NOTE : This simulation may be perceived as less destructive than the last one about the red comet impact. Since, I could get additional studies who constrained better the post impact heat wave generated by the ejecta atmospheric reentry. With these new settings, the heat wave intensity is now more accurate than it was in the Red Comet Impact.
Excellent Work Kaldisti! Would also be really interesting to see a visual representation of the 'death counter', we see the number going up and have to guess where and where isn't liveable for the survivors :)
@@Demour77It's not a matter of where they die, it's when. No place on Earth is safe from the amount of cooling that the post impact winter actually brings. Chicxulub was already really bad to begin with (3/4 of all life gone) and this one is multiple times worse than that.
We prefer to think of it as the merger of our two worlds. The Terran world where you came forth and our world where we helped engineer what you are now.
Saw your chicxulub event sim from the "dinosaurs perspective" about a year ago, so glad you're still making thesw amazing impact simulations. Cant imagine to amount of work and research that goes into these. Let alone putting everything together and editing
@@KaldistiMake Theia Impact next, it’s definitely not gonna cause the fireball to take up the entire screen (or blast the entire atmosphere and about half of earth’s mass into space).
If I remember correctly from my professor during my geology studies, this impact was so brutal it vaporized 16km of crust in less than a second. That's 2x Everest in the blink of an eye, gone. To this day you can still find peridotite (exposed mantle rock) lying at the centre of the old crater.
the shockwave ppl talk about "vaporization upon unloading", so the interatomic bonds are compressed and when they spring back, they have enough energy to just not be interatomic bonds anymore.
So what you're saying is we wouldn't feel a thing. We'd be staring eye to eye to our loved ones and then our lives would disappear in an instant. No more pain. No more dispare. No more bills. No more crushing weight of society. Just peace, back home to where our components originated billions of years ago. There would be no essence of our existence. No life long stories or lessons to pass on. No relics or heirlooms to hand down.
Some chronological takeaways I got from this simulation. 1. The death toll on the African continent is going to exceed 1 billion by the 30-minute mark. That’s 1/8th the world population dead. 2. The major African continent biomes would be wiped out: the coastal environments, deserts and semideserts, mountain, savanna grasslands and the equatorial forests. Very little of anything beyond maybe burrowing creatures, insects and microbes would survive around the Sahel (belt of dry tropical savanna to the south of the Sahara Desert.” This also includes the totality of Madagascar and the surrounding islands. 3. Most if not all major African megafauna would be wiped out; we’d have to rely on the reserves of African megafauna and other species spread across the globe in zoos and sanctuaries to even have a chance at saving them, and I’m not sure there’s enough genetic diversity to do that, unless someone can calculate that. 4. It is conceivably possible for humans to survive within 300-400 miles of the impact IF they had deep underground shelters capable of withstanding nonstop seismic activity north of 10 Moment Magnitude and over a mile down with proper AC and viable supplies. Maaaaaaaybe as far south as the North 10* line of longitude (Ethiopia, Sudan, etc). 5. Atmospheric Re-Entry coupled with heat wave hits the Middle East around Yemen at around the 27-minute mark. 6. Atmospheric Re-Entry coupled with heat wave hits the Mediterranean at around the 34-minute mark past Cairo. 7. South America and India are getting hit by the ejecta heat wave at about the 37-minute mark. The whole of the Middle East, North Africa and all Indian Ocean islands just got baked to a 520F crisp (lost all the Middle East, North African and Indian Ocean Island biomes, and just beginning into India, southern Mediterranean Europe, Central Asia and South America in Brazil. 8. The Western portion of North America is being rocked by 3-4 Moment Magnitude quakes from the quake antipode point by the 44-minute point. 9. The death toll is 2 billion at about the 45-minute mark. That’s 1/4th the world population dead. 10. The 50-minute mark speaks for itself. The world is FUCKED. 11. The world-wide forest ignition points hit as far north as Paris, France, far east as Singapore and past Perth, Australia, to the West Cuiaba, Brazil and Coyhaique, Chile. The heat wave still travels worldwide and causes indirect wildfires through other sources. 12. By the 1 hour 15-minute point, eastern North America is cooked, and all the Russian territory, Central Asian, Europe and all of Southeast Asia and Australia have been cooked. The Central North Pacific near the antipode is now temporarily the safest place temperature-wise on Earth for the time being. 13. At the end of the ejecta re-entry and heat wave phase, it turns out being within a dozen miles of the Hawaiian Islands was the safest place on Earth. The temperatures reach in the upper 30-40C, maybe in the 50-60C (122F-140F) for a little bit. Still THE safest place to have been on Earth. Minor impact on Hawaiian biomes. All others across the planet have been annihilated, are being destroyed by fires or damaged beyond repair. Most megafauna and human life on Earth is dead. 14. 57-minute mark = 3 billion dead, 3/8th of the human population gone. 15. 1 Hour 21-minute mark = 4 billion dead, ½ of all humanity is gone. Arguably more than 85% of all land species are extinct, and the following ocean extinctions will exceed 90% 16. 2 hour and 19-minute mark, 5 billion dead, 5/8ths the world human population gone. Humanity is now considered an endangered species as most flora and fauna have been wiped out by this point. Nearly every city on Earth except for cities on the Hawaiian Islands are destroyed, on fire or baked into oblivion. 17. At 3 hours over 5.5 billion people are dead. 2.5 billion remain. I didn’t mention anything about the airblast because…well everything and everyone on the African continent was most likely already dead. Maaaaaaaaaybe there are survivors around the Solel or 10* longitude line if they were underground and rode it out, assuming those underground shelters held out. 18. Any survivors in east South America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia better find shelter from the air blast overpressure, if there is any left. It’s conceivably survivable but you really don’t want to lose your hearing as among the last human beings need to be on their A game if they’re going to survive. Beyond those areas, the worst that will happen is an overpressure blast that can shatter windows, much like the Chelyabinsk shock wave. Quite survivable but lots more injuries if you’re near any remaining glass structures. 19. I find it fucking hilarious how Cape Town is projected to be 35C while Singapore is 46C by the 8-hour mark. I mean come on; mother nature has a sense of humor. Otherwise the temperatures around the globe are stabilizing while near the impact the temperatures are exponentially decreasing. 20. PSYCHE! That was very temporary. Worldwide forest fires spike the temperatures up stupid again at about the 5-6 hr mark, then travels across the globe over the next ten days. Any survivors best be underground or in a submarine for the next 14 days at minimum. Impact Winter appears to begin around 10th-14th day. Yaaaaay cooler temperatures! 21. Impact Winter will probably last for a very, very long time, killing millions and millions more over the duration. Likely down to less than one billion humans left on the planet. 22. It’s possible we re-enter into a new Ice Age. The western coasts of North America, the southeast coast of North America will be survivable if you consider Ice okay. Pretty much all of Asia and Central Europe are Antarctica along with portions of continental interiors. Interestingly the Caribbean Islands might still hold out with tundra conditions, warmer than most other places across the globe around the 3-year mark. 23. It’ll take more than 3 decades for the Earth’s climatic zones to recalibrate and recover back to their original state. By this point I think the human population would still hover about 500million to 1 billion based on the lack of resources and climatic intensity. We’d have to make massive underground cities to survive this 3-decade period and mobilize the entire planet’s available resources to save us and any other species we could to begin the slow process of recovery. It could be possible we also saved many large megafauna species over the 3-decade time; livestock primarily. I’d hope we would have also saved many other trademark species, and others survived out there. We’d probably have to make underwater habitat cities too and try salvaging marine ecosystems wherever possible. 24. I think humanity can survive a Vredefort Impact, but we’ll get dangerously endangered in the process. This is easily a Permian level event, if not one that exceeds it by quite a few percentage points. 25. I wonder what the new political reality of Post-Vredefort Impact would be like. I’m curious what ocean or Antarctic Impact simulations would predict. I suspect they would be magnitudes better than this one.
Sorry i doubt humanity would survive. Human, yes, humanity, no. One billion might survive impact +24hours, but one year? With polar climate nearly everywhere? What would they eat and more, how would they heat thenselves, when forests would be burnt. And one thing i miss ... Level of oxygen. After initial burnout, oceans would release some, but how many. Would survivors be even able to breathe?
