@@sarahader8118 It really does! I cut my toxicity out 30 years ago, and haven't looked back, going so far as to immigrate to the USA and become a Citizen.
In-Laws must keep their snotty noses out of their adult Children's lives and Marriages! I wholeheartedly support young Married Couples move as far away as possible for the first 5 or more years.
Two minutes in and I suspect the son is politely telling his mother that his family, especially his mother, are bad enough that he's afraid they'll scare his girlfriend away.
This guy should have gone no contact with his mom because his can’t realize that her son is grown adult and great to see the son who finally saw the light 💡
The dad having a stroke really hit me hard. Around 1991-1992 my poor dad, 57, had a massive stroke that partially paralyzed the right side of his body and affected his speech. When he got back home from the hospital he was so angry, frustrated, sad, and depressed. However, more than anything, he was determined to get as close to his normal self as possible. He worked so hard at physical therapy. Some days were more difficult than others, for all of us. (dad, mom, brother, sisters, grandchildren, and myself) Seeing the strongest mom and dad, ever in life, look tired and afraid was absolutely heartbreaking but they never gave up, my dad fighting for his recovery and his family, my mom fighting for his recovery and her family. I am the youngest of the children and I was 15 at the time. We were all old enough to do everything for ourselves and help our family as much as possible. It took about two years but my dad made such an amazing recovery that if you didn't know he'd had a massive stroke, you couldn't tell he had one at all. All of that is to say that I hope OP's dad will continue to to get better. Also, I wonder if OP's mom stressed and irritated his dad so much it ended up causing the stroke.
Mother definitely was the stress. Dad had stroke but getting better 🙂 brother and wife now having 👩🍼🧑🍼 stress can do it. Glad family is doing so much better without toxic mom
@@CricketsWorldJC thanks. He was 97 when he passed, he never finished high school. Served 10 years in the coast guard including in the south pacific in WWII. He was a machinist with his own shop and even held patents for equipment and a machine that he invented. He was retired when he married my mom and started doing lapidary work in his late 70s.they spent over 10 years traveling the USA in an RV, rockhunting and doing craft shows, spending winters at home in So.California. He was a strong man and it was hard to see him so helpless towards the end.
Marriage is about love, not money; it's wrong to covet in-law's fortune, etc. The sons definitely aren't Mama's boys; their mother is too overbearing for that. They and their wives cleave to each other as they should.
Why would a default position go and get fertility tests, when it's more than likely that Dean & Sarah are just not ready for kids and using contraception? The mother needs to but out.
Pretty weird for any family member to say the equivalent of, have lots of sex to get pregnant and have a baby. 😂😂 I bet Sarah is exhausted doing all the chores, working full time and having an abusive MIL so all that stress can have a huge impact on fertility.
Wow, some people cannot see when they're done. Mom is being thrown out, everyone's done, and she asks for the coffee maker. She's in no position to ask for favors, but the entitled nature just keeps showing itself.
Ugh! Opportunists make some of the worst family members sometimes. Always obsessed with success and marrying into money. They're also the first to turn their back on you when you actually need them.
Oh boy, these people that look down on single parent upbringing, talk about ignorance and go as low as to call them a rat? Who's moronic? Hmmm People can only take so much, doesn't matter who it is, too much is just too much, always be kind, if have you nothing nice to say, say nothing....
Wow. Looking down on a person because they were unfortunate enough to have had a parent die. Then to assume the remaining parent is sick and essentially going to be a leech? Calling her a rat. The only leech and rat I see is his mother.
Unless someone in that family purchased a lottery ticket and won, that dreadful mother should not have used the word "literally," because it indicates that the words mean exactly what is said or written.
So many people involved in politics started accusing political opponents of being literal forms of evil, that the definition of literal was changed to mean both literal and figurative, so people wouldn't be able to sue the activists for slander.
