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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 10 ก.พ. 2025
- List of Question Words (what, where, when, why, who, how, which) | European Languages Comparison,
Languages differences for wh questions (what, where, when, why, who, how, which),
Germanic & Slavic & Romance languages comparison for Question Words,
European languages similarity for Question Words,
Learning European Languages,
Language education,
How to say what, where, when, why, who, how and which in English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Romanian, Russian, Turkish, Ukranian, Czech, Hungarian, Greek, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Irish, Finnish, Estonian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Slovak, Slovenian, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Belarusian, Kazakh, Azerbaijani and Georgian?
#language #comparison #education
English, German, Dutch, Luxembourgish W questions
Swedish V
Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic H
French Q
Romanian, Irish C
Bulgarian, Slovenian, Macedonian, Lithuanian, Latvian K
Turkish N
Greek P
Finnish M
Georgian R
English straddles west and north Germanic. The questions are mostly WH, which were derived from Old English HW (hwæt, hwær etc) therefore closer to north Germanic HV.(hvad, hvor, etc).
I know that this is a video about European languages, but the people living in the southeastern region of Turkey speak Kurdish, a language belonging to the Indo-European language family, and especially have similar words with Slavic and Germanic languages. If you choose an ethnolinguistic map instead of a country-based mapping, it will allow for a more detailed study and may be useful in maintaining the continuity of this language against the state-sponsored assimilation policies on the Kurds.
There's the gud ole 5N1K in Turkish (which is definitely pronounced beş ne bir ke; "beş en bir kağa" is NOT a thing!)
Finnish has also K (kuka/ken, kumpi, kuinka=miten). It is interesting how some of those are very similar in Hungarian.
Croatian is based on Štokavo dialect, but islands, Istria and Dalmatia share the ča (cha) for what (shto in litterary) and tko (tko for who)
Kajkavians (mainly Zagreb and Zagorje) instead do use Kaj like Slovenians do, for what, and tko for who.
Funny thing that with "what" in english transkription Ukraine has the longest word (Shcho), but actually in Ukrainian it is just two letters (Що), so it would be the shortest
It's "ščo". Same with Bulgarian: Što -> Що/Šo.
Yeah, English uses "shch" for one sound and German used "scht" (Borscht is Yiddish translation of борщ). We also frequently change "що" to just "шо" (sho).
Ra in Georgian 😀
What is your point? You can make a letter that represents 5, 10, 15 phonemes
@@EUGEN093 no any popular language really using it
Romanian "How" is very interesting..
Quomodo - Quom - Qum - Cum
Wait, what? 😅 ok
Ya ,cum …😂😂😂😂😂
To the beak
Dutch is even better
2:30 In polish often istead of "Dlaczego?" is also used "Czemu?" (read: chemu) which is pretty similiar to ukrainian Chomu (Чому?) and russian Pochemu (Почему?)
We also use "Dlaczemu?" but this is a really colloquial form xd
@@Loukas98PL That sounds kinda weird, because "Dla" in Eastern Slavic languages only used in the sentences where there is a Genitive case, and "czemu" is Dative, so it looks like two different words with two different cases are combined
@@Loukas98PL It's not colloquial, it's a plainly wrong blend word (in Polish: kontaminacja), you shouldn't it.
In russian we also say dlja czego instead pochemu.
"Dlaczego?" похоже на русское "Для чего", что является синонимом слова "Почему" / "Зачем" / "Нахуя"
[2:01] Fun fact: In Azerbaijani language, along with "nə vaxt", the words "nə zaman" (Turkish) and "Haçan" (Kazakh) are also used. But the word "haçan" is used only in public language. There is no such word in the official Azerbaijani language.
Same in Turkish, haçan is not included in official dialect (istanbul turkish) but some regions use it, mainly in black sea area
In Italy we also say "che?" To ask, "what?"
Which is pronounced exactly like the Spanish "qué".
In Turkish there are 3 words for "why": neden, niye, niçin. "Neden" also means reason. Interestingly, not a single one of them is a loan word.
