Neanderthals versus anatomically modern humans
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 27 ก.พ. 2020
- This video explores our relationship to our closest evolutionary relative: Homo neanderthalensis. The story begins approximately 400,000 years ago and continues to the present. We compare this hominin species to modern humans today, while also looking at what gave us the edge to survive.
Writers, editors, film makers, presenters and actors:
Alanna Quinn, Evan Connolly, Sarah Higgins, Lillian Sheridan and Laura Stenson.
Filming locations in Ireland: Geology museum, Zoology museum (both NUI Galway), Salthill beach
Music: / seamus-boland
Video frames:
• ‘Heavy Snowfall Covering The Ground’ - Laurel Firlotte
Available here: www.pexels.com/video/heavy-sn...
• ‘Cultivation Of Land With Tractor’ - Tuur Tisseghem.
Available here: www.pexels.com/video/cultivat...
• ‘Writing And Erasing On A Sheet Of Paper’ - Free Videos.
Available here: www.pexels.com/video/writing-...
• ‘The Art Of Painting’ - Steve Johnson
Available here: www.pexels.com/video/the-art-...
Picture sources:
Hyoid bone CT Scan: Goldfield, A (2019) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. Available here: www.sapiens.org/column/field-...
Neanderthals speaking image: Image credit: April Halloway (2018) Available here: geneticliteracyproject.org/20...
Neanderthals ear image: Image credit: Credit: SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (2019) Available here: scitechdaily.com/what-really-...
Modern Human and Neanderthal skull: Image credit: hairymuseummat and modified by DrMikeBaxter/Wikimedia Commons (2017) Available here: www.theverge.com/2017/10/9/16...
If you would like to learn more about Neanderthals, check out the papers and links provided below:
Papers:
• Berger, T. and Trinkaus, E. (1995). Patterns of Trauma among the Neandertals. Journal of Archaeological Science, 22(6), pp.841-852.
• Enard, D. & Petrov, D.A., (2018). Evidence that RNA Viruses Drove Adaptive Introgression between Neanderthals and Modern Humans. Cell, 175(2), pp.360-371.e13.
• Tappen, N. (1985). The dentition of the “old man” of La Chapelle-aux-Saints and inferences concerning Neandertal behavior. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 67(1), pp.43-50.
• Panawala, Lakna. (2017). Difference Between Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens.
Websites:
‘Who were the Neanderthals and how did they compare to us’
• www.sapiens.org/column/field-...
• www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/who-we...
FOXP2 Gene and Neanderthal speech information:
• www.nature.com/news/2007/0710...
• www.mpg.de/10743075/ear-ossic...
Caloric requirements were huge for neanderthals, probably unsustainable in climates with smaller animals.
Like the presenter
Estimates are about 5 lbs of meat per day per adult. compare that to the sapiens from the south who require only a pound or so of nuts & roots.
@@ZubairKhan-vs8febut sir your scholer are saying 1st human was adam and there was no evaluation about human?? so what's your opinion
Very interesting.
A few important differences between us and neanderthals pointed out; smaller frontal cortex, different speech, restricted tool and weapon development and much greater physical strength on the part of neanderthals.
Neanderthals' long-term durability has been proven; that of Homosapiens has yet to be demonstrated.
Suimiúl go bhfuil ráiteas as Gaelige san áireamh.
Have you seen a Neanderthal scull? An actual scull?
Some context is useful. The modern human skull and brain shrunk with the malnourishment from the agricultural revolution. We humans have not regained the greater size of Paleolithic humans. It would be more useful to compare Neanderthal bones to that of Paleolithic humans.
WOW! This is fantastic. I’m so glad kids these days are still interested in such technical aspects of life. Delighted I stumbled across this presentation today. Well done👍🏼
Did you know that Neanderthals also loved music too? Check this out: th-cam.com/video/sHy9FOblt7Y/w-d-xo.html
I know it's far off, Sci-Fi fantasy thinking, on my end, but I think if we ever have first contact with an ET- we better at least understand ourselves and our own potential variants, before we could ever attempt to understand a foreign species.
I mean it is an assignment for a class in which they are specifically learning about this, it isn't exactly a passion project, lol
@@greenman8Yes, shades of SOLARIS, the book! If you have read it, you understand why I state this...
@@degaussingatmosphericcharg575 Thanks, Checking it out, right now.
good stuff, but uneven audio hard to understand.
turn on stable volume, it helps
Neanderthals were an amazing people, they are an integral part of the story of human beings.
Being hunted and preyed upon by them for 100,000 years did a lot to mold our species.
