I would love to have a place to go and meet fellow modelers in the USA.. and learn to use an airbrush! Sadly, we don’t have a gunpla following here like in Asia but it’s growing!
I would much prefer doing it in a studio. When you go into that area you are in the "building zone" where there's no distractions and everything is there for a purpose. At home, my wife ends up wanting to talk to me a lot and the cats interrupt me constantly.
if you have the place, of course at home its much personal,you can organized every thing the way you wanted, but rented place was not a bad move either
This is amazing! Even though I'm not into modelling, I'd love to be part of a group sharing a hobby together. Turning your passion into a business is awesome.
So great to see another episode featuring Seoyahooya! He seems like a genuine and solid guy! Would be awesome to learn from him. Thanks for part 2 of the tour!
Loved seeing more of Seoyahooya and the inside of a gunpla studio! I wish we had those in Canada, they look like a great spot to learn and hang out with other hobbyists. Also congrats on 15k subscribers!!
I always wondered what these studios were like on the inside, so thanks for sharing! Also looking forward to the future warhammer videos, I'm sure they'll do well ;)
Hello!Sharon and Kughee. I enjoyed the walkabout of the studio.Thank you.There are many wonderful Gumpla builds that are show pieces.And the F-22 Raptor will look wonderful once finished.I am sorry that is not a Gumpla.But i did do military models for more then 50 years.It is still in my blood.Maybe why i like Gumpla so much.The studio was setup extremely well.The Sazabi's and the entire setup as you walk in to the studio looked fantastic.Thank you both for another wonderful program.I wish you both the best in life.And also your family's.
I just love how each working corner seems messy at first glance but it's very orderly in accordance with every builder's workflow. BTW I'm very proud that I choose my main airbrush the same as Seoyahooya-nim ٩(◕‿◕。)۶ his way of using Loctite to fix flaws is also very nice.
@@frostedsnow There are many options of Infinity, the most expensive one includes all of needles, nozzles, cups so user can swap between 0.15, 0.2 or 0.4mm nozzle. I only spray MG kits so I picked the cheapest option with only 0.4mm nozzle and 5ml cup. It's more expensive than the Iwata HP-CS just a little bit. Fun fact: 5ml cup of Infinity contains almost the same amount of paint as PS-289's 9ml cup.
it always nice to see someone elses setup so i can steal their techniques hahaha like the using a lighter to clear out the metal nozzle tip of the CA glue
Yes! We actually had a looooong Warhammer phase, and painted a few sets of them. Kughee has a video on his instagram lately @kugdai. That's cool you paint both as well.
It would be nice tho have acess the equipment that a studio provides. But it's nice that I can roll out if bed whenever I'm inspired to paint and build. This has been insightful on how to set up my hobby room more efficiently. Also a treat to see how the other side of the world lives. I traveled a lot in the Marines and South East Asia was my favorite!
Im happy to learn about this. Its important for retail hobby shops to have spaces for the hobby. Wargaming and roleplaying need tables and rooms. Radio control cars planes and boats need need tracks, fields, and ponds. It would do well for a kit shop to have creation areas like you have shown! Thanks!
This looks like a gunpla builder’s dream!! This is really amazing! That would be so fun getting to pain and talk with your gunpla painting friends as you customize your kits! It was soooo cool to see everyone there had a model they were working on at their booths. I have a question for today. I love Gaia metallics, but I can’t get them to look very realistically metal-like. I’ve heard that the thinner made for their metallics makes them have a nicer finish, but is it worth it shelling out $25 for the same amount of thinner as a mr leveling thinner for $10? I still wish I could somehow get my hands on those IPP paints. Awesome video!!
I love going around seeing what ppl are working on too. No, I've never used any metallic thinners, always just regular or leveling thinner. So, if you see any of Kughee or my metallic painting in any of our videos, all of them are with either of those 2 thinners. You just need to spray with more air, further away, like a light dust. in fact, because we are cheap, we mix our gaia paints with IPP thinner XD These days, I've requested to Kughee we switch to leveling only -- takes a bit longer to dry, but levels out better, cuz I do a lot more gloss kits than he does.
I recently discovered your videos and i have to say are fantastic!!! I m a scale aircraft modeler for the past 15+ years , in my country with dont have hobby studios , we work to our own space at home, i beleive would be great something like that, keep up your good work and enjoy the hobby. Greetings from Greece/Corfu.