There was NO megafauna on earth to speak of 2 - 2.2 GYA. The landmasses were sterile, and only simple cyanobacteria in the oceans. The oxygen levels would have been so low, there would have been too little to ignite. The atmosphere may have still potentially been in the last phases of reducing rather then oxidising this early in Earth history with traces of molecular hydrogen still present possibly.
@@Neognostic-pk5wuThis is obviously a comment saying what would happen if the Vredfort impact struck us in the modern day, not over 2 billion years ago
You put some thoughts into this I can see. But as of your comment 23. Frankly, I don't think I would want to emerge from such an impact. Even if there was a possibility. You'd face a wasteland completely devoid of life and you'd have to nearly start from scratch. I'd rather face the asteroid face on and get wiped out.
nice catch, I guess. On a 3+ hour video, it's traditional to include a timestamp when discussing a moment in the video, esp when the post is good enough to get engagement from The Creator.
Was reading about the Vredefort impact crater just a few minutes ago and was pleased to find this video. Everything an inquisitive and wandering mind could want. I can't imagine the amount of research and work this takes for little to no credit. Thank you for taking the time, we greatly appreciate it!
These simulations blow my mind. It's one thing to see a 30 second CGI clip in a documentary that talks about the extreme heat and massive earthquakes and so on, but this really helps put everything into perspective. The sheer astounding amount of energy released, something currently beyond human capacity...yet with a universe so big who knows how many far bigger collisions are happening right now, the universe wouldn't even notice.
The amazing thing is that on a cosmic scale, this is a very insignificant event that is almost microscopic compared to some of the more energetic explosions in our galaxy such as supernova. Makes us feel so small in comparison, yet it is an event than is mind bending when trying to visualize.
Well of course, a planet is but a speck compared to a star, especially a giant star exploding. If one of Jupiter's Galilean moons (roughly equal to our own Moon) were disturbed and crashed into Jupiter, it wouldn't make any long-term difference to Jupiter either, the moon would just get swallowed....
A 30km diameter rock compared to 12000km diameter Earth is almost imperceptibly small. Also its speed at 20-30km/s is only about one rock diameter per second. Doesn't seem that fast, if seen that way, does it?
My area has the Tropical Savannah climate but in this scenario it would be suffered with over a decade of freezing which is insane, thanks for all of the dedication you’ve put in this video
A long time ago I saw an animation of a 500 km haedan earth impactor class object (I'm sure you probably have seen it as well) it was simulated as if it happened today, it was spectacular it generated so much heat that it covered the entire earth in rock vapor I hope someday this channel will make an animation of such an early earth impact.
@@theorangeoof926 Theia would have been far larger than 500km and would have far more devastating effects. There are theories that say the Earth would have been so hot most of the planet would have vaporized or liquefied and re-condensed.
The Chicxulub simulation made me paranoid that an asteroid was going to hit the Earth for almost a week, let’s see what this one does to my mental health 😊
@@theorangeoof926 for real maybe if aliens are ever discovered people will realize black and white Spanish etc are not a race we are the human race one race different races are humans and whatever aliens are out there
Great work, 100% synchronization with ongoing events. The level of staging and editing is growing exponentially. I was lucky to find this channel and subscribe!
You badly underestimated the temperature and thermal radiation of Salma Hayek, specifically in her molecular state of the vampire queen in "From Dusk Till Dawn".
Let's not jump to any conclusions here! We would need a highly detailed 2 hour simulation video of Salma Hayek's hotness, and then maybe we could derive a meaningful analysis from that. 🤔
@@antred11 That would be quite helpful indeed, but existing evidence is quite convincing already. A two hour simulation, however, could show the instant incineration of a majority of the male forests of the world in much more detail, while also fostering the understanding of which parts of Salma Hayek's smoking hot body would create the most impact...
Even with this info, it's hard to fathom just what this might have looked like had you been there. The scale and magnitude isn't something I could even imagine. Well done, I hope you make more.
As long as you're underground during the heatwave, this seems... actually quite survivable for the western coast of North America and definitely Hawaii. The temperature would quickly build and peak at around 100c for about 5 minutes and then decline as soon as it came. You'd only need to be a few meters underground to survive that and, with how many cave systems that area has, there's plenty of natural shelter even if you don't have a private one. Hawaii might get very uncomfortably warm for a few minutes if you stay above ground. The earthquake would flatten Hawaii as its infrastructure isn't built to survive it, much less a very strong one. Unlike Hawaii, the vast majority of infrastructure would survive on the west coast of North America since the earthquake would be weak (3 or 4), and most highly critical infrastructure is up to earthquake code of that magnitude. That brings out two potentially EXTREMELY important details for potential survival in these regions. 1. Local infrastructure is likely to survive. That includes ports, roadways, buildings, and the greatest boon of all: intact shortwave AM radio infrastructure. This region would still be able to communicate within itself at a reasonably modern 1950s level. The seats of Canadian, American, and Mexican governments would likely relocate to these regions if the world is given even a two-week notice of the impact. 2. The American Pacific Fleet. Its main docks are in Pearl Harbor and San Diego, regions where the fleet's assets would likely survive. Its tonnage displacement is massive and it can carry a massive weight load. The pride of this fleet and the greatest asset of it are its nuclear-powered aircraft carriers which won't be bothered in the slightest by fuel shortages. The fleet would give the remnants of the three countries a massive advantage over any other group of surviving people. It would, and time to get grim, allow the likely uniform military government that would come from the combination of the nations to overpower, subjugate, and colonize the areas where survival is most likely in the impact winter. There would probably only be a couple hundred million human survivors from this catastrophe after a few decades and I'd be willing to bet a FAT chunk of them would come from that region and would be at a massive technological advantage during the recolonization of the world.
Русские тоже выживут. У нас очень много горных систем таких как Кавказ, Урал, Алтайские горы и т.д. Ходят слухи, что там уже понастроили кучу подземных убежищ, со всей инфраструктурой. Или вы думаете, что вы самые умные на этой планете? За полярным кругом в вечной мерзлоте можно понастроить кучу подземных баз. И кстати, Россия находится примерно на таком же расстоянии от эпицентра взрыва, как США, Канада и Мексика. И плевать нам на гордость вашего флота. Посмотрим ещё, кто кого коллонизирует и поработит.🤟🤨
Since it's only for a few minutes I imagine you could even just stay in the bathroom with the door and the windows closed. The inside temperature will not change that much. Except maybe if the any part of the house is made of wood (that could catch on fire).
@@arturocevallossoto5203my guess is that if you can survive boiling water for 5 😊minutes you're ok. Too bad it will be in the form of a 200 foot tidal wave.
@@poluCrovca1979My guess after something like this there's not a lot of building going on even in Russia. And even if people survive it's going to be hard to find food in essentially what is a long lasting nuke winter.
One question ocurred to me while watching. The kinetic energy of the impactor would have been huge. And the Earth's crust was thinner than it is now. It could have penetrated the crust. Even if it didn't have, The amount of kinetic energy would have not just travelled on the surface but I'm sure it would have travelled through the molten core too. Did take that into account while making the simulation? I wonder if the surface wave would have travelled as fast as the one in the core too. I also wonder how high the ejecta would have reached into space. How long it would have been visible from outer space (the ejecta, not the lava lake). From Venus or Mars the planet might have looked more bright for a long time. It would have been interesting to see how much seismic and volcanic action the impact caused. I'm sure some (if not the most) fault lines would have ruptured to to this extreme force, causeing eons of new major earthquakes and volcanoes popping up all around the world. >WTF°C >4761 squirrels >20 000°C Salma Hayek I'm dying from laughter. Never been this early to a mass extinction. Also the intro was high-quality and great! Thank you and keep up the good work!
What a great video, I especially like how things change the more data you are able to use in your videos. The death toll is astronomical, truly a world ending event.
Ok this is nitpicking: Talking about "atmospheric re-entry" is technically wrong, as the asteroid wasn't launched from earth and hence doesn't do a "re"-entry."Atmospheric entry" would be more accurate.
