I’m genuinely glad that I’ve been a subscriber for quite a while now. I feel grateful towards you for making physics and mathematics my greatest goal and the center of my life, as I thank you for your constancy and dedication. We all appreciate you a lot around here. Always on point; keep it up!
One of the videos posted almost 8 years inspired me to pursue physics as a career in highschool. Now I have a masters in physics and I am teaching high school physics!
I'm pretty sure in cells there is a sucking force but it's not mysterious, it's a resonance of attraction that works like a tractor beam for particles in range that are in harmony with the attractor. In our mitochondria the attractors are called enzymes and something else that attracts electrons one by one from atoms leaving just the protons. It's called the electron transfer chain and I believe it is how all energy and the information it necessarily contains is transferred and transformed at all levels in the Universe. How particles move is dependent upon the boundary conditions they appear in with the nearest being the most influential. Like a cell is influenced most directly by it's nucleus but the function of the cell is also greatly influenced by the Heart, cerebral spinal fluid system, the Earth, Sun...
hEllo heyya heyyaaaaa heyyo joyuhahahahaha hi hi hello hi Laugh it out of hmmmmmm, sorry where was I?.. Ah, I get it, an entire piece of cheese! Pull that out of the hahaha
As noted in the commentary, there are no attractive forces between the particles in this simulation. This means that you are simulating two ideal gases (well, if we ignore the particles' volume). In such a case, the osmotic pressure is equal to the partial pressure of the cubes, while the partial pressure of the spheres will converge to being equal on both sides of the barrier. The simulation is not representative for osmosis in liquids. For liquids, there IS an attractive force between particles, and this is essential for explaining the high osmotic pressures in liquids. For instance, the osmotic pressure between sea water and fresh water is an amazing 24 atmospheres, although the difference in salt concentration is only 3.5%.
The following quote is from the Wikipedia page on Osmosis: "The 'bound water' model is refuted by the fact that osmosis is independent of the size of the solute molecules-a colligative property-or how hydrophilic they are."
True, how hydrophilic the solute is (the attraction between balls and cubes) is not essential. But the attraction between solvent molecules (water/balls) is important. This force is necessary for the solvent to be a liquid, and is part of the explanation for the high osmotic pressure in liquids.
@@okloster0 I don't know a vast amount about the exact physics of osmosis, but surely the high density of water has something to do with it? Ignoring interaction, you'd expect the osmotic pressure of water to be higher than a similar quantity for gases because more mass per unit area means more force per unit area.
This helped my intuition a ton. So hypothetically if the membrane only let the squares through, we'd see the same thing but to the other side. Amazing.
Great demo! Another interesting case I can imagine is where there are some attractive interactions between the cubes(so it becomes a liquid) , but keeping only the same hard repulsion with the spheres. You can then demo some things like colligative properties, and also show that the 'vapor' of spheres above the liquid has equal concentration on left and right, at heights where there are few cubes. I've always wondered if there is a clean and intuitive way to visualize chemical potential, and perhaps this approach could help.
I imagine most sorts of semi-permeable membrane can be abstracted to this kind of visualization? The purpose is to show that a shape-specific filter has that result whether they are simulated shapes or biology, chemistry, and physics doing their things, correct?
Hey, I just wanna say: Your videos are amazing. They have incredibly insightful and intuitive demonstrations of otherwise hard-to-understand concepts. I get the feeling they're primarily intended for use in schools. But honestly, I enjoy them for their own sake. Keep it up; you're doing great work.
Thanks for the compliments about my videos. My videos are intended for anyone who wants to watch them. Many of my viewers are not even students (although many are). Thanks.
I used to watch your videos back in 2016 and your animation is awesome glad i found you on youtube still making breathtaking animations...That quantum Mechanics video was magnificent
Thanks for the compliment. It depends on how we define "diffusion." In the first two examples with osmosis, I wouldn't call this diffusion, because the concentration of balls will never be the same on the two sides of the barrier, due to the presence of the other particles which can't pass through the membrane.
Nice simulation I never knew osmosis on a molecular level. You have great taste in music ,listened to quite a few classical pieces while watching your previous videos.