It's unfortunate that they dealt with the mom for so long & her behavior led to them losing OP & his now wife for two years but at least it's over & they're free. I kinda wish the mom was forced to pay back what she stole from her husband but at least she can't do much else & it seems like she's going to be homeless due to refusing to get a job. It's disgusting that she's such a terrible person that to the end thanks to how use she is to mistreating people she didn't realize it was a terrible idea & is what led to her current situation. The mom is alone, penniless & shunned by her family. She'll never enjoy the good life again, she'll never see both of her sons let alone the one she clearly favored more, she will never get to see her grandson nor see Dean finally have a kid. She will never get the high class life nor get to be a grandmother & it's all her fault.
When I moved from my apartment I moved in less than 24 hours. Everything was almost packed though. When I left my adult foster home I had two hours to pack. I couldn't take everything with me. My remaining items were supposed to be donated. I hope they were at least. I had to rebuild my Lego collection. I couldn't fit them in the car and they were left behind. Hopefully someone else got to enjoy them including my mocs. That means my own creation.
@@susanhansen1290 I do my temporary room at my moms house where I'm staying until I can get into housing is covered in mocs. Every spare space has a lego build on it.
@@susanhansen1290 🤣 I can get on the petty train protag is riding. Bet no one wanted to break the news to her. Except the protag who wanted to twist the knife in.
He obviously called her to let her know how her actions effect her. To rub it in! A grandchild she’ll never see, a husband who’s going to divorce her and a family who are all cutting her off.
Because Dean told him about their Dad having a stroke, OP needed confirmation. But it’s a good thing he called her, that way he can chew the witch out for her actions on his Dad’s behalf!
This is a good opportunity to bring up the topic of synonyms, and how they can be useful to mitigate the use of a word more than once in a sentence (i.e., considering and consider)
So she is the daughter of the largest food industry. etc., etc., and she moved into the son's parents house after they got married??? No freaking way. This writers are so stupid and the stories are so unrealistic.
@@cheallaigh - yes, I understand that, but when the person is the daughter of one of the owners of one of the biggest corporations in the world, you would think they might prefer a mansion to their in-laws meager house...lol.
Nothing's more karmic than seeing a toxic person get cut off by their own family members. After all....if a part of the body gets infected to the point of no return, better to cut it off than let it kill the person it's attached to.
Why the hell was he the one making contact with them after he wanted to break contact with them?😅 Then he started to call her mom again? Was he disowned or just throwing temper tantrums?
Hate to say it, but the Mom can't be ousted on such short notice. Being the wife she does have rights to marital property, and this would have to go through the court to finalize. No court is going to be okay with a no notice eviction.
Actually, I would've let MIL live with OP and Helen....reason, built in housekeeper and babysitter AND rhe best thing, Helen gets to set the rules...YAY😅
Sorry, NO!!! Obviously the Mom is disgusting and deserves everything taken away just like she is. However, there's NO WAY that she could be kicked out like that. She does have some rights, basic tenants rights.
At one time, after meeting potential inlaws, if it didn't go well, most times the relationship ended. To have to live in a family that didn't except you, you are asking for a lifetime of suffering and resentment. Love is NOT enough. Without the support of both families you have nothing.
Thing ism, she's a selfish, hateful woman. They're lucky it all went her way. I wouldn't be surprised if Dean had been shot dead when he entered with the divorce papers, and they found his remains in the charred remnants of the house. Of course, the mom would not actually get away with it, and would spend her last days on death row.
as a member of the food industry since 1996.... you have NO IDEA how many time i have heard people complain that they are 'over qualified' for it because of degrees and that.... like oh sweetie, food industry about to eat you alive!!!! I make this shit look EASY..... and when i let them off on their own and take my days off they have no idea wtf is going on because i multi task like a machine.... i worked 3 or 4 hours more after getting a 2nd degree burn on my boob... i mean anyone who thinks food service is 'easy' should be required to do it during the summer at a tourist destination......
Divorce doesn’t work that way in the US. Depending on the state there’s usually a waiting period of between 6 months to a year. Also, even if he bought the house during the marriage, it would still be considered marital assets and the house would most likely have to be sold and the money split between the spouses. He can’t just throw her out.