Good point, but I saw the use of both terms about asteroids impact. As non-native english speaker I was not able to say which one was the right term. Thanks
For celestial phenomenon/apocalyptic events, between spectacular depictions and realistic depictions, I always prefer realistic, even if they sometimes have seemingly mundane moments. Having an accurate understanding of those events makes them much more haunting
Amazing how we can still manage to research and discover so much about something that happened so long ago. It was such an alien and exotic planet back then it might as well have been a different planet entirely. Not enough people cover things this far in the past and its so cool seeing what our Earth looked like in such archaic times, so this was amazing and informative.
It's really amazing these early crazy impacts. They likely boiled the oceans away. It's insane to even think about. Theres a really good documentary on here called Miracle Planet: The Violent Past.
It will be interesting to see the animation of the Vredefort impact Have you heard about the Popigai crater? Will there be an animation about it? Idea for the video: The climate of Antarctica over the past 20 thousand years
Amazingly entertaining and earth shattering. I really can't wait for the chicxulub impact in real time again but this time with the map of the world 65 million years ago instead of the present world in the future. As always, keep up the good work out there 👍✨
This is stunning, disturbing, frightening and awe inspiring all at the same time. As someone who believes there will be another huge impact in the future, I can only hope it's nothing near this in size. This is very well done.
Outdone yourself in this one man, good work. As I was watching at the beginning, when it was close to impact I was like "wait this shoud hit the atmosphere and light up..." just to be happily "blinded" in the next second. Good stuff
Hey Kaldisti, really wonderful simulation you made there. If you don't mind, I have a couple of questions I was curious about, especially in respect to the "Time after Impact" map: 1. Given the -28 degrees drop(and the fact that all of the continents are all covered in ice), would it be safe to assume that the ocean should also freeze over and give us a slushball/snowball earth? 2. How did places like Cuba and Haiti survive being completely iced over compared to the other islands in Philippines(with roughly the same latitude as Cuba) or the area around Malaysia/Indonesia?
Hi: 1: sea-surface temperature also drop, but less (around 15°C), so indeed, large parts of the ocean may freeze, seasonally or permanently. 2. tropical islands are mostly spared by the impact winter (excepted mountains of course), so the best place to survive is along their shore
@@Kaldisti "1: sea-surface temperature also drop, but less (around 15°C), so indeed, large parts of the ocean may freeze, seasonally or permanently." Not sure if you could answer this, but to picture how far this sea ice would go with a 15°C degree drop, up to which latitude should this newly created sea ice extend to? Would this newly created sea ice(permanent or seasonal) extend up to around the 30th latitude? Or is this temperature drop still enough to freeze vast majority of the ocean?
@@gunguir9264 The biggest issue with an extreme impact winter occurring during modern times (interglacial) is that once the sea ice reaches within ~30° of the equator, the ice reflects so much sunlight that the Earth cools further, eventually leading to a positive feedback loop which inevitably causes all of the sea ice to freeze, triggering a "Snowball Earth" episode.
@@dinorexrx6980 Unicellular life would obviously survive. I am not so sure about multicellular life during a post-impact Snowball Earth. It depends on if any exposed rock exists, which would enable lichen to survive. Out in the ocean, any ice free areas would be productive with plankton (after the dust settles and the sun "returns"), supplying populations of krill and fish.
26. I just realized, over the three hours and 21 minutes of this simulation, in real time more than 5.5 billion would be dead by the end of the video. An interestingly macabre observation XD
Excellent, Gwillerm. What a presentation. I live in Cape Town. I have visited the Vredefort Dome. Looking at it - it was amazing to try to imagine what was occurring there, and around the planet at that hour. Thanks for an amazing piece of work.
I live close to the impact site, and I've actually been to the impact site, though at that time the tour guide and the facilities they had there were all under renovation, so we paid the security guard who knew about the event R100 or about $5 to give us a quick tour, very interesting stuff indeed.
The background chatter on the pre-impact space station is muffled...can't quite make out what they're saying(except for the countdown warnings)...sounds ominous, though!
I like how this channel makes these simulations interesting, scary and a little humorous at the same time. It's got the scarily accurate readings of what it would be like of asteroids impacted our planet in the present day, but it's also got some nice little quirky messages in it, such as Pretoria having a temperature of WTF degrees Celsius to prove a point that the place was hotter than hot, the site of the Chicxulub impact being labeled as 'Not This Time' to show that Chicxulub was not the star of the show for this video, and even showing when the air blast stops to kill (although everyone on Earth is already dead from the hell that has ensued). I can't wait to see what will happen next.
Absolutely splendid simulation that i think feels much better than the last one! It gives a sense of scale to an event i just cant fathom in my mind. I have two suggestions for future videos if you don't mind: 1. Simulating the comet from the film Don't Look Up. Its 10km across and strikes just off the coast of chile. The film was excellent in my opinion apart from the impact, which i feel could be massively improved with your simulation 😂. 2. Comparing the effects of different types of impactors of various sizes, using a set place as a target, e.g a city, land, the ocean. I think that would really help to give a sense of scale to the level this impacts can cause, and also be a great realistic educational video. 3. Perhaps adding realistic visuals of the explosion alongside the standard ones, e.g the ejecta cloud raining down, the fireball, the blast, etc. It would make the impact easier to visualise and give a better sense of scale. I hope you keep making more fantastic videos. ❤
Hello, some questions about the temperature: 1. Is the fireball the reason the impact place stayed at over 50,000°C for two hours? 2. How, even after that, it stayed well above the boiling points of anything for so long? 3. After 10 hours, it cooled to ~35°C, and then began heating up to a stable 1,150°C? 4. Possibly just a glitch (you warned), but in 1-10 days timelapse, there is literally another heat wave, but slower and doesn't seem to cool down. Except for 1, it feels unrealistic to me and I want to know what it's based on.
I think first you open a lava lake at impact point, so that alone is several thousand °C then consider the impact energy heats up that rock and rock retains a lot of heat for long. As for the second heat wave, my understanding is it's from forest fires.
Confused about the heat wave "ring" spreading because of the ejecta - why is it so thin? I'm thinking if you heat up the entire atmosphere to 500 °C it would take many hours to cool down, right? Also, the magma at the surface would keep South Africa toasty for years. Come to think of it, wouldn't somewhere in southern Africa be the best place to live several years after the impact? The surface would solidify but the heat emanating from the ground could stop ice ever forming and you could do primitive agriculture assuming you were able to somehow reach the area with a supply of seeds and soil.
@@Kaldisti I think all of the trees would have decomposed by then. Also is there a possibility that ferns would have gone extinct with this one? You said the extinction event would have been bigger than the Permian.
@@bensmall6548 Spores are highly resistant to extreme environmental conditions. Ferns survived to the last 3 mass extinction (Devonian, Permian and Cretaceous)
Wouldn’t have mattered at the time this object actually hit. There was no life at all on dry land and any life in existence was microbial in the seas. All you would have seen afterwards was a mix of molten rock and lava at the site, ejecta boulders for a couple thousand miles around the site, and sand rearranged in radial lines away from the blast zone everywhere else.
3:19:20 For this part, what does “Hypothermal” mean? I can kind of imply what it means as the environment could be sucking in heat but there is no such classification in the Köppen climate system.
I created these climate zones, because as working on global warming and glacial periods, the current Köppen climate system doesn't fit with more extreme climate conditions occuring in both periods. Hypothermal means at least one month with average temperature colder than -50°C, which is a lethal temperature for human body
@@Kaldisti Hey Kaldisti, do you mind if I ask about how it would be particularly lethal for the human body? (Asking as there are people have definitely survived in temperatures lower than -50 degrees C, such as in Russia's Yakutia)
@@gunguir9264 -50°C means frostbite hazard in less than 5 minutes without protection, as well as hypothermia issues in less than 30 minutes. That's why people avoid to do shopping with that kind of temperature =)
@3:13:40 - The air blast is 192 DB (as much as Saturn V rocket blasting off from Cape Canaveral) at a radius of Kenya!! Basically every small building is destroyed even at the borders of the African continent.