The problem with these maps is that in many cases there are several options for the same word, but only one is shown on the map, and it is chosen arbitrarily. For instance, the Italian word "che" is pronounced exactly like the Spanish "qué" and has the same meaning and etymology, an Italian has no problem understanding that word in other Romance languages, therefore I believe that Italy should be the same colour as France and the Iberian peninsula. I wonder how many imprecisions there are in other languages I am not familiar with
This is not a mistake. Yes, "che" and "qué" come from the same root, it is true, but I used the word "cosa" instead of "che" on the map. And this word is also used in Italian and does not come from the same root as "qué". So I colored it in a different color.
When I started making these maps, I noticed that Italian sometimes differs a little from the other Romance languages. So I try to show these differences on the map. Otherwise, I could have preferred the word "che".
Italian sounds nice and I want to learn it in the future.
@@apollonxyz With all due respect, I do not agree with your explanation. As an Italian native speaker and a professional interpreter and translator, I daresay that you have a wrong impression. Italian "differs" or does not differ from other Romance languages depending on which word you pick. I mean, any Italian who hears "qué" in Spanish UNDERSTANDS THAT IMMEDIATELY. And any Spanish native speaker who hears "che" or "che cosa" in Italian understands immediately. You arbitrarily chose the only option which, WITHOUT A CONTEXT, may make Italian and Spanish look different. Even that, though, is arguable, since "cosa" means "thing" both in Italian and Spanish, and with an interrogative intonation in a context, a Spanish native speaker would guess it, in all likelihood. The whole point of making these maps escapes me: unless you clarify the principles you applied in a rigorous way, it's just a collection of words arbitrarily choses, with indications about the pronunciation and practical use, which serves no purpose
Giusto. Poi, in italiano standard, la sentenza dovrebbe essere "che cosa?". Poi, colloquialmente si usa o solo "che" o "cosa". "Che" più usato dalla Toscana in giù, "cosa" usato più al Nord, anche se ormai diffuso in tutto il Paese.
@@nicolanobili2113 I understand what you're trying to say, but the sea and Russia are so big that it's difficult to draw everything, so I think it would be more appropriate to add additional information in the comments section. In some languages, there are many words with the same meaning, so it's inevitable that you can only choose one.
Interesting parallel between the uralic languages, “mi” question words
Official Italian standard says that the pronoun "what" is "che cosa" (lit. which thing), but people often say just che or cosa
Esattamente.
Che cosa hai fumato?
In Turkish we use ne zaman and ne vakit together so Azerbaijan also uses ne vaxt. Vakit and vaxt are same. 😊
Вакт из арабский через персидский к тюркам пришел
Thank you for another interesting video. What I see here. Kazakh's "qaisy" (which) is similar to AZ "hansı" so they can be the same color. And their "qayda" (where) is probably the same with our "harada" which usually pronounces like "harda".
One more thing. "Qaşan" (when in Kazakh) reminds me the slang word "haçan" which we sometimes use with the same meaning.
Opian suomi koska minä rakastan Suomi! Maa ja kieli! Minä ei ole täydellinen puhu suomalainen kieli, mutta minulla on hauskaa puhu ja opi suomi! ❤ Olen sveitsiläinen 👋👋
Mäkin, oon puolalainen
i like how Irish is the odd one out for almost every word🤣
Armenia.
I like how for "what", Italian and Baltiques were a merge between Germanic, Romance and Slavic languages for this word.
Bulgarian as well
For "what", we italians can also use the word "Che", which is to be read like the spanish "Què".
In Hungarian question words have plural forms: Ki ez? = Who is this? (one person) / Kik ezek? = Who are these (people)? Same for Mi? => Mik? (What?), Melyik? => Melyek? (Which?), Milyen? => Milyenek? (What kind of?)
In Turkish we also say "Kim bu?" For "Who is this (one person) and "Kim / kimler bunlar?" For "Who are these (people)? It sounds really similar comparing to other European languages. 😊
It's more complicated our Hungarian language to explain here in "two words" ...And then, WHERE is HOL and HOVA, how to quickly explain here which form must be used? It's impossible!
@@loerre
I saw some official receptions of foreign officials in Turkey and it seemed to me that the honor guard answered to the greeting with "bu" or something similar. Is that true or did I hear it wrong?
In Polish as well. Kto to (jest) - Who's that ? Kim oni są - Who are they ?
@@PominReklamy No, I think, this is something else in Polish.