The decision of marital property division would either be agreement between husband and wife or a family court judge. It would be easier to cut ties if they moved out and left her with the house.
I love these mils to listen to. But they remind me why I fight the good at being single. I would end up in prison for murder if I had to put up with 5% of what these people do.
Stress can cause a lot of problems n not be able to pin it on any one think.. I'd divorce mom too, why stay married n support a wife that never visits or helps? That's not love or marriage....
So I know that this is a fictional story but there are aspects of this story that disturb me. I don’t know what eviction laws are like in other countries but in America they’re very strict. For example, it’s against the law to kick someone out of their long term home with only a 30 minute notice. There’s a mandatory 30 day notice that must be given in order to evict someone. Perpetrating this kind of inaccuracy could be taken literally by someone who doesn’t know better and cause them make a poor choice based on wrong info. Also the fact that she was a stay at home wife means that, (I know this is fiction but what the hey?) they have to go to court for a division of assets, depending on the state, and being totally dependent on her husband is a huge factor in who gets what. Finally, I know the mom character is a narcissistic jerk but stooping to her level with insults and petty meanness is like rolling in the mud with the pigs. It’s better for the soul to rise above the darkness. I like stories that provide vicarious vindication but the nascent justice warrior in me craves fictional justice. (That’s why I love the Jack Reacher movies and series.)
The MC's mom was never the sharpest tool in the shed. In fact, I think she was the dullest one.
A burned out light bulb is brighter.
@@danielbutler578
Her crayons are Broken
Sharp as a coat of paint.
She's the Ikea furniture that someone didn't read the instructions for.
@@susanhansen1290
Good one!!! Lol
Calling her shallow is an insult to other shallow people! LOL!!
😂😂😂😂
@@bernedettekuteyi3843 😄
The Grand Canyon is shallower than Sarah.
@@susanhansen1290 LOL!
She’s not so much shallow as she is a social climber/leech.
It's refreshing to see a whole family cut off the toxic member. I feel bad all of them had to put up with that woman for so long.
Right? It must suck at times to put up with people like the mom in this story
Yes, it really is nice.
@@sarahader8118 It really does! I cut my toxicity out 30 years ago, and haven't looked back, going so far as to immigrate to the USA and become a Citizen.
😊😊😊
@@earlmarshall6543. Good for you and congratulations 🥳. 👋🇨🇦
Nice to hear a son FINALLY stand up to the bully mother
The crazy woman who destroyed her relationship with her children by going deep into their relationship.
Yep. Her arrogance and stupidity caused her to shoot herself in the foot with the entire magazine.
In-Laws must keep their snotty noses out of their adult Children's lives and Marriages! I wholeheartedly support young Married Couples move as far away as possible for the first 5 or more years.
Though I never really experienced it, I never liked shallow, narcissistic, narrow-minded and just plain stupid people.
Normal people don't
@@nzsooz3884 yup.
Narcissism is the kind of thing that is so bad, that you know you don't like it after receiving a taste of it.
@@fanfictiondreamer7836 right. But then again, I never really experienced it. Thank God.
It's good to hear the VA being the protagonist instead of the antagonist once in a while!
Love the children. Got great wives.and stood up for them. Great father❤
Two minutes in and I suspect the son is politely telling his mother that his family, especially his mother, are bad enough that he's afraid they'll scare his girlfriend away.
She literally pushed everyone away.
This guy should have gone no contact with his mom because his can’t realize that her son is grown adult and great to see the son who finally saw the light 💡
Interesting story with a bit of a twist!
The dad having a stroke really hit me hard. Around 1991-1992 my poor dad, 57, had a massive stroke that partially paralyzed the right side of his body and affected his speech. When he got back home from the hospital he was so angry, frustrated, sad, and depressed. However, more than anything, he was determined to get as close to his normal self as possible. He worked so hard at physical therapy. Some days were more difficult than others, for all of us. (dad, mom, brother, sisters, grandchildren, and myself) Seeing the strongest mom and dad, ever in life, look tired and afraid was absolutely heartbreaking but they never gave up, my dad fighting for his recovery and his family, my mom fighting for his recovery and her family. I am the youngest of the children and I was 15 at the time. We were all old enough to do everything for ourselves and help our family as much as possible. It took about two years but my dad made such an amazing recovery that if you didn't know he'd had a massive stroke, you couldn't tell he had one at all. All of that is to say that I hope OP's dad will continue to to get better. Also, I wonder if OP's mom stressed and irritated his dad so much it ended up causing the stroke.
