmental & climatic changes instead. I hope that makes sense! Maybe that would be a good future video (the difference between radioactive and stable isotopes), I will work on that! ;)
Giant ichthyosaurs and placodonts sprang up like 10 million years after The Great Dying. It didnt recover that slowly. Byt great video either way❤
Hey @GEO GIRL , I have a question. Seeing that there was an age of Amphibians, Reptiles, Fish, and Mammals. I was wondering, was there ever an Age of Birds?
Not that I know of (at least not yet haha). But I guess if there were ever an age of birds it would've been the age of dinosaurs (which is the entire Mesozoic 250-65 million years ago, especially the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods), but of course these were not all ancestors of modern birds, only a subgroup (or multiple subgroups) of dinosaurs became birds, so it wouldn't be entirely accurate to equate this to an 'age of birds' but it's the closest we've come, I believe. Maybe in the future they will rise again ;)
@@GEOGIRL oh ok. I asked that because, I feel like birds don’t get that much attention than other vertebrates when looking back in the past. Maybe one day you could make an entire video about how birds evolve over time and how ancient birds are related to modern ones.
Don't talk any more about the long-gone trilobites. It's too depressing. 😢
Actually, I retract. They had a good run... 100 times longer than humans!
Your videos are great, thanks! I would love to see you "debate" Kent Hovind, i.e. destroy his young Earth creationism lie.
Haha, I try to steer clear of those things... There are some people that are just closed off to other ideas and it only gives them a greater platform by debating them. ;)
@@GEOGIRL Understood 110%! :)
yu are a powerhouse .
Unlike Darwin who predicted an insect that was not known at the time I can predict new minerals that haven't been created yet but can`t get too specific. It stands to reason I guess. Mankind will be responsible for many new minerals that will evolve over time.
If you don't mind, let me suggest that you explain your terminology just a little more. I find myself stopping to figure out "deposition " you might for some that 🤔 is deposits. I read and studio this stuff all my life, if one were less familiar they might get loss. I love your videos don't want you losing viewers
In live on The Chalk Downlands of South East England, it's a gentle country. With global warming becoming a world class viticulture area. The Sparkling White Wines are wonderful.
You've got to take some comforts.
I wonder if Trilobites made good eating?
This channel is amazing! I think I'm in love, lol 🤩😍🥰😂
Yay! So glad you love it ;D
Omg a giving birth fossil?!? How did it die ? That's super interesting
It is very famous, not difficult to find.
@@wafikiri_ cool I'll google it one year when I get time lol
It likely got buried in a rapid burial situation like a turbidity flow (which just means an influx of sediment into an aquatic basin), my guess is it was preserved so well due to rapid burial under such conditions as well as a lack of oxygen and borrowing organisms in the setting so that its preservation was very pristine.
More like 'gave birth post mortem'....
@@GEOGIRL thanks that was exactly the explanation I was after - how did it manage the perfect preservation conditions- turbidity flow - you said sediment, would any be preserved in that rolling ash thing (I can't remember the name) from volcanoes?
Did you read the “context” comment? According to the geniuses at TH-cam, the Permian Extinction was caused by human activity!
Haha Yea, the youtube's ai just automatically puts that disclaimer on every video where I say "climate change" or "global warming" no matter the time period I am talking about 😅
So that’s how we got all of our oil?
If you have fish costum... you also look like jalpari(water queen)...
In Hindi...jalpari=water queen...
Than one new species should note in Book 😆😆😅😅😅😅
😄😄
The Griesbachian is pronounced Greesebakhian. The Dienerian is Deenerian.
Ahhh thank you!
@@GEOGIRL Interestingly though, both name patrons were named Carl: Carl Griesbach and Carl Diener, and both were born in Vienna, Austria.
@@SiqueScarface Woah! That is such a coincidence!
@@GEOGIRL Greetings from Austria. And my name is Karl.
Too much info. Reminds me of being in a classroom lectures at college.
Hahaha that's because it is a college lecture😅I make these lectures for the college geology courses that I teach, and then I put them on yt for students that are studying and what not. I am sorry it seems like too much info, it's just what they need to know for their exams so I have to include it all ;)
@@GEOGIRL How about a Winter Break vid of your black cat?
@@mdb1239 Haha I am sure she'd love that, she loves attention ;)
"United Nations: Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, mainly caused by human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels. "
It is a shame that YT has to POLITICIZE a video discussing climate changes that happened HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS YEARS ago. 🙄
In the end though, that "warning" on a video like this that clearly shows the wild climate variations over time throughout earth's history seems like a "false flag".
I guess it was humans 400, 300, 250, 200, 150 million years ago that caused those extreme fluctuations too.....🙄🙄
Everyone should rest assured, the earth and "life" will survive and rebound even if the temperature continues to rise. We may not be here to appreciate the recovery, but the earth and life WILL recover. We may be spelling our own end, but not the end of the earth or "life" like climate alarmists say.
Could NOT agree more! I absolutely hate it when people say "Save EARTH", becuase Earth will be just fine! We have to save OURSELVES lol
@@aboukirman3508 I have two words for you....."climate change alarmist" - Joey
🤣🤣🤣
Do you remember Obama, how he screamed about climate change and rising sea levels and "equity" etcetc.
Then goes and buys a 15 millions dollor BEACHFRONT house ?? Seems weird doesn't it, I mean since we all are going to drown in 10 years from sea level rise.....
It seems more like the politicians just lie to you, you believe it, then they continue to do whatever they want.
@@wesbaumguardner8829 That is a great point and great question! The issue with the current climate trend is not the amount of CO2 being released and the amount of warming due to that, it is the RATE of release & warming. Even if Earth only warms 1 or 2 degrees C, the rate at which climate is currently warming is faster than any other warming trend in Earth's history. The reason is because humans are able to release CO2 at a faster rate than natural processes (such as respiration & volcanism).
The reason that the rate is important is because life can sometimes have time to evolve or adapt in some way to the change if it is gradual, but if it is as fast as current climate change, life cannot adapt and therefore dies. I hope that makes sense ;)
I’ve complained to them about their stupidity.
HELLO Americans! You can keep Harry and Meghan forever. All we ask in return is to give us geogirl!!!
Hahaha Love this comment ;) Thanks for the support!
Suiiiiiiii
Are you married?