The works of Meister 서야후야님 are full of brilliant idea and skill. For I live in pusan. I had seen some pieces of his works before. Did you enjoyed the pork rice soup (돼지국밥)? I hope you had made a good choice among many restaurants. I am waiting your next video. I love Cookie~ and you ( when i hear you call him cookie~ i remind cookie monster at sesame street. very cute~!!)
Ooh I don't think gunpla studios are a thing over here in the U.S, though I would much prefer working in one. I have 2 hyper fur babies (cats) who do not know, nor practice personal space. Also, working in a space where other fellow hobbyist congregate you never know what some may teach/ advise you. There is always room to learn and grow!
Haha, so many mentions of cats getting into the workspace -- not something I was aware of as I don't have pets! There's so much to learn cuz everyone in a studio has their own little area of expertise.
So is this studio a gunpla job/career where you build and paint the product and sell for commission or it’s just a studio you rent to make your personal builds?
I would like to go do that 😅 and I really want to meet Up with you all and have a great talk about how a lot of my people are interested In the Gunpla/Gundam
Looks like a good business to try here in the Manila... you can retail and have a studio, then throw in some Tabletop games, Magic the gathering and dungeons and dragon play area. hmmmmmm.......
Is the rent reasonable enough to be able to afford opening one? I think the reason it's so much more widespread in Korea is cuz the rent here is reasonable, while in HK and Japan, there is a huge gunpla fan base, but rent is too crazy
commercial space here is cheaper, esp arcades or strip mall style of establishment. but we’ll see.... not sure if fan base will support it coz there are huge spaces at home. but ill study first the market see if its feasible. :)
@@unclephilipps674 Yeah. For example, I wouldn't be able to do it in Canada cus just not enough fan base or population concentration, even in the city.
HA!! 6:24... i paused the video to google/amazon check for 1/35 gunpla model stuff.... i'm a foreigner in usa (atlanta)...... i unpaused the video just in time to see dude say "foreigners will really like this, the first gundam" lolllllll....... very true!
Great video! I have a question for you two or if any viewer here knows. I see a certain bottle that is used by some Korean and Japanese gunpla builders on YT. One builder uses it with thinner to squeeze just enough to dip his cotton swab in. So pretty much the bottle is squeezed and the thinner pools at the top of the bottle. I'd love to know the name of these bottles so I can get some.
@@frostedsnow That's where I seen it! I knew I seen it out in the wild and it was driving me crazy. I couldn't remember where though to help my searching.
I know this is really off topic but something I've been wondering for a while now, but do you have any resources for learning how to use a spraygun? I just got one but I really have absolutely zero idea how to use it at all. Most the videos I've seen just sort of say "ok so here's this piece and you push the button and now it's sprayed." I was hoping you knew of something that could sort of walk me through all of the basics.
Do you mean a really big top feed spray gun? For painting gunpla? I've only ever used an airbrush with the traditional top trigger. Would like to do an airbrush tutorial in the future.
@@talkingtoaschizophrenic1171 Not at all! I learned how to use mine in a studio, so not sure about any videos. However, hoping to make some tutorials. I'd recommend you play around with it on plastic parts (I cut up big thin water bottles) until you get a smooth finish!
Hi there it's not a code actually just an affliate link. If you open the site using newtypehq.com/frostedsnow it will count it at purchase. Thanks a lot!
I've always liked visiting various cities, but they're too tightly packed for me. For this very reason I always choose to live in more of a country setting. I have a lot of hobbies involving noise and space (not to mention the chemicals) that I couldn't imagine living somewhere were I couldn't do what I want when I want. Where we are now is perfect for me. I cam fire up my compressor or table saw or router at midnight, and nobody will complain.
That's true. That's great your location supports your hobby. We were also worried about all those concerns, but luckily, no one has been bothered by our noise or chemicals in our apartment (yet)! I miss the camaraderie of a studio a lot though.
@@frostedsnow I could see that being a big plus to studio work! Having not had the experience I didn't even think of that. Like that 1/35 colab RX-78... Had those folks not all been members there, that wouldn't have happened the way that it did.
@@timwelch175 Yeah, it's super fun to chat, share, and ask for other people's help too. Everyone has a different expertise. I learned a lot more! The collab is a cool project too.