Your simulation is very interesting to watch - brought me to the question, if the driving 'force' behind real Osmosis could be a pure filter effect? I'm not sure if this is your conclusion or very far from it. Just from what I saw in the sim, I think it's behaviour is all down to the barrier in the middle, which allows balls to pass from the left to the right side more easily than from right to left. The mid barrier could be seen as a filter with directional permeability, maybe like a coffee filter. For example, imagine a coffee filter installed in an Aquarium, where on the left side is pure water, while on the right we have 'coffee powdered water'. Now in the simulation the squares ('coffee particles') on the right partly block/clog the filter towards the left, so balls (water molecules) which happen to enter the right area have a higher tendency to stay there, than to return back - a bit like a sponge-effect, but without the adhesive forces. The reason why not (almost) all balls end up on the right, is that the right-to-left permeability ("leakage") effectively increases with more balls on the right, due to rising pressure (= particle-particle/-wall collisions per time unit) in this area, just like described in the video. With the filter's/barrier's permeability moving from directional towards unidirectional, the amount of particles on the right grows slower and slower - until a near-equilibrium state is reached.
Thanks for this video 🙏. It's one of the best in your playlists. I think I finally understood osmotic pressure. Please correct me if I'm wrong. So, initially we have water(spheres) on both sides and the pressure on both sides of the wall is equal. Suppose, we add NaCl salt and the ions get hydrated immediately and represent the cubes. The cubes owing to their larger size, restrict movement of spheres and even block them from effectively colliding with the barrier. This can be thought of as decrease in the pressure on that side. So, now the other side spheres will cross the barrier more frequently until pressures are balanced again. So, there are more net molecules on the salt side and denotes the increase in height. This decrease in pressure on the salt side is called osmotic pressure and proportional to the concentration of salt added.
No, that is not it. Imagine that there were an equal number of total balls and squares, and we start with all the balls on the left side, and all the squares on the right side. Some of the balls are going to move from the left to the right, because it is extremely unlikely that they would all stay on the left side. The fact that we now have a greater number of total particles on the right side means that we now have a higher pressure on the right side than on the left side. Thanks for the compliment about my video.
@@EugeneKhutoryansky thanks, do the squares "push" some of the balls back to the left? And why does this not counteract the movement of balls to the right?
@@EugeneKhutoryansky. I don’t think your last point is correct. The total number of particles cannot account for the osmotic effect because osmosis would occur in the same direction and with the same pressure regardless of the starting volumes on either side of the barrier. Only the concentrations are relevant.
Nice video! Also, good to consider that in equilibrium, at the side with solute, decrease of stability of solvent due to increase of pressure as osmotic pressure is compensated and balanced by increase of stability of solvent due to entropic effects (ideal behaviour) beside possibly solvent-solute interactions giving rise to non-ideal behaviour.
Isn't it fascinating? You look at a simple household phenomena, and deep down it's a bunch of particles bouncing around, just so many of them that it looks like e.g. coffee going up a paper filter.
This is a great visualization! but I'm curious if the squares would reach the same height as the spheres with a non-permeable membrane. I noticed that the squares could transfer rotational energy to each other and the spheres couldn't.
This is a great observation. I wonder if/how the results change if you just use larger balls instead of squares? After all the squares have more degrees of freedom and therefore higher energy...
You're on the right track with this whole background music thing. Hopefully very soon, you'll decide to drop the whole thing. Believe me, your voice is mesmerizing, music here is unneeded.
Wonderful and very instructive as all of your videos! We must be careful with "entropy" here. If you consider a time-series of consecutive, fully described microstates for which you know everything you cannot define entropy. Entropy can only be defined if you set only marcoscopic quantities and ask in how many microscopic ways they can be achieved. What is meant here is that initially we have a microstate that is part of the low entropy "all particles in one side" set and we end up with a microsate that is part of the high entropy "particles equally spread on both sides" set. This happens because the initial velocities were randomized by the collision (no-gravity-simulation). Newtonian mechanics says that if we play the video backwards we will have a thermodynamics defying system which lowers its entropy. I only do not know how random is the motion of the diaphragm.
@@brandonklein1 I'm pretty sure that the macroscopic variable in consideration here is more likely the particle number on each side of the membrane, as that is what changed to increase the later states' "entropy." But, yeah, when the video talked about entropy, they likely meant the entropy associated with a specific macroscopic quantity, not the entropy associated with the specific microstate shown onscreen.
I never thought of it this way, but could it be explained as simply as the cubes block the path to the barrier, so the balls on the left have a greater opportunity to pass through than than the balls on the right? Equilibrium is reached when the right side has enough "extra" balls in it that the occurrence of barrier interaction is equal on both sides? This is very enlightening! Thanks for the great videos!
that would not be an accurate description of what’s actually happening at a semipermeable membrane though. it’s not that the membrane is being blocked by the solute particles. this video doesn’t discuss/explain osmotic pressure which is what you’re getting at. i wish they did because that’s the actual concept that’s hard to conceive.