Nominativ form is Kto? and Kim? is Instrumental form. The last one is required by the verb być (to be) - which seems very strange to non-polish speakers.
But in combination with the pronoun "to" you can swipe the verb and use the Nominative form.
There are also synonyms for some of those Finnish question words. There is 'kussa' for 'where'. For 'when' there is also 'koska'. For 'who' there is also 'ken'. For 'how' there is also 'kuinka'.
Ki (Hungarian) = Qui (French) That's really funny!
Italian chi is pronounced the same too!
1:17 Kazakh "Qayda" and "Qaşan" is etymologically related to other Turkic words, not Slavic.
We Qazaqs are not Europeans.But I like Europe's government management.
Who are qazaqs?;
Btw, about "what" In Russian
If you want to say Что (Chto) you can say "Shto"
Не распространяй дезинформацию. Есть только одно верное написание, а как произносится уже неважно.
@@KeTsarl
В русском языке есть минимум пять способов произнести «что»: собственно что, што, чё, шо, цё
При чем тут написание, если в его сообщении речь про произношение?
еще некоторые говорят "чьто". Но наиболее верный вариант всё же с редуцированной "ч" - "што" , т.е. тот вариант что предложил выше @wthsonne
@@roman_groosha Произношение "што" - литературная норма, "чё" - общераспространенное просторечие, "цё, шо" и др. - диалектизмы.
И, что интересно, это
распространяется только на местоимение "что", а вот союз "что" не может быть произнесен как "чё" и т.д.
Is German ‘warum’ and Dutch ‘waarom’ derived from a cognate related to Latin ‘quorum’ from proto Indo European?
All empires of Georgia fought, but still it is different and special in everything🇬🇪🇬🇪❤️❤️☦️
That’s what I love about Sakartvelo! Always unique, always original. I have a huge Georgian flag in my apartment. Lots of love and respect from Istanbul! ❤
@@Jazzgin Gagimarjos ❤
Romance Union🇫🇷🇪🇦🇮🇹🇵🇹🇹🇩🇲🇩🇦🇩🇧🇪🇨🇭🇸🇲
Bare in småll deilen av Sweitz und de Wallonisch region av Belgie är Romanisch.
@@Intergermanisch_Språkdet er tilstrekkelig
German has three words for "Why": "Warum" is the most common one, but there are also "Wieso" and "Wofür". "Wofür" resembling the Scandinavian words.
Interestingly, "warum" points to the past (reason), while "wofür/wozu" points to the future (goal/effect). The answer for the reason need not match the answer for the goal.
You mean weshalb as third version?
0:54 the Portuguese & Romanian derive from the Latin "unde", while Italian derives from the Latin "de ubi". French probably comes from either "unde" or "ubi"
I suppose this is in vain now, but I'll do so anyways..
For "what": in Welsh, we would say "beth", but in conversation, we shorten it to "be' ". As in "be' sy'n digwydd" - "What's happening?"
Where: that's ble or lle, depending on your dialect. For example: "Lle dach chi'n mynd" (North Wales dialect) and "Ble dych chi'n mynd?" (South Wales dialect). Both of these are "where are you going" in Welsh.
Which is "pa". For example: Pa un ydy dy ffefryn? - "Which one is your favourite?"
When is "pryd". As in "Pryd mae'r sioe yn dechrau". - When does the show start?
Who is "pwy". As in "pwy sy'n galw". - "Who's calling?"
Why is "pam" . As in "pam ddylwn i ofalu" . - "Why should I care?"
How is "sut". As in "sut dwi i fod i gwybod". - "How am I supposed to know?"
That's pretty much all, feel free to use them if you want to acknowledge Wales's existence, I'm right here if you need me.
The word "Qayda" in the Kazakh language has no connection to Slavic languages (1:17). I can't say for sure about its exact etymology. The part "-da" might make it look similar to Slavic words, but that's not the case. Wishing everyone well!
The word 'Qaşan' also has no connection to Slavic languages (1:58).
That's why they're not the same color on the map?
Kazakh is not even a European language and shouldn't be included here. The only link to Europe it has is via Russian civilisation and culture.
Qaida and qashan have particle qa(i) and case endings. In Oguz its ha-
In Polish, in addition to Dlaczego, we also use - Czemu, but only in everyday language.