My stepdad had a series of small strokes that gradually left him bedridden, unable to walk or feed himself for several months before he passed away.
@@susanhansen1290💔😢
Mother definitely was the stress. Dad had stroke but getting better 🙂 brother and wife now having 👩🍼🧑🍼 stress can do it. Glad family is doing so much better without toxic mom
@@susanhansen1290 I'm so sorry,
@@CricketsWorldJC thanks. He was 97 when he passed, he never finished high school. Served 10 years in the coast guard including in the south pacific in WWII. He was a machinist with his own shop and even held patents for equipment and a machine that he invented. He was retired when he married my mom and started doing lapidary work in his late 70s.they spent over 10 years traveling the USA in an RV, rockhunting and doing craft shows, spending winters at home in So.California.
He was a strong man and it was hard to see him so helpless towards the end.
Marriage is about love, not money; it's wrong to covet in-law's fortune, etc. The sons definitely aren't Mama's boys; their mother is too overbearing for that. They and their wives cleave to each other as they should.
I love that they all worked together to cut off the deadwood! WTG
One of the most satisfying stories in a while.
Why would a default position go and get fertility tests, when it's more than likely that Dean & Sarah are just not ready for kids and using contraception? The mother needs to but out.
Pretty weird for any family member to say the equivalent of, have lots of sex to get pregnant and have a baby. 😂😂 I bet Sarah is exhausted doing all the chores, working full time and having an abusive MIL so all that stress can have a huge impact on fertility.
If they can get away from mil to somewhere they can relax might help.
Wow, some people cannot see when they're done. Mom is being thrown out, everyone's done, and she asks for the coffee maker. She's in no position to ask for favors, but the entitled nature just keeps showing itself.
Nice to hear that the sons grow a set and stand up to mommie dearest
Time for mom to sell the luxury items...
My back snapped in half from how hard I’ve been rolling my eyes from how insufferable this dog is.
Hooray for OP doing the right thing for wicking up for his significant other, like he should.
Ugh! Opportunists make some of the worst family members sometimes. Always obsessed with success and marrying into money. They're also the first to turn their back on you when you actually need them.
Nice to see a son who does suffer from blind to mom's faults syndrome. He totally sees her idiocy
Sarah's dad could also set up some charity groups in his trust and they could get very little, this mom is just awful
Oh boy, these people that look down on single parent upbringing, talk about ignorance and go as low as to call them a rat? Who's moronic? Hmmm
People can only take so much, doesn't matter who it is, too much is just too much, always be kind, if have you nothing nice to say, say nothing....
This is the first time I have listened to the male reader that I have not cringed.
Never betray your famaly, it wil always haunt you
Thanks for the video. Have a good night.
This mom is a horrible person. The love you receive is equal to the love you gave
Wow. Looking down on a person because they were unfortunate enough to have had a parent die. Then to assume the remaining parent is sick and essentially going to be a leech? Calling her a rat. The only leech and rat I see is his mother.
She was actually told Helen's mother was sick. She just assumed that it was a long-term condition that would create dependency.
If the son isn't doing good deeds, he's doing well.
Couldn't the father have taken medical retirement?
Hi, and have a good day/night everyone :)
This is one of the best stories I've heard in a while 😊
Unless someone in that family purchased a lottery ticket and won, that dreadful mother should not have used the word "literally," because it indicates that the words mean exactly what is said or written.
So many people involved in politics started accusing political opponents of being literal forms of evil, that the definition of literal was changed to mean both literal and figurative, so people wouldn't be able to sue the activists for slander.