@@billyt8868 So I found this.. th-cam.com/video/rCNlG_j_gSM/w-d-xo.html Hoping this is a more thorough explanation? Seems multiple facets to osmosis, including solute possibly holding on to solvent, solute blocking solvent (which still evidently plays a role), and I would still also posit, the fact that there are more molecules of solvent on one side than the other, increasing the probability that solvent molecules from the more dilute side will interact with the membrane? Is there more that you are aware of? Thanks for the reply. I'm always interested in learning.
I think that makes sense. But the cubes block the membrane channel to movement from both sides. So it seems to be diffusion is actually happening, while being "hindered" by the cubes, and pressure increases because of the greater volume of particles on the right side. What confuses me is why the pressure gradient doesn't force more spheres to the left side!
The cubes impart a greater portion of their energy to the barrier than the balls since it blocks them completely. That creates the pressure difference as balls enter the right side. With this increase in pressure, the cubes need somewhere to push. Since they can't go through the barrier like the balls can, they have nowhere to go but up.
It would have been really cool if you let the simulation at 05:05 run to equilibrium, and then beyond that (maybe sped up). Just to see how it plays out. Especially to see how far beyond equilibrium the system oscillates.
On my first pass, i didn't see much of a justification for how this happens. I'll watch it again... Alright. it's easy to miss this, you mention that the influence of the squares is important, but you don't really explain why except in empirical terms: it happens, here's it happening. The balls can pass, but not the squares. The explanation would probably involve something like... The balls, being able to pass through, are able to exert a pressure through the membrane, while the squares are not. The effect of the squares is not the same as it would be had they been balls, because for a square to oppose the balls entering the right side, the squares must force each ball back through the membrane, while when there are only balls on both sides, a ball on the right side only has to pass through the membrane, NOT just force a different ball through. Therefore it is much more likely that, when there are balls on both sides of the membrane, that the balls on one side can resist an imbalancing flow of balls; and it is less likely that, when there are squares on one side of the membrane, that the density of particles would remain similar, because for this to occur, the presence of the squares would have to have an equivalent likelihood of decreasing the number of balls present in the right side as would an equivalent number of balls, which is not true because the barrier prevents the squares from performing one of the two ways a ball could achieve this: by passing through.
Imagine that there were an equal number of total balls and squares, and we start with all the balls on the left side, and all the squares on the right side. Some of the balls are going to move from the left to the right, because it is extremely unlikely that they would all stay on the left side.
I think it helps to imagine the diffusion scenario with the cubes-- left side has more pressure obviously. Add a few balls at a time. Now we see this increases the pressure of both sides, reducing the ratio of the two pressures. Dilute it enough with balls and they basically have the same pressure. I guess the paradox that people may be confused by is that the transition rate is not proportional to pressure. The transition rate of each individual particle is proportional to its partial pressure, times some coefficient determining the penetrability of the barrier, e.g. a partial diffusion timescale. Each particle type has its own diffusion timescale-- it may be infinity, as in the case here with the cubes.
Interesting video, especially the concept of entropy which fixes the direction of occurance of every natural process is beautifully depicted in this video in terms of balls and squares motion.
This video scratched an itch I had for a long time. So many explanations (even in chemistry textbooks!) calls upon spooky entropy magic to explain osmosis. I'm going to have to watch the simulation a bunch more. But this is very helpful for me. Thank you!
You can explain most of Osmosis more easily by looking at a container pressurized with Helium gas. The container is able to hold any gas except Helium which slowly leaks out of any container. As the Helium leaks out other gases are not able to leak into the container and over time a perfect vacuum will form. Looking at this example allows you to use only one gas and the vacuum as the two liquids with the vacuum being a non-participant. This exact situation was also a full days' mystery when my container developed an excellent vacuum all by itself over a weekend. Turns out this is one of the steps to create really deep vacuums (Roughing, TMP, Helium-Vacuum washing, Helium-Thermal pumping).
This is a very accessible way of teaching it. You can probably append even more intuition to this without really having to get into the weeds with statistics. This is already useful as-is in a classroom where an instructor can provide an extra bit of explanation, but it would probably benefit this video as a supplement if there was a visual aid for what's happening at the level of the single particle: What I imagine is that every time a particle interacts with the barrier, there's a chance that it's either a ball or a square. Because squares can't pass through the barrier, then even though there might be just as many particles interacting with the barrier on both sides, the side with the squares won't send as many particles across the barrier, resulting in the side with the squares gaining more particles from the other side. I believe this would be another fairly intuitive addition to point out while still maintaining its accessibility to people less versed in higher math.