Man ..it's a bit of both huh ? Sometimes I envy people that hang out and build stuffs together ...share ideas, criticism, etc.. But sometimes I feel like I wanna be alone in my zone ..
Hi there. I leaned RA element Radium is use for night vision. Infrared red orderly waves light. What about transformers since of motion, movement , and TOUCH.!!!! CAN RA element give Gundam touch and feeling with Gundam Pilot. Pressure Velostat also turn microwaves space to radio waves for RA element Radium .Radium turn radiation too power along with Radio waves to infrared since of eyes , and touch. What are the different grades Matte? Sorry to destroy your sleep .Good nite everyone
Would you want to build and paint in a gunpla studio or is it just more comfortable at home?
I would love to have a place to go and meet fellow modelers in the USA.. and learn to use an airbrush! Sadly, we don’t have a gunpla following here like in Asia but it’s growing!
I would much prefer doing it in a studio. When you go into that area you are in the "building zone" where there's no distractions and everything is there for a purpose. At home, my wife ends up wanting to talk to me a lot and the cats interrupt me constantly.
I think its much better, comfortable and safer to do at home.
I would like to try at a gunpla studio I think I would be more focused.
if you have the place, of course at home its much personal,you can organized every thing the way you wanted, but rented place was not a bad move either
11:50 A true master of his craft!
You asked him about dealing with covering up damages, and he demonstrates with a live example!
He was so helpful and demonstrative -- great builder and personality!
This entire time I thought you called him “Cookie”... didn’t realize his name is Kughee haha! Silly me!
That's alright! I probably pronounce it more like Cookie than I should XD
@@frostedsnow I think it's a cute and affectionate name!
@@jemster38 It coincidently is, although it's really just his real name!
@@frostedsnow I meant 'Cookie' lol
This is amazing! Even though I'm not into modelling, I'd love to be part of a group sharing a hobby together. Turning your passion into a business is awesome.
It's loads of fun painting w others for sure.
Drooling at all those tools and stuff that they have. What a wonderful place.
I'm drooling too T_T
So great to see another episode featuring Seoyahooya! He seems like a genuine and solid guy! Would be awesome to learn from him. Thanks for part 2 of the tour!
That's how I would describe him too. He was so super accommodating for our filming I almost felt bad. Thanks for watching David!
Wow.. That funnels of the circles angel death!!
Wow! That Flexible Binder was huge!
I always wanted to do that in the US for Models in general. Love it.
It'd be great to have this in other countries too!
Loved seeing more of Seoyahooya and the inside of a gunpla studio! I wish we had those in Canada, they look like a great spot to learn and hang out with other hobbyists. Also congrats on 15k subscribers!!
Thanks so much! Gotta see the hobby spread before we see more facilities like these im Canada.
I always wondered what these studios were like on the inside, so thanks for sharing! Also looking forward to the future warhammer videos, I'm sure they'll do well ;)
Our pleasure! We will prob paint it in original colors though, when we ever get around to it. I wanna finish my other Chaos Marine minis first T_T
best gunpla channel out there along with itsagunpla. keep up the good work. You guys ever meet Seongdong Lee?
Hello!Sharon and Kughee. I enjoyed the walkabout of the studio.Thank you.There are many wonderful Gumpla builds that are show pieces.And the F-22 Raptor will look wonderful once finished.I am sorry that is not a Gumpla.But i did do military models for more then 50 years.It is still in my blood.Maybe why i like Gumpla so much.The studio was setup extremely well.The Sazabi's and the entire setup as you walk in to the studio looked fantastic.Thank you both for another wonderful program.I wish you both the best in life.And also your family's.
Do you still paint military sometimes too? So glad to share with you, John!
Ooooohhhh that place is so COOL!! It’s great to see shops like that! Great video! 👍
It really is! Luckily the fan base is big in Korea.
I never knew a place like this existed amazing stuff, the models look so great.
What a great tour. I enjoyed this look into a studio, thank you.
Loved the CA glue filler. It is the best for seams and flaws.
Super fast and convenient too!
A Gunpla studio sounds like alot of fun.
Totally is!
THANK YOU FOR SHARING THIS
Thank you for watching!