This would be terrifying if this actually happened. Just imagine, a near moon size object getting ever closer every day while knowing that there's nothing you can do to stop it. Then after the event; there's a very high chance that humanity can't recover from this mass extinction and is very well on the way to extinction. Hell it'll take Earth a long time to fully recover from it with us having no knowledge of what creatures will thrive in this new world.
If theories are true that suggest the Great Dying's mantle plume was triggered by an immense Antarctic meteor strike, then that will easily take the throne.
If a bigger impact had ever occurred in the sea, we wouldn't know, because the bottom of the sea is very unexpired and there is more erosion there. Most of the Earth is covered with water, and every big impact known took place on the ground.
Oceanic crust never last more than 250 million years, because of subduction process. You're right, there were probably ocean impacts, but the information is forever lost
There are some issues with running the Vredefort Impact simulation in a modern setting. True, it would be devastating if it happened now, but certainly it was less so back when it did. Why? For one, there would be no wildfires. As there was nothing organic on land, no plants, no animals, and probably no single celled organisms (apart from any organic detritus washed up on shorelines) there would have been nothing to burn. There would have been little, if any, soot to darken the skies, and a limited amount of CO2 produced, most likely from any carbonate rocks destroyed in the impact. Any 'Impact Winter' that resulted may not have lasted very long at all, and would have had no effect on life on land because there wasn't any there to begin with. How severely the impact would have affected what life was in the oceans may also have been less severe than thought. Raising the temperature of a given volume of water takes a lot of energy, and the system of ocean currents tends to even out any temperature differences pretty efficiently, That said, the fact that the shape and distribution of the land masses, and thus, the courses of the ocean current system, would be completely different back then, and that will have an unforeseeable effect on what the impact would do to both. In fact, given how cold deep ocean water is, being warmed by the impact may have brought an unexpected benefit to life. If life did begin around deep water hydrothermal vents, then that life may well have been isolated to each cluster of such vents. The coldness would have prevented migration from one set of vents to the next nearest ones. If the impact did raise deep sea temperatures enough to allow organisms from one set of vents to migrate to others, the resultant spread of organisms would have led to an explosion of diversification. In which case, we might owe our very existence to the Vredefort Impact.
Fun fact: The Huronian Glaciation is the "little brother" of the actual Snowball Earth which happens at the end of the Proterozoic Eon. Snowball Earth lasted well over 50-60 million years before it deglaciation finally occurred.
@@Kaldisti What would happen if a very big asteroid doesn't hit the earth but it burns in the atmosphere? Does it go into orbit because its slowed down or hits earth or still has enough speed to orbit the sun?
We’re talking about megatsunamis that would easily reach the high hundreds of kilometres high, it would be the worst thing you would ever see from the ground. You’d be a grain of sand to a bathtub really.
@@theorangeoof926 I think I'd still rather the biblical tsunami than a direct continental to continental slope impact, just because the fallout alone would be magnitudes worse than what the tsunami can do.
I feel like the death toll is a little inaccurate because by the time the heat wave reaches the middle of North America, it's still hot enough to boil water, and you're in the heat wave for like 10-15 mins straight. I'd straight up just peace out. aint no way I'm livin through 15 mins of 200 degrees. The death toll an hour an a half in should be like 7 billion or somethin like that
But wouldn’t by then people have a general idea of what’s happening and how to survive it, surely someone would’ve said something to help them survive?
I take it the Mars colonizers would have the best chance of making it in this scenario as long as they were self sufficient and did not depend on any resupplies by that time.
there were thousands on the surface, but much more buried within the terrestrial crust, and other millions lost forever after billion of years of erosion / tectonic processes
NOTE : This simulation may be perceived as less destructive than the last one about the red comet impact. Since, I could get additional studies who constrained better the post impact heat wave generated by the ejecta atmospheric reentry. With these new settings, the heat wave intensity is now more accurate than it was in the Red Comet Impact.
Excellent Work Kaldisti!
Would also be really interesting to see a visual representation of the 'death counter', we see the number going up and have to guess where and where isn't liveable for the survivors :)
@@Demour77It's not a matter of where they die, it's when. No place on Earth is safe from the amount of cooling that the post impact winter actually brings. Chicxulub was already really bad to begin with (3/4 of all life gone) and this one is multiple times worse than that.
The soundtrack you picked for this fits pretty well. It'a eerie but soothing at the same time. Great choice!
Hey, Gwillerm, do you think there would be any hope for man in this event? Especially if we knew it was coming?
Ian Chapman, absolutely not unfortunately unless we leave Earth
I'll now just wait here until Gwillerm makes a simulation of "Theia Collision"...
We prefer to think of it as the merger of our two worlds. The Terran world where you came forth and our world where we helped engineer what you are now.
And I was thinking about Ceres vs. Earth, the reference to "Armageddon"...
Oh heck ya
YES
Yes!!!
The audio leading up to the impact is remarkably effective and eerie. I particularly enjoyed the thermo reading of "WTF°C".
did you catch the Salma Hayak reference for hotness???
@@aerisgainsborough2141 Lmao I legit just caught it now and just scrolled to see if anyone else noticed.
Haha, I caught that too!@@MarcMarshall94
Im glad somebody could understand it all.
I can’t understand a word of it until AFTER impact. CC doesn’t work for this video. I wear hearing aids would love to hear the voices…
Saw your chicxulub event sim from the "dinosaurs perspective" about a year ago, so glad you're still making thesw amazing impact simulations. Cant imagine to amount of work and research that goes into these. Let alone putting everything together and editing
Thanks, I started to work on it one week after my last video :D
@@Kaldistithats an insane amount of dedication. Kudos to you!!
@@Kaldisti vredefort magnitude impact in 5km deep ocean far from land. would have been interesting
@@Kaldistikeep up the fascinating work
@@KaldistiMake Theia Impact next, it’s definitely not gonna cause the fireball to take up the entire screen (or blast the entire atmosphere and about half of earth’s mass into space).
"The resulted mass extinction probably outclassed the Great Dying itself"
Ok, that was actually scary.
16:42 you know it’s hot when the temperature reads “what the fuck” degrees
the moment readings detect “WTF” you’re cooked
If I remember correctly from my professor during my geology studies, this impact was so brutal it vaporized 16km of crust in less than a second. That's 2x Everest in the blink of an eye, gone. To this day you can still find peridotite (exposed mantle rock) lying at the centre of the old crater.
the shockwave ppl talk about "vaporization upon unloading", so the interatomic bonds are compressed and when they spring back, they have enough energy to just not be interatomic bonds anymore.
So what you're saying is we wouldn't feel a thing. We'd be staring eye to eye to our loved ones and then our lives would disappear in an instant. No more pain. No more dispare. No more bills. No more crushing weight of society. Just peace, back home to where our components originated billions of years ago. There would be no essence of our existence. No life long stories or lessons to pass on. No relics or heirlooms to hand down.
@BDJones055 Sure, although there's no guarantee that the slog of life gies away. Much of our suffering is man-made, therefore it can be man-unmade.
@@BDJones055 the bills would survive
Some chronological takeaways I got from this simulation.
1. The death toll on the African continent is going to exceed 1 billion by the 30-minute mark. That’s 1/8th the world population dead.
2. The major African continent biomes would be wiped out: the coastal environments, deserts and semideserts, mountain, savanna grasslands and the equatorial forests. Very little of anything beyond maybe burrowing creatures, insects and microbes would survive around the Sahel (belt of dry tropical savanna to the south of the Sahara Desert.” This also includes the totality of Madagascar and the surrounding islands.
3. Most if not all major African megafauna would be wiped out; we’d have to rely on the reserves of African megafauna and other species spread across the globe in zoos and sanctuaries to even have a chance at saving them, and I’m not sure there’s enough genetic diversity to do that, unless someone can calculate that.
4. It is conceivably possible for humans to survive within 300-400 miles of the impact IF they had deep underground shelters capable of withstanding nonstop seismic activity north of 10 Moment Magnitude and over a mile down with proper AC and viable supplies. Maaaaaaaybe as far south as the North 10* line of longitude (Ethiopia, Sudan, etc).