I find this explanation concerning the chances of what objecting hitting the hole on either side to be very helpful in understanding the simulation. Thank you.
The average number of collisions with the balls and the barrier is larger on the left side. Note the relative volumes or areas for both left and right are roughly the same. It follows that if the area or volume on one side is larger than the other, then a similar migration might be expected. My thanks for the insightful presentation.
this is such a simple but perfect way to show osmosis and diffusion, basic stuff but still i never saw it this way... makes things much easier to understand my suggestion is to make an animation barrier with "channels" that only certain shapes can pass, to simulate passive transport? as it still is physics based, i think it would be fun to see how it goes!!
Hey man great videos, the ability to visualise/intuit physical phenomena is a super cool possibility with youtube and I really appreciate people who make these vids. Also I was wondering if you could also include equations in ur videos which would allow to easier transition from the TH-cam landscape to books and papers or text in general.
"There are no magical forces sucking the balls"
- Physics Videos by Eugene Khutoryansky
I’m genuinely glad that I’ve been a subscriber for quite a while now. I feel grateful towards you for making physics and mathematics my greatest goal and the center of my life, as I thank you for your constancy and dedication. We all appreciate you a lot around here. Always on point; keep it up!
Thanks for the compliments. I am glad my videos have had such a positive impact.
@@EugeneKhutoryansky Your videos has much impact in others lives, You can sure about that.
One of the videos posted almost 8 years inspired me to pursue physics as a career in highschool. Now I have a masters in physics and I am teaching high school physics!
What a comment! The POWER of TH-cam + the genius of creators!
Are you me?
This is how osmosis really works. I remember teachers mentioning a mysterious sucking force. Thanks for elucidating !
Thanks.
@@EugeneKhutoryansky Yeah same, I never fully got the hang of it. Thanks Eugene that was a legendary move, keep it up!
Its just the average motion of all the particles in the system
So how does it work? I think it wasnt explaind in the video
I'm pretty sure in cells there is a sucking force but it's not mysterious, it's a resonance of attraction that works like a tractor beam for particles in range that are in harmony with the attractor. In our mitochondria the attractors are called enzymes and something else that attracts electrons one by one from atoms leaving just the protons. It's called the electron transfer chain and I believe it is how all energy and the information it necessarily contains is transferred and transformed at all levels in the Universe. How particles move is dependent upon the boundary conditions they appear in with the nearest being the most influential. Like a cell is influenced most directly by it's nucleus but the function of the cell is also greatly influenced by the Heart, cerebral spinal fluid system, the Earth, Sun...
The content on this channel is always excellent but what I love the most is the music and the voice 😂
B a w l z
Vous êtes toujours en vie hahaga
True I love the voice and content
hEllo heyya heyyaaaaa heyyo joyuhahahahaha hi hi hello hi Laugh it out of hmmmmmm, sorry where was I?.. Ah, I get it, an entire piece of cheese! Pull that out of the hahaha
😂
As noted in the commentary, there are no attractive forces between the particles in this simulation. This means that you are simulating two ideal gases (well, if we ignore the particles' volume). In such a case, the osmotic pressure is equal to the partial pressure of the cubes, while the partial pressure of the spheres will converge to being equal on both sides of the barrier.
The simulation is not representative for osmosis in liquids. For liquids, there IS an attractive force between particles, and this is essential for explaining the high osmotic pressures in liquids. For instance, the osmotic pressure between sea water and fresh water is an amazing 24 atmospheres, although the difference in salt concentration is only 3.5%.
The following quote is from the Wikipedia page on Osmosis: "The 'bound water' model is refuted by the fact that osmosis is independent of the size of the solute molecules-a colligative property-or how hydrophilic they are."
True, how hydrophilic the solute is (the attraction between balls and cubes) is not essential. But the attraction between solvent molecules (water/balls) is important. This force is necessary for the solvent to be a liquid, and is part of the explanation for the high osmotic pressure in liquids.
@@okloster0 citation, please
@@okloster0
I don't know a vast amount about the exact physics of osmosis, but surely the high density of water has something to do with it?
Ignoring interaction, you'd expect the osmotic pressure of water to be higher than a similar quantity for gases because more mass per unit area means more force per unit area.