She won’t get alimony. Not how it works. They’d have to go through the eviction process to kick the mom out.
Thank you!!
Mom: I’m disowning you!
Kid: Ok, bye!
It's unfortunate that they dealt with the mom for so long & her behavior led to them losing OP & his now wife for two years but at least it's over & they're free. I kinda wish the mom was forced to pay back what she stole from her husband but at least she can't do much else & it seems like she's going to be homeless due to refusing to get a job. It's disgusting that she's such a terrible person that to the end thanks to how use she is to mistreating people she didn't realize it was a terrible idea & is what led to her current situation.
The mom is alone, penniless & shunned by her family. She'll never enjoy the good life again, she'll never see both of her sons let alone the one she clearly favored more, she will never get to see her grandson nor see Dean finally have a kid. She will never get the high class life nor get to be a grandmother & it's all her fault.
Mom . Can I take the coffee machine
Son . No and you only have 25 minutes now
😂
Helen is a lucky lady 🙂
Loved this one.
When I moved from my apartment I moved in less than 24 hours. Everything was almost packed though. When I left my adult foster home I had two hours to pack. I couldn't take everything with me. My remaining items were supposed to be donated. I hope they were at least. I had to rebuild my Lego collection. I couldn't fit them in the car and they were left behind. Hopefully someone else got to enjoy them including my mocs. That means my own creation.
And you got to build things again, hope you enjoyed it.
@@susanhansen1290 I do my temporary room at my moms house where I'm staying until I can get into housing is covered in mocs. Every spare space has a lego build on it.
Good evening and enjoy the rest of your day 👋🤗
From Louisiana 🐊
Good evening to you too
Good evenin' from Tennessee!
@@hugsandchaos9554 Good evening and have a good night 👋🤗
@@jonborchardt5548 Good evening and have a great night 👋🤗
Good evening from upstate New York!! 💐🇺🇸
Have a peaceful, restful night, everyone!! 🤗🤗🥱😴
Now we know why Sarah is getting so much attention!
Why in God's name did the son call his overbearing mom? When a person shows who they are, believe them.
To inform her she was being divorced and was being evicted from her husbands home.
@@susanhansen1290 🤣 I can get on the petty train protag is riding.
Bet no one wanted to break the news to her. Except the protag who wanted to twist the knife in.
He obviously called her to let her know how her actions effect her. To rub it in! A grandchild she’ll never see, a husband who’s going to divorce her and a family who are all cutting her off.
Because Dean told him about their Dad having a stroke, OP needed confirmation.
But it’s a good thing he called her, that way he can chew the witch out for her actions on his Dad’s behalf!
Mom: "I'm sorry! I don't really mean it!"
If you always say things you don't mean, how would we know you mean it when you say you're sorry?
Good evening, everyone. Another great video
I love the background of Christ the King in Almada, Portugal.
Thank you for that! I was always wondering where it was 👋🇨🇦
Yikes. That woman is toxic and money hungry.
He's right, stress does affect every part of the body.
Nice to see a completely different story..thank you
See ya, wouldn't want to be ya! Evil ol' biddy!
Omg a "rat" is really rich and smart, who would have thought? 😮
This is a good opportunity to bring up the topic of synonyms, and how they can be useful to mitigate the use of a word more than once in a sentence (i.e., considering and consider)
Evening everyone
Evening 👋🤗
Good evening
Good Evening y'all, 🍑
Evening 👋🇨🇦
The 30 minutes to get out was a bit cruel & may not even fly legally in some places. BUT, in the reddit karma universe, totally justified.
Thats longer than tossing her possessions and kicking or locking her out.
So she is the daughter of the largest food industry. etc., etc., and she moved into the son's parents house after they got married??? No freaking way. This writers are so stupid and the stories are so unrealistic.
in many cultures, the wife moves in the husband's family.
@@cheallaigh - yes, I understand that, but when the person is the daughter of one of the owners of one of the biggest corporations in the world, you would think they might prefer a mansion to their in-laws meager house...lol.
@@gregwilson7818 true, but again, culture matters... most of these stories aren't written by western peoples.