I wish we also have studios like that here in the Philippines. Awesome videos as usual and I can't wait for your next one! 😊
Thanks so much! 😊
I just love how each working corner seems messy at first glance but it's very orderly in accordance with every builder's workflow. BTW I'm very proud that I choose my main airbrush the same as Seoyahooya-nim ٩(◕‿◕。)۶ his way of using Loctite to fix flaws is also very nice.
Haha, you mean "messy but arranged" like he said? Nice! I couldn't afford the nice infinity airbrush T_T
@@frostedsnow There are many options of Infinity, the most expensive one includes all of needles, nozzles, cups so user can swap between 0.15, 0.2 or 0.4mm nozzle. I only spray MG kits so I picked the cheapest option with only 0.4mm nozzle and 5ml cup. It's more expensive than the Iwata HP-CS just a little bit. Fun fact: 5ml cup of Infinity contains almost the same amount of paint as PS-289's 9ml cup.
it always nice to see someone elses setup so i can steal their techniques hahaha like the using a lighter to clear out the metal nozzle tip of the CA glue
Yes great tip and no need to waste a new needle every time!
Ya he's owned the CA. Love that tip!
It warms my heart that you guys are interested in doing some 40k models! Gunpla is awesome but warhammer is my main hobby!
Yes! We actually had a looooong Warhammer phase, and painted a few sets of them. Kughee has a video on his instagram lately @kugdai. That's cool you paint both as well.
Loved the Video.
Glad you enjoyed it!
"Foreigners will really like this, the First Gundam." Yes, Yes we will!.
Thank you for sharing this. This is a fun episode. I wish we have something like this in the states.
Our pleasure! Hope gunpla fan base gets big enough for something like this in the states too.
We have karaoke rooms establishments and a lhs that rents game session rooms so this will happen eventually!
5:22 You know you shouldn't. But you gotta say it. lol
We're all thinking it. lol
Very informative. It must be nice to have a studio with fellow modelers.
Absolutely! Great camaraderie builds up. I miss it loads.
It would be nice tho have acess the equipment that a studio provides. But it's nice that I can roll out if bed whenever I'm inspired to paint and build. This has been insightful on how to set up my hobby room more efficiently. Also a treat to see how the other side of the world lives. I traveled a lot in the Marines and South East Asia was my favorite!
Glad to share! I love rolling out of bed and walking right into my gunpla studio too.
That was such a great episode...from the city, dinner, studio tour & demonstration! 🔝
Big 🤐 lover Kughee is my man! 🤘🏻😁
No, he's mine! XD No, okay, I'll share :) Glad you enjoyed.
I love 1/35 scale models!
Im happy to learn about this. Its important for retail hobby shops to have spaces for the hobby. Wargaming and roleplaying need tables and rooms. Radio control cars planes and boats need need tracks, fields, and ponds. It would do well for a kit shop to have creation areas like you have shown! Thanks!
Man I love this couple
This looks like a gunpla builder’s dream!! This is really amazing! That would be so fun getting to pain and talk with your gunpla painting friends as you customize your kits! It was soooo cool to see everyone there had a model they were working on at their booths. I have a question for today. I love Gaia metallics, but I can’t get them to look very realistically metal-like. I’ve heard that the thinner made for their metallics makes them have a nicer finish, but is it worth it shelling out $25 for the same amount of thinner as a mr leveling thinner for $10? I still wish I could somehow get my hands on those IPP paints. Awesome video!!
I love going around seeing what ppl are working on too. No, I've never used any metallic thinners, always just regular or leveling thinner. So, if you see any of Kughee or my metallic painting in any of our videos, all of them are with either of those 2 thinners. You just need to spray with more air, further away, like a light dust. in fact, because we are cheap, we mix our gaia paints with IPP thinner XD
These days, I've requested to Kughee we switch to leveling only -- takes a bit longer to dry, but levels out better, cuz I do a lot more gloss kits than he does.
I recently discovered your videos and i have to say are fantastic!!! I m a scale aircraft modeler for the past 15+ years , in my country with dont have hobby studios , we work to our own space at home, i beleive would be great something like that, keep up your good work and enjoy the hobby. Greetings from Greece/Corfu.
Thank you very much! It's great being able to build from your own home too, more flexibility!