Wait, I just realised the both ideas are essentially equivalent: the attractive forces are what causes the high density of liquids in the first place.
This helped my intuition a ton.
So hypothetically if the membrane only let the squares through, we'd see the same thing but to the other side.
Amazing.
Thanks. I am glad my video was helpful.
@@EugeneKhutoryansky will the behavior still hold if squares were made round, but still not able to got through the barrier ?
@@phdnk I do believe the squares and circles were just a demonstration of the concept
Such a fantastic channel, I cannot even explain how glad I am to have found this place, thousand thanks!
Thanks. I am glad you like my videos.
Great demo! Another interesting case I can imagine is where there are some attractive interactions between the cubes(so it becomes a liquid) , but keeping only the same hard repulsion with the spheres. You can then demo some things like colligative properties, and also show that the 'vapor' of spheres above the liquid has equal concentration on left and right, at heights where there are few cubes. I've always wondered if there is a clean and intuitive way to visualize chemical potential, and perhaps this approach could help.
I imagine most sorts of semi-permeable membrane can be abstracted to this kind of visualization? The purpose is to show that a shape-specific filter has that result whether they are simulated shapes or biology, chemistry, and physics doing their things, correct?
You never cease to amaze me! Amazing work as usual.
Thanks for the compliment.
Ohh really 😊
Commendable job in visualizing this,thanks .
Thank you so much. You have the best intuition on physics, classical or otherwise.
Thanks for the compliments.
Hey, I just wanna say: Your videos are amazing. They have incredibly insightful and intuitive demonstrations of otherwise hard-to-understand concepts.
I get the feeling they're primarily intended for use in schools. But honestly, I enjoy them for their own sake. Keep it up; you're doing great work.
Thanks for the compliments about my videos. My videos are intended for anyone who wants to watch them. Many of my viewers are not even students (although many are). Thanks.
These particles sure have a broad taste in music!
Again, a MARVELOUS video!
Thank you very much for your work!
Thanks for the compliment about my video. I am glad you liked it.
So happy you are back!! ❤️ always supporting this channel since forever ago!!
Thanks. I appreciate your support.
I like the heavy metal backing track! The explanation is also very clear, thank you!
Thanks.
Oh god, so awesome channel. Thank you for your work.
Thanks for the compliments.
I used to watch your videos back in 2016 and your animation is awesome glad i found you on youtube still making breathtaking animations...That quantum Mechanics video was magnificent
Thanks for the compliments.
"This is the beauty of physics" - You just described your channel in a nutshell!
Thanks for the compliment.
Yay! My fav youtuber uploaded!! Brilliant video and explanation, as always :)
Thanks for the compliments.
This is indeed the beauty of physics. Extremely simple laws, profound consequences beyond measure.
Scrolled to this comment as soon as they said it
High quality delivery from Eugene as always. Keep it up!
Thanks for the compliment.
Fantastic as always Eugene!
Thanks for the compliment.
Great visualisation of how osmosis works, and what is the difference between osmosis and diffusion. Thanks!
Thanks for the compliment. It depends on how we define "diffusion." In the first two examples with osmosis, I wouldn't call this diffusion, because the concentration of balls will never be the same on the two sides of the barrier, due to the presence of the other particles which can't pass through the membrane.
Nice simulation I never knew osmosis on a molecular level.
You have great taste in music ,listened to quite a few classical pieces while watching your previous videos.
Hi! Thank you so much for such genuine information! Kindly upload more! Thank you so much.
More videos are on their way. Thanks.
Oh my God yes! I tutor chemistry and this is so helpful. Thank you!
I am glad my video is helpful. Thanks.
Thanks so much for sharing! BTW, I love your voice! 😊
Thanks. The narration is done by my friend, Kira Vincent.
You did really amazing team work! Keep going! ^^
This is one of my favorite topics. Very very well done.
Thanks.
Great video! Thanks so much for making these!!
I am glad you liked my video. Thanks.
I feel those squares desperation, in struggling to get through the barrier
You must be at least this small to get on the ride.
Your simulation is very interesting to watch - brought me to the question, if the driving 'force' behind real Osmosis could be a pure filter effect?