5. Atmospheric Re-Entry coupled with heat wave hits the Middle East around Yemen at around the 27-minute mark.
6. Atmospheric Re-Entry coupled with heat wave hits the Mediterranean at around the 34-minute mark past Cairo.
7. South America and India are getting hit by the ejecta heat wave at about the 37-minute mark. The whole of the Middle East, North Africa and all Indian Ocean islands just got baked to a 520F crisp (lost all the Middle East, North African and Indian Ocean Island biomes, and just beginning into India, southern Mediterranean Europe, Central Asia and South America in Brazil.
8. The Western portion of North America is being rocked by 3-4 Moment Magnitude quakes from the quake antipode point by the 44-minute point.
9. The death toll is 2 billion at about the 45-minute mark. That’s 1/4th the world population dead.
10. The 50-minute mark speaks for itself. The world is FUCKED.
11. The world-wide forest ignition points hit as far north as Paris, France, far east as Singapore and past Perth, Australia, to the West Cuiaba, Brazil and Coyhaique, Chile. The heat wave still travels worldwide and causes indirect wildfires through other sources.
12. By the 1 hour 15-minute point, eastern North America is cooked, and all the Russian territory, Central Asian, Europe and all of Southeast Asia and Australia have been cooked. The Central North Pacific near the antipode is now temporarily the safest place temperature-wise on Earth for the time being.
13. At the end of the ejecta re-entry and heat wave phase, it turns out being within a dozen miles of the Hawaiian Islands was the safest place on Earth. The temperatures reach in the upper 30-40C, maybe in the 50-60C (122F-140F) for a little bit. Still THE safest place to have been on Earth. Minor impact on Hawaiian biomes. All others across the planet have been annihilated, are being destroyed by fires or damaged beyond repair. Most megafauna and human life on Earth is dead.
14. 57-minute mark = 3 billion dead, 3/8th of the human population gone.
15. 1 Hour 21-minute mark = 4 billion dead, ½ of all humanity is gone. Arguably more than 85% of all land species are extinct, and the following ocean extinctions will exceed 90%
16. 2 hour and 19-minute mark, 5 billion dead, 5/8ths the world human population gone. Humanity is now considered an endangered species as most flora and fauna have been wiped out by this point. Nearly every city on Earth except for cities on the Hawaiian Islands are destroyed, on fire or baked into oblivion.
17. At 3 hours over 5.5 billion people are dead. 2.5 billion remain. I didn’t mention anything about the airblast because…well everything and everyone on the African continent was most likely already dead. Maaaaaaaaaybe there are survivors around the Solel or 10* longitude line if they were underground and rode it out, assuming those underground shelters held out.
18. Any survivors in east South America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia better find shelter from the air blast overpressure, if there is any left. It’s conceivably survivable but you really don’t want to lose your hearing as among the last human beings need to be on their A game if they’re going to survive. Beyond those areas, the worst that will happen is an overpressure blast that can shatter windows, much like the Chelyabinsk shock wave. Quite survivable but lots more injuries if you’re near any remaining glass structures.
19. I find it fucking hilarious how Cape Town is projected to be 35C while Singapore is 46C by the 8-hour mark. I mean come on; mother nature has a sense of humor. Otherwise the temperatures around the globe are stabilizing while near the impact the temperatures are exponentially decreasing.
20. PSYCHE! That was very temporary. Worldwide forest fires spike the temperatures up stupid again at about the 5-6 hr mark, then travels across the globe over the next ten days. Any survivors best be underground or in a submarine for the next 14 days at minimum. Impact Winter appears to begin around 10th-14th day. Yaaaaay cooler temperatures!
21. Impact Winter will probably last for a very, very long time, killing millions and millions more over the duration. Likely down to less than one billion humans left on the planet.
22. It’s possible we re-enter into a new Ice Age. The western coasts of North America, the southeast coast of North America will be survivable if you consider Ice okay. Pretty much all of Asia and Central Europe are Antarctica along with portions of continental interiors. Interestingly the Caribbean Islands might still hold out with tundra conditions, warmer than most other places across the globe around the 3-year mark.
23. It’ll take more than 3 decades for the Earth’s climatic zones to recalibrate and recover back to their original state. By this point I think the human population would still hover about 500million to 1 billion based on the lack of resources and climatic intensity. We’d have to make massive underground cities to survive this 3-decade period and mobilize the entire planet’s available resources to save us and any other species we could to begin the slow process of recovery. It could be possible we also saved many large megafauna species over the 3-decade time; livestock primarily. I’d hope we would have also saved many other trademark species, and others survived out there. We’d probably have to make underwater habitat cities too and try salvaging marine ecosystems wherever possible.
24. I think humanity can survive a Vredefort Impact, but we’ll get dangerously endangered in the process. This is easily a Permian level event, if not one that exceeds it by quite a few percentage points.
25. I wonder what the new political reality of Post-Vredefort Impact would be like. I’m curious what ocean or Antarctic Impact simulations would predict. I suspect they would be magnitudes better than this one.
Sorry i doubt humanity would survive. Human, yes, humanity, no. One billion might survive impact +24hours, but one year? With polar climate nearly everywhere? What would they eat and more, how would they heat thenselves, when forests would be burnt.
And one thing i miss ... Level of oxygen. After initial burnout, oceans would release some, but how many. Would survivors be even able to breathe?
There was NO megafauna on earth to speak of 2 - 2.2 GYA.
The landmasses were sterile, and only simple cyanobacteria in the oceans.
The oxygen levels would have been so low, there would have been too little to ignite. The atmosphere may have still potentially been in the last phases of reducing rather then oxidising this early in Earth history with traces of molecular hydrogen still present possibly.
@@Neognostic-pk5wuThis is obviously a comment saying what would happen if the Vredfort impact struck us in the modern day, not over 2 billion years ago
the human population if we survived would not be 500 million during the 30 year ice age. it would be 10 million at the highest.
You put some thoughts into this I can see. But as of your comment 23. Frankly, I don't think I would want to emerge from such an impact. Even if there was a possibility. You'd face a wasteland completely devoid of life and you'd have to nearly start from scratch. I'd rather face the asteroid face on and get wiped out.
Holy crap. We're going WAYYYYYYYYY back for this one: OVER TWO BILLION YEARS!
This is indeed the second oldest known crater
@@Kaldisti would you do Wilkes Land impact next?
@@michaelhamar3305 Not proven to be an impact crater, but one day it could be interesting to make "what if" simulations x)
@@Kaldisti also vrederford impact on modern map or 2.8bln years ago?
@@michaelhamar3305 Indeed, continents shape is unknown for this period, so I used the modern map, as usual
Nice simulation. Btw, I just like how Yucatan peninsula's Chicxulub impact site designated as "Not this time" 😄
Finally one who noticed it :D
nice catch, I guess. On a 3+ hour video, it's traditional to include a timestamp when discussing a moment in the video, esp when the post is good enough to get engagement from The Creator.
@@DrDeuteron 3:14:25
Was reading about the Vredefort impact crater just a few minutes ago and was pleased to find this video. Everything an inquisitive and wandering mind could want. I can't imagine the amount of research and work this takes for little to no credit. Thank you for taking the time, we greatly appreciate it!
These simulations blow my mind. It's one thing to see a 30 second CGI clip in a documentary that talks about the extreme heat and massive earthquakes and so on, but this really helps put everything into perspective. The sheer astounding amount of energy released, something currently beyond human capacity...yet with a universe so big who knows how many far bigger collisions are happening right now, the universe wouldn't even notice.
The amazing thing is that on a cosmic scale, this is a very insignificant event that is almost microscopic compared to some of the more energetic explosions in our galaxy such as supernova. Makes us feel so small in comparison, yet it is an event than is mind bending when trying to visualize.
Well of course, a planet is but a speck compared to a star, especially a giant star exploding. If one of Jupiter's Galilean moons (roughly equal to our own Moon) were disturbed and crashed into Jupiter, it wouldn't make any long-term difference to Jupiter either, the moon would just get swallowed....
It also happened very recently, as compared to the infinite cosmos.