"Only in everyday language" means most of the time
the hungarian word 'mi' really did not change since proto uralic lmao
this is an underrated comment
0:41 - Armenia: inch
Shch is just щ, we sometime simplify it to "sho" kind of like Anglos say "wat" instead of "what".
the h in what is always silent
You forgot Welsh again! My language from Wales, UK. Why? Please don’t forget Wales! We have had this done to us for centuries and is probably the reason why you haven’t included us. I speak Welsh (as well as well over 600,000 of us here in Wales on a daily basis) a descendent of Common Brittonic and has been in use here in Britain long before English took over! 🏴🏴🏴🏴🏴🏴🏴🏴🏴🏴🏴🏴
y tho
Because you are not an independent state, but only an english province since 1282.
@@PominReklamywhat are you talking about? You nothing about Welsh history 😂😂😂 An English province from 1282? What on earth are you talking about. Your country is still a province of Russia isn’t it?! 😂😂😂😂 🏴🏴🏴🏴
@leejames3148 my Motherland has more than 1000 years of history. We had ours Kings and the other things that make us full true nation. There is nothing like that you can say about Wales. Brutal true, but true.
@ yet again you nothing! Stop showing your ignorance! Goodbye! 🏴🏴🏴🏴🏴🏴🏴🏴🏴
The transscription of the Russian word for "what?" is a bit tricky. You write что?, but you dont say "chto" like the "ch" in English "chart". You pronounce the Russian что? correctly as "shto", like sh in "fish".
Correctly is "čto" (chto). "Što" (shto), with sh/is softened one.
0:57 why are baltics in the same group as orher red countries? “Kur” and “gde, dzie” etc dont seem to be similar at all
they are good at camoflage
Where’s Basque?
Russian: gde? - English: where?
Russian: kuda? - English: where?
Bcs of ur english-centrism u mistook these different words in some languages
Technically,Croatian language has three different words for "what",što, kaj and ća,depending on which local dialect you use,što is just the one from standard dialect. Also,there's two words for "where",gdje and di.
In Bulgarian "shto/schto" or however you'd like to write it, it's the same thing, means "why" :D but we know what "shto" means, in the western parts of Bulgaria some still use "shto" as "what". The thing is Bulgaria when modernizing the language, decided to go with the Eastern dialects over the Western ones, which is why "Shto" was replaced with "Kakvo" for "whato" and "Shto/Zashto" instead became "why" :D
Okay so in English "where" is a bit of a vague expression. In Turkish for example where as in "what place" would be "nere" whereas where as in "in/on/at what place" would be "nerede".
Turkish-Japanese
Ne-Nani
Nasul-Nashite(dialect)
Neden-Naze
There are similarities in this way, but "Who" is Kim, and the Japanese word "Dare" is not similar each other. What is more surprising is that the word Kim resembles Indo-European words such as Quem. However, in Japanese, the English word "he" is called "Kare." I have not looked into this, so I do not know if this is a coincidental similarity. The old pronunciation of "Kare" was "Ka" and it meant "That" or "He".
Any connection with Baltic Latvian & Lithuanian "kas" with Slavic Slovene "kaj". Probably all from Proto-Balto-Slavic "ki" ?
Some of them were used in Old English (hwaet, wherefor)
Great Turan 🤘🐺🇹🇷🇦🇿🇹🇲🇺🇿🇰🇿🇰🇬
In Russian we write 'chto' but say 'shto'
If they included Irish Gaelic they need to include Welsh and Breton as well.
"why" is also "kuinka" (finnish)
Depends of grammatical gender in german. Welcher, welche or welches is possible.
In Ukrainian, "where" is either "de" or "kudy", depending on the meaning: the former is used to ask about a position, while the latter implies a direction.
Also, "which" is either "jakyj" or "kotryj", the latter being mostly used when referring to one or several things/people from a group of things/people, for example, "which one of these?" - "kotryj/kotra/kotre z tsykh?" or "which ones of those" - "kotri z tykh?"
Not really. De = where, kudy = where to/whither. English does distinguish most of the time. Where and where to are not interchangeable.