I'm not sure if this is your conclusion or very far from it. Just from what I saw in the sim, I think it's behaviour is all down to the barrier in the middle, which allows balls to pass from the left to the right side more easily than from right to left. The mid barrier could be seen as a filter with directional permeability, maybe like a coffee filter. For example, imagine a coffee filter installed in an Aquarium, where on the left side is pure water, while on the right we have 'coffee powdered water'. Now in the simulation the squares ('coffee particles') on the right partly block/clog the filter towards the left, so balls (water molecules) which happen to enter the right area have a higher tendency to stay there, than to return back - a bit like a sponge-effect, but without the adhesive forces. The reason why not (almost) all balls end up on the right, is that the right-to-left permeability ("leakage") effectively increases with more balls on the right, due to rising pressure (= particle-particle/-wall collisions per time unit) in this area, just like described in the video. With the filter's/barrier's permeability moving from directional towards unidirectional, the amount of particles on the right grows slower and slower - until a near-equilibrium state is reached.
You and your channel one of the most incredible places to visualize and learn physics. Specially understand it. YOU ARE GREAT
Thanks for the compliment.
So glad I came across your video. Many thanks.🌹🌹
I am glad you liked my video. Thanks.
Thanks for this video 🙏. It's one of the best in your playlists.
I think I finally understood osmotic pressure.
Please correct me if I'm wrong.
So, initially we have water(spheres) on both sides and the pressure on both sides of the wall is equal. Suppose, we add NaCl salt and the ions get hydrated immediately and represent the cubes. The cubes owing to their larger size, restrict movement of spheres and even block them from effectively colliding with the barrier. This can be thought of as decrease in the pressure on that side. So, now the other side spheres will cross the barrier more frequently until pressures are balanced again. So, there are more net molecules on the salt side and denotes the increase in height. This decrease in pressure on the salt side is called osmotic pressure and proportional to the concentration of salt added.
No, that is not it. Imagine that there were an equal number of total balls and squares, and we start with all the balls on the left side, and all the squares on the right side. Some of the balls are going to move from the left to the right, because it is extremely unlikely that they would all stay on the left side. The fact that we now have a greater number of total particles on the right side means that we now have a higher pressure on the right side than on the left side. Thanks for the compliment about my video.
@@EugeneKhutoryansky Got it!!..Thanks for your response..being such a big creator you reply to every comment 🙏
@@EugeneKhutoryansky thanks, do the squares "push" some of the balls back to the left? And why does this not counteract the movement of balls to the right?
@@EugeneKhutoryansky. I don’t think your last point is correct. The total number of particles cannot account for the osmotic effect because osmosis would occur in the same direction and with the same pressure regardless of the starting volumes on either side of the barrier. Only the concentrations are relevant.
@@Pseudify Sir, can you please comment on my explanation? Like, where exactly I'm wrong 😅
Your clips are wonderful art!
I am looking forward for Navier-Stokes equations to be visualised ;-)
Why not, it worked with Maxwell as well?
That is on my list of topics for future videos. Thanks.
Outstanding demonstration of process of 'Osmosis'. Hats off to your efforts, which make the concepts crystal-clear👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻
Thanks for the compliments.
Awesome work as always
Thanks for the compliment.
Отличные видео как всегда) где они были, когда я учил физику в школе?
Nice video! Also, good to consider that in equilibrium, at the side with solute, decrease of stability of solvent due to increase of pressure as osmotic pressure is compensated and balanced by increase of stability of solvent due to entropic effects (ideal behaviour) beside possibly solvent-solute interactions giving rise to non-ideal behaviour.
I've been subbed too this channel for years and love it
Thanks.
I love your videos. Thanks for always teaching me something new
Thanks. I am glad you liked my videos.
Isn't it fascinating? You look at a simple household phenomena, and deep down it's a bunch of particles bouncing around, just so many of them that it looks like e.g. coffee going up a paper filter.
This is a great visualization! but I'm curious if the squares would reach the same height as the spheres with a non-permeable membrane. I noticed that the squares could transfer rotational energy to each other and the spheres couldn't.
This is a great observation. I wonder if/how the results change if you just use larger balls instead of squares? After all the squares have more degrees of freedom and therefore higher energy...
Dont understand your assertion.. Why can't spheres transmit angular momentum (rotational energy) to each other?
Great video, truly visually superb!
Thanks for the compliments.
Another great video. I love it. 👍🏻
Thanks. I am glad you liked my video.
You're on the right track with this whole background music thing. Hopefully very soon, you'll decide to drop the whole thing. Believe me, your voice is mesmerizing, music here is unneeded.
Wonderful and very instructive as all of your videos!