@@louise_roseit would be the same if Jupiter crashes into HD 100546b. The planet is bigger than a lot of stars
A 30km diameter rock compared to 12000km diameter Earth is almost imperceptibly small. Also its speed at 20-30km/s is only about one rock diameter per second. Doesn't seem that fast, if seen that way, does it?
Perspective, it's all about one's perspective. The mosquito I smacked earlier also thought that event was a lot greater than I did. Perspective. 😎
"4761 squirrels" i know i'm american but i've never seen anyone use "squirrel" as a unit
Yeah. It's nuts
timestamp
Especially as a unit of length.
My area has the Tropical Savannah climate but in this scenario it would be suffered with over a decade of freezing which is insane, thanks for all of the dedication you’ve put in this video
Whats the point of all that blurred radio comunications when you cannot work out anything they are saying? really a waste of video time..
A long time ago I saw an animation of a 500 km haedan earth impactor class object (I'm sure you probably have seen it as well) it was simulated as if it happened today, it was spectacular it generated so much heat that it covered the entire earth in rock vapor I hope someday this channel will make an animation of such an early earth impact.
Do you mean Theia?
@@theorangeoof926 No, I think he means this. th-cam.com/video/PENT_hnyO-o/w-d-xo.html&ab_channel=AnselmoLaManna
@@theorangeoof926 Theia would have been far larger than 500km and would have far more devastating effects. There are theories that say the Earth would have been so hot most of the planet would have vaporized or liquefied and re-condensed.
Was this what you were referring to? th-cam.com/video/PENT_hnyO-o/w-d-xo.html
@@theorangeoof926Theia is mars sized planet probably diamtee over 7,000km with 1/3 of Earth's density
The Chicxulub simulation made me paranoid that an asteroid was going to hit the Earth for almost a week, let’s see what this one does to my mental health 😊
Wishing you peaceful skies, but keep looking up!
All the reason to lobby the world's governments to put more money in their space programs. It means we can move to another planet and avoid this mess.
@@martianbuilder5945 Yes, leave.
The sooner we become an interstellar species, the better
@@theorangeoof926 for real maybe if aliens are ever discovered people will realize black and white Spanish etc are not a race we are the human race one race different races are humans and whatever aliens are out there
Great work, 100% synchronization with ongoing events. The level of staging and editing is growing exponentially. I was lucky to find this channel and subscribe!
Thank goodness, someone finally added the Squirrel metric for length. Squirrels must know the dangers of asteroid impacts.
I was looking for someone else who saw that! 😂
You badly underestimated the temperature and thermal radiation of Salma Hayek, specifically in her molecular state of the vampire queen in "From Dusk Till Dawn".
Let's not jump to any conclusions here! We would need a highly detailed 2 hour simulation video of Salma Hayek's hotness, and then maybe we could derive a meaningful analysis from that. 🤔
@@antred11 That would be quite helpful indeed, but existing evidence is quite convincing already. A two hour simulation, however, could show the instant incineration of a majority of the male forests of the world in much more detail, while also fostering the understanding of which parts of Salma Hayek's smoking hot body would create the most impact...
Not the Salma Hayek radiation temperature of 20'000C° lmao
Thought I was the only one who saw that lmfao!
lmao
I just scrolled through the comments to see if anyone else noticed lol
Even with this info, it's hard to fathom just what this might have looked like had you been there. The scale and magnitude isn't something I could even imagine. Well done, I hope you make more.
As long as you're underground during the heatwave, this seems... actually quite survivable for the western coast of North America and definitely Hawaii. The temperature would quickly build and peak at around 100c for about 5 minutes and then decline as soon as it came. You'd only need to be a few meters underground to survive that and, with how many cave systems that area has, there's plenty of natural shelter even if you don't have a private one. Hawaii might get very uncomfortably warm for a few minutes if you stay above ground. The earthquake would flatten Hawaii as its infrastructure isn't built to survive it, much less a very strong one. Unlike Hawaii, the vast majority of infrastructure would survive on the west coast of North America since the earthquake would be weak (3 or 4), and most highly critical infrastructure is up to earthquake code of that magnitude. That brings out two potentially EXTREMELY important details for potential survival in these regions.
1. Local infrastructure is likely to survive. That includes ports, roadways, buildings, and the greatest boon of all: intact shortwave AM radio infrastructure. This region would still be able to communicate within itself at a reasonably modern 1950s level. The seats of Canadian, American, and Mexican governments would likely relocate to these regions if the world is given even a two-week notice of the impact.
2. The American Pacific Fleet. Its main docks are in Pearl Harbor and San Diego, regions where the fleet's assets would likely survive. Its tonnage displacement is massive and it can carry a massive weight load. The pride of this fleet and the greatest asset of it are its nuclear-powered aircraft carriers which won't be bothered in the slightest by fuel shortages. The fleet would give the remnants of the three countries a massive advantage over any other group of surviving people. It would, and time to get grim, allow the likely uniform military government that would come from the combination of the nations to overpower, subjugate, and colonize the areas where survival is most likely in the impact winter.
There would probably only be a couple hundred million human survivors from this catastrophe after a few decades and I'd be willing to bet a FAT chunk of them would come from that region and would be at a massive technological advantage during the recolonization of the world.
Русские тоже выживут. У нас очень много горных систем таких как Кавказ, Урал, Алтайские горы и т.д. Ходят слухи, что там уже понастроили кучу подземных убежищ, со всей инфраструктурой. Или вы думаете, что вы самые умные на этой планете? За полярным кругом в вечной мерзлоте можно понастроить кучу подземных баз. И кстати, Россия находится примерно на таком же расстоянии от эпицентра взрыва, как США, Канада и Мексика. И плевать нам на гордость вашего флота. Посмотрим ещё, кто кого коллонизирует и поработит.🤟🤨
Since it's only for a few minutes I imagine you could even just stay in the bathroom with the door and the windows closed. The inside temperature will not change that much. Except maybe if the any part of the house is made of wood (that could catch on fire).
@@poluCrovca1979Russia has 1 aircraft carrier that doesn’t work. The United States has 11. Good luck
@@arturocevallossoto5203my guess is that if you can survive boiling water for 5 😊minutes you're ok. Too bad it will be in the form of a 200 foot tidal wave.
@@poluCrovca1979My guess after something like this there's not a lot of building going on even in Russia. And even if people survive it's going to be hard to find food in essentially what is a long lasting nuke winter.
Man, was waiting for this from the very start, and I can say it was worth the wait. Keep up with the good work!
One question ocurred to me while watching. The kinetic energy of the impactor would have been huge. And the Earth's crust was thinner than it is now. It could have penetrated the crust. Even if it didn't have, The amount of kinetic energy would have not just travelled on the surface but I'm sure it would have travelled through the molten core too. Did take that into account while making the simulation? I wonder if the surface wave would have travelled as fast as the one in the core too.
I also wonder how high the ejecta would have reached into space. How long it would have been visible from outer space (the ejecta, not the lava lake). From Venus or Mars the planet might have looked more bright for a long time.
It would have been interesting to see how much seismic and volcanic action the impact caused. I'm sure some (if not the most) fault lines would have ruptured to to this extreme force, causeing eons of new major earthquakes and volcanoes popping up all around the world.
>WTF°C
>4761 squirrels
>20 000°C Salma Hayek
I'm dying from laughter. Never been this early to a mass extinction. Also the intro was high-quality and great! Thank you and keep up the good work!
Magnificent work from you as always, you reignited my long lost passion for these sorts of events once again :)
Anyone else catch the WTFc temp? Lol Great simulation. Well done.
Yeah and apparently Salma Hayek is pretty hot...
"WTF ⁰C" A pretty strong representation of the temperature lol.
What a great video, I especially like how things change the more data you are able to use in your videos. The death toll is astronomical, truly a world ending event.
Ok this is nitpicking: Talking about "atmospheric re-entry" is technically wrong, as the asteroid wasn't launched from earth and hence doesn't do a "re"-entry."Atmospheric entry" would be more accurate.