@egbront1506 I'm not sure about "most of the time", in my opinion, it's the other way round: most of the time there is no distinction ("where are you going" rather than "where to are you going", etc.). Anyway, the word "where" can be translated as both "de" and "kudy", depending on the context, that's a fact and that's what my comment was about.
Nuh uh, the same reason why "wohin", "adónde" etc. weren't included, it's a whole different word.
@@Timo_UA You see, first of all, it's "where are you going to?". Nevertheless, I would say, "where are you off to?" rather than "where are you going (to)?". We tend not to speak English like a primer from the 1930s. I understood your comment but I don't think it is relevant as all the Germanic languages have this distinction - German wo-wohin, Danish hvor-hvor...hen, Swedish var-vart, Dutch waar-waar...heen, Icelandic hvar-hvert.
@@egbront1506 I'm not discussing Germanic languages, my comment was about Ukrainian. And the simple undeniable fact is that the English word "where" can be translated either "de" or "kudy" in Ukrainian, depending on the context, which is also reflected in the dictionaries. As to the phrase "where are you going?" without "to" (and the like), it's a standard English phrase, there are literally tons of examples of its usage in modern English.
In Italy we say also "che" (ke)? ' che cosa?, or just "cosa"?,like in Spanish or Portuguese,
Quanto costa uno posta?
In greek there is a mistake! The greek word for "which" is "poio" and not "poios" because this is nutral while "poios" is used for "who" but when we refer to a man and it is "poia" when we refer to a woman.
Los poios hermanos
қайдан Qaydan
қайда Qayda
Haradan
Harada
Nereden
Nerede
Kazakh also must be coloured Turquise color.
If you use the same color for the romanian and slavic words sometimes, you should also use the same for the germanic ones. Because they are also related, even if they look totally different.
sometime they are different even though they are germanic
@Nosorog-t3m But in this Case I mean they have thé same root
You forgot about 'how much?'. English doesn't have a single word for that particular interrogative. For example, the Italian word would be 'quanto'.
Second map: why are "nerede" and "harada" the same colour, but Italian "dove" and Spanish "dónde" are two different colours? What is more, "donde" also existed in 16th-17th century Italian, a well educated Italian would recognize it immediately
"dónde": Inherited from Latin unde. Cognate with Sardinian unde and Sicilian unni.
"dove": From Latin dē ubi, or from a strengthening of the older form ove with a prothetic d-. Compare Piedmontese doa.
In Hungarian is MI, not MIT! MIT is the accusative case form of MI.
What is wrong in Hungarian. It's not "mit", but "mi".
Mit in accusative case though
mit = object case. Subject case = mi in Hungarian
@imremolnar7099 Exactly! Just an example: Mi ez? = What is this? / Mit eszel? = What do you eat?
Romania says how 🫣
???
4:39 in Belarusian it can be also "katory"
Aragonese:
What - Qué?
Where - Án?
When - Cuán?
Why - Per qué?
Who - Quí?
How - Cómo?
Which - Cuál?
Very similar to Catalan and Spanish
when i see the word "how" i knew something sus was about to come
The dutch one is actually pronounced “hoo” and the Romanian one is pronounced “coom”. Y’all anglophones are just dirty minded.
-Как будет что? По шведски?
-В ад☠️☠️
0:09 - "Chto" is pronounced as "shto". This is one of the rarest cases in Russian language when a word is written differently than it is pronounced
Thanks for your feedback.
А Финка Ou?😊
Foarte bun articolul !
Aici se vede inrudirea Romaniei cu limba italiana, spaniolă, franceză.
Vorbesti serios ?!
'ki' 'kuka' and 'kes' are all from proto uralic- it would be good if you colored them by etymology instead of what a word sounds/looks like
Kva in Nynorsk
In Armenian Where is vortegh or ur and both are commonly used
Thanks for your feedback.
Icelandic "why" is also "hví" ( and "af hverju " )
Thanks for your feedback.
4:34 jakyj* / jaký* not yakyyy
А где сколько и зачем? Зачем и почему это разное
Where is Cyprus?
Da gibt es in Frankreich in der Bretagne auch noch "Bretonisch" (Brezhoneg). Das ist eine keltische Sprache, aber doch nicht mit dem Irischen überzeugend verwandt.