We must be careful with "entropy" here. If you consider a time-series of consecutive, fully described microstates for which you know everything you cannot define entropy. Entropy can only be defined if you set only marcoscopic quantities and ask in how many microscopic ways they can be achieved. What is meant here is that initially we have a microstate that is part of the low entropy "all particles in one side" set and we end up with a microsate that is part of the high entropy "particles equally spread on both sides" set. This happens because the initial velocities were randomized by the collision (no-gravity-simulation). Newtonian mechanics says that if we play the video backwards we will have a thermodynamics defying system which lowers its entropy. I only do not know how random is the motion of the diaphragm.
I think the macrostate can be inferred here to be temperature, since it is specified that all collisions are elastic. Thus we can take S=k*ln(Omega).
@@brandonklein1 I'm pretty sure that the macroscopic variable in consideration here is more likely the particle number on each side of the membrane, as that is what changed to increase the later states' "entropy." But, yeah, when the video talked about entropy, they likely meant the entropy associated with a specific macroscopic quantity, not the entropy associated with the specific microstate shown onscreen.
@@NintenbroV1 The number of particles of the entire system remains constant.
The blistering guitars in the background were a nice touch
This is amazing! Thanks for making it!!
Thanks.
I never thought of it this way, but could it be explained as simply as the cubes block the path to the barrier, so the balls on the left have a greater opportunity to pass through than than the balls on the right? Equilibrium is reached when the right side has enough "extra" balls in it that the occurrence of barrier interaction is equal on both sides? This is very enlightening! Thanks for the great videos!
that would not be an accurate description of what’s actually happening at a semipermeable membrane though. it’s not that the membrane is being blocked by the solute particles. this video doesn’t discuss/explain osmotic pressure which is what you’re getting at. i wish they did because that’s the actual concept that’s hard to conceive.
@@billyt8868 So I found this.. th-cam.com/video/rCNlG_j_gSM/w-d-xo.html
Hoping this is a more thorough explanation? Seems multiple facets to osmosis, including solute possibly holding on to solvent, solute blocking solvent (which still evidently plays a role), and I would still also posit, the fact that there are more molecules of solvent on one side than the other, increasing the probability that solvent molecules from the more dilute side will interact with the membrane? Is there more that you are aware of? Thanks for the reply. I'm always interested in learning.
I think that makes sense. But the cubes block the membrane channel to movement from both sides. So it seems to be diffusion is actually happening, while being "hindered" by the cubes, and pressure increases because of the greater volume of particles on the right side. What confuses me is why the pressure gradient doesn't force more spheres to the left side!
How does an increase in pressure cause a displacement of molecules with equal densities? Why did the squares rise?
The cubes impart a greater portion of their energy to the barrier than the balls since it blocks them completely. That creates the pressure difference as balls enter the right side. With this increase in pressure, the cubes need somewhere to push. Since they can't go through the barrier like the balls can, they have nowhere to go but up.
I didnt expect that cannonball motion ricochet at 2:07
This is beauty of the Physics.
I love it!!
It would have been really cool if you let the simulation at 05:05 run to equilibrium, and then beyond that (maybe sped up). Just to see how it plays out. Especially to see how far beyond equilibrium the system oscillates.
Agree!
On my first pass, i didn't see much of a justification for how this happens. I'll watch it again...
Alright. it's easy to miss this, you mention that the influence of the squares is important, but you don't really explain why except in empirical terms: it happens, here's it happening. The balls can pass, but not the squares.
The explanation would probably involve something like...
The balls, being able to pass through, are able to exert a pressure through the membrane, while the squares are not. The effect of the squares is not the same as it would be had they been balls, because for a square to oppose the balls entering the right side, the squares must force each ball back through the membrane, while when there are only balls on both sides, a ball on the right side only has to pass through the membrane, NOT just force a different ball through. Therefore it is much more likely that, when there are balls on both sides of the membrane, that the balls on one side can resist an imbalancing flow of balls; and it is less likely that, when there are squares on one side of the membrane, that the density of particles would remain similar, because for this to occur, the presence of the squares would have to have an equivalent likelihood of decreasing the number of balls present in the right side as would an equivalent number of balls, which is not true because the barrier prevents the squares from performing one of the two ways a ball could achieve this: by passing through.
Imagine that there were an equal number of total balls and squares, and we start with all the balls on the left side, and all the squares on the right side. Some of the balls are going to move from the left to the right, because it is extremely unlikely that they would all stay on the left side.
@@EugeneKhutoryansky how is this significantly different than diffusion then?
Very well explained and visualized. Thank You
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Great as always.