Good point, but I saw the use of both terms about asteroids impact. As non-native english speaker I was not able to say which one was the right term. Thanks
These simulations are awesome. The music really makes it. Don't ever change the music.
For celestial phenomenon/apocalyptic events, between spectacular depictions and realistic depictions, I always prefer realistic, even if they sometimes have seemingly mundane moments. Having an accurate understanding of those events makes them much more haunting
Your opening coupled with the music sets an ominous tone throughout the video. Great work!
Amazing how we can still manage to research and discover so much about something that happened so long ago. It was such an alien and exotic planet back then it might as well have been a different planet entirely. Not enough people cover things this far in the past and its so cool seeing what our Earth looked like in such archaic times, so this was amazing and informative.
This was an excellent simulation, in some ways better than the Chicxulub sim. Thank you!
It's really amazing these early crazy impacts. They likely boiled the oceans away. It's insane to even think about. Theres a really good documentary on here called Miracle Planet: The Violent Past.
To give you a reference as to how fast 20 km/s is, that is precisely 112,359.55 bananas per second.
I like deep fried bananas. They are delicious.
Wonder what kind of life was wiped out during that great filter event
you'll get the answer tonight x)
It will be interesting to see the animation of the Vredefort impact Have you heard about the Popigai crater? Will there be an animation about it? Idea for the video: The climate of Antarctica over the past 20 thousand years
That one the impact crater was only a bit under 1/3rd the size of this one though and half the size of the dinosaur killer (chicxulub)
Amazingly entertaining and earth shattering. I really can't wait for the chicxulub impact in real time again but this time with the map of the world 65 million years ago instead of the present world in the future. As always, keep up the good work out there 👍✨
Just think of how many lotteries our ancestors had to win in order for us to exist today. It's mind blowing.
Love the video, thanks for your time in creating this. I love the spaceship ambiance and atmosphere fellow commander o7
This is stunning, disturbing, frightening and awe inspiring all at the same time. As someone who believes there will be another huge impact in the future, I can only hope it's nothing near this in size. This is very well done.
Outdone yourself in this one man, good work. As I was watching at the beginning, when it was close to impact I was like "wait this shoud hit the atmosphere and light up..." just to be happily "blinded" in the next second.
Good stuff
The scariest part of this whole simulation. The author said they used 'average" values
Imagine life today if evolution wasn't slowed down for 1.4 billion years
Hey Kaldisti, really wonderful simulation you made there. If you don't mind, I have a couple of questions I was curious about, especially in respect to the "Time after Impact" map:
1. Given the -28 degrees drop(and the fact that all of the continents are all covered in ice), would it be safe to assume that the ocean should also freeze over and give us a slushball/snowball earth?
2. How did places like Cuba and Haiti survive being completely iced over compared to the other islands in Philippines(with roughly the same latitude as Cuba) or the area around Malaysia/Indonesia?
Hi:
1: sea-surface temperature also drop, but less (around 15°C), so indeed, large parts of the ocean may freeze, seasonally or permanently.
2. tropical islands are mostly spared by the impact winter (excepted mountains of course), so the best place to survive is along their shore
@@Kaldisti "1: sea-surface temperature also drop, but less (around 15°C), so indeed, large parts of the ocean may freeze, seasonally or permanently."
Not sure if you could answer this, but to picture how far this sea ice would go with a 15°C degree drop, up to which latitude should this newly created sea ice extend to?
Would this newly created sea ice(permanent or seasonal) extend up to around the 30th latitude? Or is this temperature drop still enough to freeze vast majority of the ocean?
@@gunguir9264 The biggest issue with an extreme impact winter occurring during modern times (interglacial) is that once the sea ice reaches within ~30° of the equator, the ice reflects so much sunlight that the Earth cools further, eventually leading to a positive feedback loop which inevitably causes all of the sea ice to freeze, triggering a "Snowball Earth" episode.
@@Theriodontia4945 a reboot of life on earth?
@@dinorexrx6980 Unicellular life would obviously survive. I am not so sure about multicellular life during a post-impact Snowball Earth. It depends on if any exposed rock exists, which would enable lichen to survive. Out in the ocean, any ice free areas would be productive with plankton (after the dust settles and the sun "returns"), supplying populations of krill and fish.
26. I just realized, over the three hours and 21 minutes of this simulation, in real time more than 5.5 billion would be dead by the end of the video. An interestingly macabre observation XD
Those garbled voices at the beginning certainly add to the drama in some weird way.
Any idea what they were saying?
I live almost in the middle of this crater. Parys, Free State, South Africa.
Lol I had to pause the video. I thought I had accidentally turned my game on . I thought Elite Dangerous was loading.
The Earth got so cold you had to come up with a new Koppen Climate color, that's crazy.
Excellent, Gwillerm. What a presentation. I live in Cape Town. I have visited the Vredefort Dome. Looking at it - it was amazing to try to imagine what was occurring there, and around the planet at that hour. Thanks for an amazing piece of work.
WTF°c made me laugh so hard. Thanks for the effort on these vids 🤣
This heatwave feels like what the fuck degrees Celsius.
I live close to the impact site, and I've actually been to the impact site, though at that time the tour guide and the facilities they had there were all under renovation, so we paid the security guard who knew about the event R100 or about $5 to give us a quick tour, very interesting stuff indeed.
Thank you very much for this unique existential experience.
Imagine this is pretty much what would have happened if Son Goku would have just beamed his Kamehameha in a 90° angle towards Cell in the Cell games.
The background chatter on the pre-impact space station is muffled...can't quite make out what they're saying(except for the countdown warnings)...sounds ominous, though!
Thank you for making those simulations, they help to understand what such an impact _really_ means.
"Plot armor activated!" That made me laugh
I like how this channel makes these simulations interesting, scary and a little humorous at the same time. It's got the scarily accurate readings of what it would be like of asteroids impacted our planet in the present day, but it's also got some nice little quirky messages in it, such as Pretoria having a temperature of WTF degrees Celsius to prove a point that the place was hotter than hot, the site of the Chicxulub impact being labeled as 'Not This Time' to show that Chicxulub was not the star of the show for this video, and even showing when the air blast stops to kill (although everyone on Earth is already dead from the hell that has ensued). I can't wait to see what will happen next.
Absolutely splendid simulation that i think feels much better than the last one! It gives a sense of scale to an event i just cant fathom in my mind. I have two suggestions for future videos if you don't mind:
1. Simulating the comet from the film Don't Look Up. Its 10km across and strikes just off the coast of chile. The film was excellent in my opinion apart from the impact, which i feel could be massively improved with your simulation 😂.
2. Comparing the effects of different types of impactors of various sizes, using a set place as a target, e.g a city, land, the ocean. I think that would really help to give a sense of scale to the level this impacts can cause, and also be a great realistic educational video.
3. Perhaps adding realistic visuals of the explosion alongside the standard ones, e.g the ejecta cloud raining down, the fireball, the blast, etc. It would make the impact easier to visualise and give a better sense of scale.
I hope you keep making more fantastic videos. ❤
Gwillerm stated somewhere in this comment section that he'd like to cover the impact from Don't Look Up for his next simulation. :)
@@ybyt-r8b Amazing! That would be great!
Instant subscribed! I loved the chicxulub event simulation
Good but the audio static is pointless. Being clear would no detract from your premise and video concept.
14:14 bottom right .. 20,000°C = Salma Hayek 😂😂
Why did the overblast shockwave end so quickly? Your first Chicxulub impact video showed the shockwave reaching Canada. I'm confused.
1:31 Polish flag jumpscare
Hello, some questions about the temperature:
1. Is the fireball the reason the impact place stayed at over 50,000°C for two hours?
2. How, even after that, it stayed well above the boiling points of anything for so long?
3. After 10 hours, it cooled to ~35°C, and then began heating up to a stable 1,150°C?
4. Possibly just a glitch (you warned), but in 1-10 days timelapse, there is literally another heat wave, but slower and doesn't seem to cool down.
Except for 1, it feels unrealistic to me and I want to know what it's based on.
I think first you open a lava lake at impact point, so that alone is several thousand °C then consider the impact energy heats up that rock and rock retains a lot of heat for long.