WAS - petra WO - pelerc´h WANN - pegoulz WARUM - perak WER - piv WIE - penaos WELCHER - peseurt
I don't see any similarity between "ku" and "gdje", but ok
Gde - Kde - Kude - Ku
@@arti.05yes the same root
1:20 Why is Georgia so dad? 😂
Great Turan Union 🇰🇿🇹🇷🇦🇿(🇭🇺)🐺
💀
Bró Magyarok nem Türkök vannak mert minden, ami egyesíti őket, ez kölcsönszavak
@Csintanar huns are Turks, magyars are not. You are not huns just europeans think you are.
@semihdeveli4163 The word "Hungary" comes from the tribe of "Huns" that lived there
Now the Huns in Hungary are just a name, by the way, in Russian Hungary is "Vengrija"(from Polish "Węgry)
@Csintanar my friend: Hungarians are not Huns. They are Uralic Magyars. Huns were Oghur Turks, even Hun language is a dead Turkic Oghur language. Magyars took their name just like slavs took greek macedonians name, again slavs took Turkic Bulgars name.
Never check how to say "how" in romanian 💀💀💀
at some point you will have to
@Nosorog-t3m what do you mean broski 😭😭😭
Correction: 🇳🇴 kva, ka, ke, å, høtt etc..
Slavic «Kotory» and Baltic «kuris», «kurs» obviously have the same root
You mean russian kotory.. other slavic languages have different form. If you differentiate baltic you should slavic as Well.
Of course the root is the same and stems from the Balto-Slavic common ancestor. But don't say that to Latvians and Lithuanians! They live in a comically nationalistic myth of not having anything in common with the Slavs😂😂😂
@xxxyyy8779 Cum si rusii spun ca nu-s mongoli curciti!:)))
This is similar to the Latin quatra and related Celto-Italic words for 4. The word which also means number in some sense. There is something very ancient about it
The English word first is also similar to the Old Russian word perst (finger). And people often raise their index finger when they say: first, first of all, etc.
how is hva similar to was my brother
Hva is pronounced as Va and Was in German you just add s at the end and there you go. Same word basically. Any other question?
Only an ignorant will put Albanian "ku" and "kur" with the same group as slavic.
There's a pattern in Albanian questions:
k' - what (ç - is also used, and çfare is derived from ç, derived from k), the k' or ç' is the most common way to ask what, not çfare
ku - where
kur - when
kush - who
please don't do this, you make me sick of your ignorance. 🤮
In Italian there is "che".
0:21
- Когда началась вторая мировая война?
- Не
French où and italian dove have almost the same origin, latin ubi / de ubi
2:30 čomu* 🇺🇦
Turkey spreaded kim word to all europe
Ireland Sigma !
0:15 ščo* 🇺🇦
🇮🇹🇫🇷🇷🇴🇵🇹🇪🇸🔛🔝
Ну не сказал бы, что в польском только dlaczego есть
czemu - почему
Obie formy są używane xd
Jeszcze dla śmiechu są obie wersje połączone "dlaczemu" xd
Poió should be better than poiós in the end
That's right. "Poio" is the correct form for "which" and it is nutral while "poios" is used for "who" when we refer to a man and it is "poia" when we refer to a woman.
@@DimitrisTziounis Έλληνας είμαι
Dlaczego=Prečo=Zašto=Počemu
3:40 jak* 🇺🇦
Wat är dett?
Wor är dett?
Hur är dett?
We är dett?
Wenn är dett?
Worför är dett?
Welke är dett?
What language is this?
Maybe it's this Intergermanic thing?
To me it sounds something like Norwegian-but-not-really.
I'd also like to know what it is.
@@NantokaNejako same , at first I fought that it's Swedish.
Yes italian has 'che or che cosa' 'cosa' is more informal.
E.g. "What are you doing?"
Che fai?
Che cosa fai?
Cosa fai?
Are all commonly used and correct, but it is the 'Che' that is the cognate with the other romanca languages and in fact with the Germanic languages too - and probably at least some of the slavic ones as well.
Limba romana:-Ce faci?:)
Thanks for your feedback.
Albanian Oldest 🇦🇱
Where: Kur = Gde?! Why? 🤔
Gde - Kde - Kude - Ku - Kur
@@apollonxyznot the same root buddy;)