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Much needed for the future as a starting point
I really like these models, super facinating representations
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Great dedication...❤️👍
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Awesome demo. Thanks!
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Your channel is the prime example of an extremely gifted educator doing excellent work on visuals!
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I think it helps to imagine the diffusion scenario with the cubes-- left side has more pressure obviously. Add a few balls at a time. Now we see this increases the pressure of both sides, reducing the ratio of the two pressures. Dilute it enough with balls and they basically have the same pressure.
I guess the paradox that people may be confused by is that the transition rate is not proportional to pressure. The transition rate of each individual particle is proportional to its partial pressure, times some coefficient determining the penetrability of the barrier, e.g. a partial diffusion timescale. Each particle type has its own diffusion timescale-- it may be infinity, as in the case here with the cubes.
Awesome, as always
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Brilliant video!!!
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Wow thanks I finally totally get osmosis thanks to this illustration, seriously thank you so much!
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Amazing! Completely kinetic!
Interesting video, especially the concept of entropy which fixes the direction of occurance of every natural process is beautifully depicted in this video in terms of balls and squares motion.
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Thank you so much to help me understand the change in fluid levels.
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This video scratched an itch I had for a long time. So many explanations (even in chemistry textbooks!) calls upon spooky entropy magic to explain osmosis. I'm going to have to watch the simulation a bunch more. But this is very helpful for me. Thank you!
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Another banger. Keep it up. Today I learned how osmosis works. Didn't even consider it before.
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Fascinating and a great learning tool
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Thank you for such a great video.
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Thanks so much, this is amazing
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really really good demonstration
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Great video, as always 😇
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Nifty as always !
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Great job! 👍
Cleared all my doubts 😊
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You can explain most of Osmosis more easily by looking at a container pressurized with Helium gas. The container is able to hold any gas except Helium which slowly leaks out of any container. As the Helium leaks out other gases are not able to leak into the container and over time a perfect vacuum will form. Looking at this example allows you to use only one gas and the vacuum as the two liquids with the vacuum being a non-participant. This exact situation was also a full days' mystery when my container developed an excellent vacuum all by itself over a weekend. Turns out this is one of the steps to create really deep vacuums (Roughing, TMP, Helium-Vacuum washing, Helium-Thermal pumping).
This is a very accessible way of teaching it. You can probably append even more intuition to this without really having to get into the weeds with statistics. This is already useful as-is in a classroom where an instructor can provide an extra bit of explanation, but it would probably benefit this video as a supplement if there was a visual aid for what's happening at the level of the single particle:
What I imagine is that every time a particle interacts with the barrier, there's a chance that it's either a ball or a square. Because squares can't pass through the barrier, then even though there might be just as many particles interacting with the barrier on both sides, the side with the squares won't send as many particles across the barrier, resulting in the side with the squares gaining more particles from the other side. I believe this would be another fairly intuitive addition to point out while still maintaining its accessibility to people less versed in higher math.
I find this explanation concerning the chances of what objecting hitting the hole on either side to be very helpful in understanding the simulation. Thank you.
One word, beautiful.
carry on my friend
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It was amazing to review concepts from high school times! Thanks a lot!
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They just that kind of charm to this kind of videos randomly appearing
Great work 🙏
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Great and easy to understand thank u!!
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Thanks for the video!
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Thank you so so so so so much 🙏
You are welcome and thanks.
The average number of collisions with the balls and the barrier is larger on the left side. Note the relative volumes or areas for both left and right are roughly the same. It follows that if the area or volume on one side is larger than the other, then a similar migration might be expected. My thanks for the insightful presentation.
Excellent video.
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Awesome video.. loved it.
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this is such a simple but perfect way to show osmosis and diffusion, basic stuff but still i never saw it this way... makes things much easier to understand
my suggestion is to make an animation barrier with "channels" that only certain shapes can pass, to simulate passive transport? as it still is physics based, i think it would be fun to see how it goes!!
I am so lucky to find you !!!!
You're a genius!!!
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Great video
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I love the animations and always want more .
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@@EugeneKhutoryansky everyone likes your animations
I used to watch this years back no way it popped back on my recommended
Really wish I had had this video when I taught intro biology.
Hey man great videos, the ability to visualise/intuit physical phenomena is a super cool possibility with youtube and I really appreciate people who make these vids. Also I was wondering if you could also include equations in ur videos which would allow to easier transition from the TH-cam landscape to books and papers or text in general.
Some of my videos contain equations. Thanks for the compliments.
Pretty wicked! Thank you, wild!
Thanks.