They ARE human beings and are still alive today.
Wow such an amazing explanation of what is truly the grounding and development of our existence.
Your thumbnail is a brilliant illustration of a point that anthropologists have long failed to grasp.
We constantly hear reference to the heavy brow ridge of Neanderthals, but no one offers a suggestion why it was like that.
The reason is that (purebred as distinct from present day hybrid) Neanderthal had a skull shape that could be described as "brain behind face" or "face before brain" whereas anatomically modern humans and the majority of actual modern humans have a "brain over face" or "face under brain" configuration.
Also, Neanderthal had massive eyes in comparison to modern humans and with no braincase directly above the extra bone was needed to protect their orbits.
When I saw the comparison I thought we have Pug faces compared to the Neanderthal
i have two points on the end of my chin...I'm Irish/UK mostly... very neanderthal. Very cool video
Excellent student project! Love the topic as well and looking forward to more!
Interesting video I enjoy the comparisons between to very similar species of human
So cool
The spears that Neanderthals used have been reproduced and when an experienced javelin thrower used them, they were quite deadly at as far as the bows produced in early times.
Creative thinking.
Very interesting. Why is it that people always have to find the difference between Neanderthals and us which made us "better adapted for multiple environments" when, logically, it would be more likely to conclude that Neanderthals simply were out populated by homo-sapiens, and bred out. Why do we need to be "better" than them? While we have some evidence that Neanderthals thought in very slightly different ways, it would be irrational to conclude that they went extinct for these small differences, and if they had only thought like us, they would still be around today. Either way, Neanderthals do still exist today, as part of our collective DNA because of our interbreeding, and we will never know if they would still be around had homo-sapiens not evolved. The answer to the question "why are we here and Neanderthals aren't?" is clear. There were just more of us. Why were there more of us? Well probably because there was more food in Africa at the time. Just my thoughts.
Indeed. The impression was given that 4% of Neanderthal DNA survives in people today. Quite misleading. Actually 41% survives though scattered among us so each individual has random different samples and amounts. Perhaps the next student project could be reassembling a Neanderthal using CRISPR technology. That’d be fun.
I'd say that we Homo sapiens sapiens out-populated Homo neanderthalensis due to our development of agriculture, which allowed us to abandon hunter-gatherer lifestyle and to grow more food, feed much larger populations, and live in settled communities.
At the time we begin with agriculture, the neanderthaler was already gone.
"Task-oriented" Neanderthals, they say . . . and did our H. sapiens ancestors cooperate with each other to take, via socialist rhetorical teamwork, the fruits of those labors instead of trading for them?
Well you might not like it, or you may find it uncomfortable but in terms of survival, we WERE better than them. We're here, and they're not. It doesn't make sense to frame it in any other manner, because there WAS direct competition between our 2 species. Also, we likely WERE more intelligent than them, and that almost certainly had a lot to do with our success. When you adjust for robustness or the body size/brain size ratio and take brain organization into account, they not only had a smaller brain than us, but would've also had a much less developed frontal corplex. (They would've likely been highly impulsive with reduced reasoning/planning/abstract thinking abilities)
Stop trying to force paleontology/archeology through a progressive politically correct filter. You're not a champion of the downtrodden or the oppressed. Neanderthals don't need your participation trophy, because there aren't any alive today.
I just imagine in 40,000 years the new development of humans looking at our bones 🦴 and talking about what gave them the advantage 😂
It probably won't happen (unless there is drastic depopulation) as there is too much intermixing of human populations these days for unique mutations to arise and aggregate into a new species.
I have the characteristics of a Neanderthal my skull is long I have strong eye arches narrow beard large Roman hook nose very interesting see to restore knowledge
Why has there been no appreciable difference in human skulls, either by size or shape, after humans mated with Neanderthals and Denisovans? There should be anatomical changes in the human after 50% gene sharing with anatomically different humans. Humans skeletons should demonstrate a before and after from what we looked like before interbreeding and after interbreeding. Love to hear your opinion.
Clever!👍
Folks today are only 4 percent Neanderthal at most. Not Fifty percent. But they have found individuals from close to the time of the 40 K date of the Neanderthal extinction who combine Neanderthal and antomical modern traits in an obvious way...who coulda been hybrids or a few generations down from interbreeding.
Hybrids did actually exhibit intermediate traits, even at 10% Neanderthal admixture.
They survived in an extremely harsh environment with carnivores much larger than those presently found on earth.
Their tool technology didn't advance as rapidly as ours did, what caused the advance in our technology was probably aggression.
Even today most of our technological advances have been in the pursuit of war.