The works of Meister 서야후야님 are full of brilliant idea and skill. For I live in pusan. I had seen some pieces of his works before. Did you enjoyed the pork rice soup (돼지국밥)? I hope you had made a good choice among many restaurants. I am waiting your next video. I love Cookie~ and you ( when i hear you call him cookie~ i remind cookie monster at sesame street. very cute~!!)
It reminds me of cookie monster too! We enjoyed the 돼지국밥 but I enjoyed the seafood more! Thank you for your lovely comment.
I love the nu gundam with a giant ring of fin funnels
Me too!
right now im painting on my rooftop, its ventilate is good but some time the wind fk you up so bad lol
Yikes! Well, gotta do with what we got!
Just found you. Love the channel. Would we be able to see Kughee's finished Nightingale?
Welcome! For sure will be posting it.
this is beautiful
Agreed!
How much do these places charge per seat per month? And do they accept day rentals?
I've always wondered, how much is a monthly rental fee range?
About 150,000 - 200,000 won is the general range.
Wish my city had a studio!!! Amazing video as always
Maybe one day! Thanks Chris. Hope it was a good weekly (bi-weekly T_T) dose!
is the model like the bigger one they showed even available to purchase in a shop somewhere? would love a big model like that
Harder to find
@@frostedsnow what prices do they go for roughly?
wow nice video new friend here
Thanks and welcome!
This is so coooool!
Thank youuuuuuuu!!
I was hoping to start building a gunpla myself but am afraid of damaging the parts when I try to cut off the parts from the resin.
Start w a cheaper n smaller resin kit then :)
Are those studios 24hrs and you have your own keys or is it normally just normal shop hours?
24 hours with a key code shared to members only.
Ooh I don't think gunpla studios are a thing over here in the U.S, though I would much prefer working in one. I have 2 hyper fur babies (cats) who do not know, nor practice personal space.
Also, working in a space where other fellow hobbyist congregate you never know what some may teach/ advise you. There is always room to learn and grow!
Haha, so many mentions of cats getting into the workspace -- not something I was aware of as I don't have pets! There's so much to learn cuz everyone in a studio has their own little area of expertise.
Hi there. Mind telling me what is that paint dryer at 3:55? I'm interested in learning how to use them. Thanks!
Heya, just look up "dish dryer"
So is this studio a gunpla job/career where you build and paint the product and sell for commission or it’s just a studio you rent to make your personal builds?
Mentioned in vid!
@@frostedsnow Ah… had to watch it again. I see it was typed out in caption. Totally missed those the first time. Busy listening. Thanks!
크샤트리아핀판넬은 사랑입니다~♡♡
ㅋㅋ 저도 굉장히 좋아하는 킷이에요!
와~!!
뉴건담 핀판넬 태양 지렸당
너무 멋있죠? ㅠㅠ
Did you visit the Gundam Base in Seomyeon?
We didn't have time but would've liked to check it out.
wow! i want to go there so bad!
One day!
I would like to go do that 😅 and I really want to meet Up with you all and have a great talk about how a lot of my people are interested In the Gunpla/Gundam
That's what these studios are for! Great gunpla talk.
hey, how do they make money to support the studio? just wondering.
I wish we have a similar hobby place here in the Philippines!
Spread the fandom!!
Looks like a good business to try here in the Manila... you can retail and have a studio, then throw in some Tabletop games, Magic the gathering and dungeons and dragon play area. hmmmmmm.......
Is the rent reasonable enough to be able to afford opening one? I think the reason it's so much more widespread in Korea is cuz the rent here is reasonable, while in HK and Japan, there is a huge gunpla fan base, but rent is too crazy
commercial space here is cheaper, esp arcades or strip mall style of establishment. but we’ll see.... not sure if fan base will support it coz there are huge spaces at home. but ill study first the market see if its feasible. :)
@@unclephilipps674 Yeah. For example, I wouldn't be able to do it in Canada cus just not enough fan base or population concentration, even in the city.
New subscriber here 💯
Thank you for subbing!
Ur videos is 💯
Nice
Thanks!
i would like to join them if they have vacant
Me too XD
So these people work as painters or do they rent studio space ?
Just hobbyists!
HA!! 6:24... i paused the video to google/amazon check for 1/35 gunpla model stuff.... i'm a foreigner in usa (atlanta)...... i unpaused the video just in time to see dude say "foreigners will really like this, the first gundam" lolllllll....... very true!