As for the second heat wave, my understanding is it's from forest fires.
It's difficult to imagine/visualise the fact that the ejecta travels faster than the air blast.
bullets or bombshell travel faster than soundspeed x) it's the same for ejecta x)
@@KaldistiTrue! I'm trying to imagine it. The sound would be insane, like a global roar.
Confused about the heat wave "ring" spreading because of the ejecta - why is it so thin? I'm thinking if you heat up the entire atmosphere to 500 °C it would take many hours to cool down, right?
Also, the magma at the surface would keep South Africa toasty for years. Come to think of it, wouldn't somewhere in southern Africa be the best place to live several years after the impact? The surface would solidify but the heat emanating from the ground could stop ice ever forming and you could do primitive agriculture assuming you were able to somehow reach the area with a supply of seeds and soil.
Finally! more real time impacts! I love these kind of videos
If you to land anywhere on earth 30 years after impact, what would the surface look like? Would it just be a barren wasteland?
dead trees but ferns everywhere
@@Kaldisti I think all of the trees would have decomposed by then. Also is there a possibility that ferns would have gone extinct with this one? You said the extinction event would have been bigger than the Permian.
@@bensmall6548 Spores are highly resistant to extreme environmental conditions. Ferns survived to the last 3 mass extinction (Devonian, Permian and Cretaceous)
@@Kaldisti Makes sense.
Wouldn’t have mattered at the time this object actually hit. There was no life at all on dry land and any life in existence was microbial in the seas. All you would have seen afterwards was a mix of molten rock and lava at the site, ejecta boulders for a couple thousand miles around the site, and sand rearranged in radial lines away from the blast zone everywhere else.
3:19:20 For this part, what does “Hypothermal” mean? I can kind of imply what it means as the environment could be sucking in heat but there is no such classification in the Köppen climate system.
I created these climate zones, because as working on global warming and glacial periods, the current Köppen climate system doesn't fit with more extreme climate conditions occuring in both periods.
Hypothermal means at least one month with average temperature colder than -50°C, which is a lethal temperature for human body
@@KaldistiOh wow, that’s crazy. I reckon that could definitely apply to other planets other then Modern Day Earth, thanks for sharing
@@Kaldisti Hey Kaldisti, do you mind if I ask about how it would be particularly lethal for the human body?
(Asking as there are people have definitely survived in temperatures lower than -50 degrees C, such as in Russia's Yakutia)
@@gunguir9264 -50°C means frostbite hazard in less than 5 minutes without protection, as well as hypothermia issues in less than 30 minutes.
That's why people avoid to do shopping with that kind of temperature =)
@@Kaldisti That is a very valid point :)
Thanks for the explanation Kaldisti!
@3:13:40 - The air blast is 192 DB (as much as Saturn V rocket blasting off from Cape Canaveral) at a radius of Kenya!! Basically every small building is destroyed even at the borders of the African continent.
How did you simulate the Impact Winter? It must be complicated trying to calculate all of the changing climates as the world cools!
This would be terrifying if this actually happened. Just imagine, a near moon size object getting ever closer every day while knowing that there's nothing you can do to stop it.
Then after the event; there's a very high chance that humanity can't recover from this mass extinction and is very well on the way to extinction. Hell it'll take Earth a long time to fully recover from it with us having no knowledge of what creatures will thrive in this new world.
So what will be your next impact simulation?
I'd like to make the Don't Look Up impact
@@Kaldisti Yes, please 😍
Remember, this impact led to a series of highly unlikely events, converging over hundreds of millions of years, that led to you watching this video.
If theories are true that suggest the Great Dying's mantle plume was triggered by an immense Antarctic meteor strike, then that will easily take the throne.
"Activating plot armor." Underrated.
This is absolutely amazing/fascinating/horrifying
If a bigger impact had ever occurred in the sea, we wouldn't know, because the bottom of the sea is very unexpired and there is more erosion there. Most of the Earth is covered with water, and every big impact known took place on the ground.
Oceanic crust never last more than 250 million years, because of subduction process. You're right, there were probably ocean impacts, but the information is forever lost
There are some issues with running the Vredefort Impact simulation in a modern setting. True, it would be devastating if it happened now, but certainly it was less so back when it did. Why?
For one, there would be no wildfires. As there was nothing organic on land, no plants, no animals, and probably no single celled organisms (apart from any organic detritus washed up on shorelines) there would have been nothing to burn. There would have been little, if any, soot to darken the skies, and a limited amount of CO2 produced, most likely from any carbonate rocks destroyed in the impact. Any 'Impact Winter' that resulted may not have lasted very long at all, and would have had no effect on life on land because there wasn't any there to begin with.
How severely the impact would have affected what life was in the oceans may also have been less severe than thought. Raising the temperature of a given volume of water takes a lot of energy, and the system of ocean currents tends to even out any temperature differences pretty efficiently, That said, the fact that the shape and distribution of the land masses, and thus, the courses of the ocean current system, would be completely different back then, and that will have an unforeseeable effect on what the impact would do to both. In fact, given how cold deep ocean water is, being warmed by the impact may have brought an unexpected benefit to life. If life did begin around deep water hydrothermal vents, then that life may well have been isolated to each cluster of such vents. The coldness would have prevented migration from one set of vents to the next nearest ones. If the impact did raise deep sea temperatures enough to allow organisms from one set of vents to migrate to others, the resultant spread of organisms would have led to an explosion of diversification. In which case, we might owe our very existence to the Vredefort Impact.
Thought I was going to survive here in Australia but I was burnt alive at 53 minutes
In what temperature range does “hypothermal” reside ?
winter average temperature < -50°C and summer temperature < 10°C
Oh alr
Speaking of poles , would such an impact make average temperature there below -100C ?
Fun fact: The Huronian Glaciation is the "little brother" of the actual Snowball Earth which happens at the end of the Proterozoic Eon. Snowball Earth lasted well over 50-60 million years before it deglaciation finally occurred.
does it matter if an asteroid hits the ground or snow or ocean? will it make impact more violent or less powerful?
It depends of the ocean depth, but in any case, the asteroid is completely vaporized. The resulting crater is smaller, but the tsunami is ... biblical
@@Kaldisti What would happen if a very big asteroid doesn't hit the earth but it burns in the atmosphere? Does it go into orbit because its slowed down or hits earth or still has enough speed to orbit the sun?
@@BaklierServerSide if it's that big, it's not burning up or going into orbit. It's still gonna crash into the planet.
We’re talking about megatsunamis that would easily reach the high hundreds of kilometres high, it would be the worst thing you would ever see from the ground. You’d be a grain of sand to a bathtub really.
@@theorangeoof926 I think I'd still rather the biblical tsunami than a direct continental to continental slope impact, just because the fallout alone would be magnitudes worse than what the tsunami can do.
I feel like the death toll is a little inaccurate because by the time the heat wave reaches the middle of North America, it's still hot enough to boil water, and you're in the heat wave for like 10-15 mins straight. I'd straight up just peace out. aint no way I'm livin through 15 mins of 200 degrees. The death toll an hour an a half in should be like 7 billion or somethin like that
But wouldn’t by then people have a general idea of what’s happening and how to survive it, surely someone would’ve said something to help them survive?
I take it the Mars colonizers would have the best chance of making it in this scenario as long as they were self sufficient and did not depend on any resupplies by that time.
"Plot armor activated" is CRAZY
When did the impact happen?
2 billion years ago
To dust off an old chestnut:
"Everyone in McKinney is dead."
Wow waiting ✋
Why is only 200 crates on our Earth 🌎?
Not so many really.
Good luck 👍
there were thousands on the surface, but much more buried within the terrestrial crust, and other millions lost forever after billion of years of erosion / tectonic processes
@@Kaldisti ok 👍 thanks we haveing two in Poland.
Did U hear about Pultuski metorite rain was probably the biggest in last 100 years
ok- I loved the WTF C and the Selma Hayek 20,000 C humor...thank you ...
17:00 - Pretoria WTF celcius :D
Never heard of this. Phenomenal work, thank you.
1:34 poland flag
Thank you Cyanobacteria for recording this 🙏
2nd comment.