My guess is that the Neanderthals survived so long by being more peaceable than ourselves.
Their decline and extinction coincided with our arrival, they were no match for our cunning and brutality.
The "interbreeding with communities" was probably forced, after the older men and women of the Neanderthal tribes were dispatched.
Despite being stronger and tougher than us, we outcompeted them in hunting and gathering. We were smarter, more socially cooperative, and much more numerous. Still, they were human like us, just a different kind.
Or maybe modern humans simply outnumbered them.
What are Neanderthals and modern humans
Neanderthals had the intelligence to go extinct.
Very bad sound. Often hard to understand.
very low audio
Wonderful video with a poor opening. It may be worth it to go back and redo the first few seconds.
What is anatomically
have scientists found an intact neanderthal brains? How are they able to analyze the the structure of the Neanderthal brain?
We have Neanderthal DNA and a few years ago we were able to create the first microbrains using stem cells, what we discovered was interesting, they had different neural connections than modern humans, some of these connections reminded us of severe cases of autism and some connections to great apes, but other connections were very similar to human ones.
Neanderthals still exists !
Look at people and see what changed, actually nothing much.
Neanderthals were simply a tough and hardened hominid species adapted to a rough environment
Please don't demean them by comparing them to what humans have become today :'(
You must be talking about Nikolai Valuev he is a neanderthal
@@robwalsh9843 Neanderthals lived in very diverse environments though including very warm places, they were just their own thing and maybe better adapted for certain conditions but not exactly an "ice Homo"
Great job! My only issue is the statement that neanderthals had less genetic diversity than modern humans. If you're excluding Dennisovans this could be true, but I have seen other contradictory information on that point specifically, the genetic diversity of pre-sapian hunter gatherers
Take care not to confuse actual modern humans with the “anatomically modern humans” (AMH) of the great migration.
The use of Homo sapiens to describe AMH is careless, widespread as it may be, and may indicate a willingness to just repeat information read or heard without actually thinking about it.
I understand that there is more genetic diversity in Africa than in the rest of the world.
The number of Neanderthal identified is not sufficient to indicate the extent of their of genetic diversity, but it would naturally be expected that a smaller population had less genetic diversity than either the larger AMH population, or, especially, actual modern humans.
The increased genetic diversity in (sub-Saharan) Africa, if that is actually correct, suggests hybridisation with other human subspecies, most obviously homo erectus, but possibly others as well.
The inclusion of “anatomically modern human”, Neanderthal, Denisovan, and other as yet unidentified hominid DNA in non-African modern humans suggests either more sub-species adding DNA to the Sub-Saharan population, or perhaps a greater degree of mutation taking place after the great migration.
There is no evidence that the people we refer to as Bantu existed in Africa prior to the great migration.
The genome of “anatomically modern humans” most closely resembles that of the Khoi San people of Southern Africa.
@@jeremyashford2145 Forget Africans- mankind diudnt came from africa, they went to africa,.and then they came back again,,, neaderthald esapeare du to mixenigenation with imigrants...
@@pedromesquita2780 your grasp on English is weak and if humans didn’t come from Africa then explain the oldest human fossils found in Ethiopia
It’s so irritating to live with inclusivity even in videos of such phenomenal scientific stuff
What is it that you would rather exclude?
i am part Denisovan and neanderthal proof? im autistic (asperger's syndrome) i've done my research and now i can control myself better like just learning a how to use manual for a car
i made a theory and wanted to see if it was true
i laughed when i reached 5:31 in the video, thank you
thats sad, that makes me feel like they were driven to sui**** by the "homo sapiens" cos they could never understand them/me/some of us
just shows me someone from a different country thinks the same way, (btw i "think" im part aboriginal) (im australian too)
All humans have neanderthal DNA in them
Yeah but if you have seen my balkan dad his forehead isn't flat not neanderthal big but it isn't flat , mine also isn't , there is a so much variation in features
yorumum neden siliniyor?
Linebacker
I wish one day we can all talk with the ones who engineered neanderthals to make us, the watchers, I want to be able to talk to them when I'm alive cause we always get to talk to them in the spirit relm
How do you talk to them in the spirit realm
Just smoke DMT
@@gaadrung r.i.p my brain
@@gaadrung from the sound of things, OP already has.
Neanderthal agriculture...? Did I hear that correctly? How is this cultural achievement known to be so?
Looks like they have bigger brains dont it? Or should have.
Did Neanderthals speak an agglutinative language, like the Sumerians
Nobody is alive from then to say.