Any idea how much does it cost per month?
Ranges 150,000 - 200,000 won depending on the studio.
Holy shit - those fin funnels!
와 저 국밥집 어디에요..?
기역 잘 안 나지만 간판에 보이실거에요! ㅋㅋ 맛있었어요!
Great video!
I have a question for you two or if any viewer here knows.
I see a certain bottle that is used by some Korean and Japanese gunpla builders on YT. One builder uses it with thinner to squeeze just enough to dip his cotton swab in.
So pretty much the bottle is squeezed and the thinner pools at the top of the bottle.
I'd love to know the name of these bottles so I can get some.
Here's a video with the bottle at timestamp 10:50
th-cam.com/video/OAgsbKskF4E/w-d-xo.html
Found it. It's a alcohol push top dispenser.
Girls usually use it to remove nail polish XD
@@frostedsnow That's where I seen it! I knew I seen it out in the wild and it was driving me crazy. I couldn't remember where though to help my searching.
I strongly believe that true paint artist the workplace is messy :)
A must watch!! too much content in one sitting
Do riot peoples vote to get ZZZ gundam!!! Since 1987 is deadlines.
Sazabi is quite famous.
My fav suit
I know this is really off topic but something I've been wondering for a while now, but do you have any resources for learning how to use a spraygun? I just got one but I really have absolutely zero idea how to use it at all. Most the videos I've seen just sort of say "ok so here's this piece and you push the button and now it's sprayed." I was hoping you knew of something that could sort of walk me through all of the basics.
Do you mean a really big top feed spray gun? For painting gunpla? I've only ever used an airbrush with the traditional top trigger. Would like to do an airbrush tutorial in the future.
@@frostedsnow No just a normal airbrush like the one you use. Sorry if I called it the wrong thing.
@@talkingtoaschizophrenic1171 Not at all! I learned how to use mine in a studio, so not sure about any videos. However, hoping to make some tutorials. I'd recommend you play around with it on plastic parts (I cut up big thin water bottles) until you get a smooth finish!
Send me your code for newtype plz
Hi there it's not a code actually just an affliate link. If you open the site using newtypehq.com/frostedsnow it will count it at purchase. Thanks a lot!
I've always liked visiting various cities, but they're too tightly packed for me. For this very reason I always choose to live in more of a country setting. I have a lot of hobbies involving noise and space (not to mention the chemicals) that I couldn't imagine living somewhere were I couldn't do what I want when I want. Where we are now is perfect for me. I cam fire up my compressor or table saw or router at midnight, and nobody will complain.
That's true. That's great your location supports your hobby. We were also worried about all those concerns, but luckily, no one has been bothered by our noise or chemicals in our apartment (yet)! I miss the camaraderie of a studio a lot though.
@@frostedsnow I could see that being a big plus to studio work! Having not had the experience I didn't even think of that. Like that 1/35 colab RX-78... Had those folks not all been members there, that wouldn't have happened the way that it did.
@@timwelch175 Yeah, it's super fun to chat, share, and ask for other people's help too. Everyone has a different expertise. I learned a lot more! The collab is a cool project too.
hey im new, trying to find girls into gundam... nice to meet ya
Man ..it's a bit of both huh ? Sometimes I envy people that hang out and build stuffs together ...share ideas, criticism, etc..
But sometimes I feel like I wanna be alone in my zone ..
Totally get it. Sometimes the studio can be distracting too, but overall, it's so much more fun with other hobbyists!
@@frostedsnow much like marriage, I'm sure it's the same love hate relationship lol
Hi there. I leaned RA element Radium is use for night vision. Infrared red orderly waves light. What about transformers since of motion, movement , and TOUCH.!!!! CAN RA element give Gundam touch and feeling with Gundam Pilot. Pressure Velostat also turn microwaves space to radio waves for RA element Radium .Radium turn radiation too power along with Radio waves to infrared since of eyes , and touch. What are the different grades Matte? Sorry to destroy your sleep .Good nite everyone
Wait so I COULDVE BEEN BUILDING GUNPLA SOMEWHERE OUTSIDE MY DORM
I wish there's new episode called Triple Zeta...... ZZZ Gundam oh wait do you mean I am actually sleep? ZzZ...
Nuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu gundam
YAAAAAAAAAAAS