Or sapiens wiped out nthals
Isnt it a but unfair to compare a Neanderthal skull to a modern skull as feminine as the one displayed? I mean it has no brow ridge, no occipital bump, a small jaw. I get that it is probably to highlight the differences but if you were to compare the Neanderthal skull to a male skull it'd be a lot different
No it’s not. You also have to think about the they were smaller in body size and still had larger brain.
@@saibot7218 ? What? I was talking about the fact that that skull is most likely a female skull. I mean most men ive met have a brow ridge and a big jaw(not as big as a neanderthal obviously but it is clearly there unlike this skull). What does their body size have to do with it?
@@lefterisstefanidis3157 most of the brain is used for movement. That’s why ostriches are among dumbest birds.
@@saibot7218 again.... What? I wasnt talking about brain capacity only about sexually dimorphic features like brow ridges, lower mandible, nuchal lines, prognathism etc. I never mentioned brain
@@lefterisstefanidis3157 okay
are there no men in this new tribe?
Seems like they had a big head and short body, no way they could pass for a human especially there weird voice
I bet they were more emotionally intelligent than we are by a wide margin.
The biggest noses of homosapiens are the smallest for neanderthals. I personally think they had darker skin and looked rougher than this if you imagine how hard conditions they lived in there was maybe allot of wild game but the climate was extreme. They hunted on Mammoths. I think they had more like a reddish skin or at least oily colored skin snow actually increases sunburns white skin evolved from misty weather or places where their is less sun in general like Finland or Siberia. Eventho black colored people need more vitamine D for their skin they have better protection against skin damage. So I dont think they looked like a buffed up scottish peoples. I hope they will find more neanderthal artifacts if you imagine that the neanderthals and homosapiens lived together for around 20 000 years and people probably didnt get the chance to become that old how much interaction their must have been how many interesting amazing civilizations and adventurous things must have happened in 40 generations that we know nothing about. The only reason that maybe less happened is because their where less people but if you consider all the different species of hominid that you had in the early stone age and how many types of humanoids we still havent discovered their probably was allot of variation and all these species worked in a different way. Thats really interesting if you consider how hard it is for us different races to live together in peace how would these people live under different conditions probably who knows what has been forgotten . I hope we invent a time machine but i probably wont be here when that happens.
Neanderthals were just shorter , a slight chubby looking humans. may be with a little less i.q.
nothing special.
Given that Neanderthals had a prolonged childhood compared to Modern Humans, they had more time to develop and learn and, thus, would have had higher IQs than us.
neanderthal creatures are 8 to 10 ft tall
Neanderthal extinct? The almasty might have something to say......
Huh.. So, if we have been around for millions of years--where's the trillions of bodies? Because even a LOW birthrate--I would expect WAY more bodies. I could start with a shovel in Europe and I'm more likely to hit a landmine or a roman denarii but never a human bone. There's so much unknown that I can't take something like this serious; not science fiction, not science fact. But Science To Be Determined. I think there's more fact in not knowing. Just my opinion.
Dude bones don't last for ever.....they generally turn to dust in about 1000 years. .fossils are very rare.....and when your talking about ancient shit like dinosaurs ....there not really bones at all... they are either impressions of bones or in some cases the bones are calcified and turned almost into a kind of rock due to certian place ment and conditions
Not every dead thing becomes preserved as a fossil. Also, the fossils that DO exist need discovered either through paleontology or serendipity. 999 times out of a thousand, fossils are buried pretty deep.
The AI depictions look far too human. They were hairy monsters that killed and ate our ancestors. Then we discovered wolves living in the north, and they lost the advantage. That's why he such a good boy.
This video is obv way older than the recent boom in AI art... also, they might have eaten "modern" humans, but we absolutely also ate them back, and probably much more so than the reverse. And finally, Neanderthals were already gone for almost 20,000 years by the time dogs were domesticated.
@@HuckleberryHimate them back? simple delusion. You got your dates wrong, there are dog burials far older than that, about twice as far. We began using them for other tasks after the monsters were all dead ya know.
@@sonpopco-op9682 There are plenty of Neanderthal fossils in association with "modern" humans with butchery marks. It is well documented that humans killed and ate Neanderthals. Not sure what else you want me to say, this isn't controversial or some super recent discovery.
I also don't know what you want me to say about dogs. Your date defies everything we know about the domestication of dogs. There is no evidence of this extremely older date.
@@sonpopco-op9682 go to a library and read some books.
@@nickaschenbecker9882 Read them all. A lot of them are so very wrong. I can teach you if you'd like.
Start with "space-time" .. complete B.S.