It's culture
You can't change that
When you base how you feel and treat people based on economic status, you will always come up in the negative! And this MIL is TRULY bankrupt!💯🤦🏽♀️
Nothing's more karmic than seeing a toxic person get cut off by their own family members. After all....if a part of the body gets infected to the point of no return, better to cut it off than let it kill the person it's attached to.
Why the hell was he the one making contact with them after he wanted to break contact with them?😅 Then he started to call her mom again? Was he disowned or just throwing temper tantrums?
Hate to say it, but the Mom can't be ousted on such short notice. Being the wife she does have rights to marital property, and this would have to go through the court to finalize. No court is going to be okay with a no notice eviction.
Unless the house wasn't marital property.
Famous Last Words: "But, I did NOTHING wrong!😮
Heard this story about a hundred times!
Hi. My favorite voices. But I do miss the crazy, smoking New York crazy MIL voice!
The one who played sometimes bad MIL, sometimes good kindly MIL?
The last thing she says is "What did I do?" after ALL THAT??? >:( She is so insufferable!
MIL: Wait?! Why!? What did *I* do?!
Me: Just for that, you HAVE ten minutes left!
Go get her!
Actually, I would've let MIL live with OP and Helen....reason, built in housekeeper and babysitter AND rhe best thing, Helen gets to set the rules...YAY😅
And bound to be insulted and taken advantage of and have to support her financially
"What did I do?"
Nothing, nothing good.
That's why you got discarded like trash, because you acted like it. 😂
Don’t think you can kick someone out of the house like that. They have to be evicted first. At least in most parts of the US.
Sorry, NO!!! Obviously the Mom is disgusting and deserves everything taken away just like she is. However, there's NO WAY that she could be kicked out like that. She does have some rights, basic tenants rights.
So why did he wind up contacting her after 2 years in the first place if he wanted nothing to do with her? (Prior to learning about the dad)
At one time, after meeting potential inlaws, if it didn't go well, most times the relationship ended. To have to live in a family that didn't except you, you are asking for a lifetime of suffering and resentment. Love is NOT enough. Without the support of both families you have nothing.
some "mothers" certainly don't deserve to have children...and this one takes the cake..
his mom only wants money
Thing ism, she's a selfish, hateful woman. They're lucky it all went her way. I wouldn't be surprised if Dean had been shot dead when he entered with the divorce papers, and they found his remains in the charred remnants of the house. Of course, the mom would not actually get away with it, and would spend her last days on death row.
as a member of the food industry since 1996.... you have NO IDEA how many time i have heard people complain that they are 'over qualified' for it because of degrees and that.... like oh sweetie, food industry about to eat you alive!!!! I make this shit look EASY..... and when i let them off on their own and take my days off they have no idea wtf is going on because i multi task like a machine.... i worked 3 or 4 hours more after getting a 2nd degree burn on my boob... i mean anyone who thinks food service is 'easy' should be required to do it during the summer at a tourist destination......
Just because she's mom doesn't mean she's deserving of anything, any relationship goes both ways not just one, then stick the ATM in a nursing home...
Divorce doesn’t work that way in the US. Depending on the state there’s usually a waiting period of between 6 months to a year. Also, even if he bought the house during the marriage, it would still be considered marital assets and the house would most likely have to be sold and the money split between the spouses. He can’t just throw her out.
MOM LISTEN UP AND LISTEN GOOD THERE TOO CUPCAKE
This weather is going to wind up losing her son
I think you meant mother not weather. Damned autocorrect.
So what if someone was raised by a single parent.
The decision of marital property division would either be agreement between husband and wife or a family court judge. It would be easier to cut ties if they moved out and left her with the house.
Sometimes, jusy one parent is better than two. Dont judge unless you know why. Theres a very old saying There but for the grace of god go I
Why would a heiress live with her in-laws?
Isn't 'for sickness and in health ...' part of marriage vows?
Why would He ever tell his mom about the baby?
I love these mils to listen to. But they remind me why I fight the good at being single. I would end up in prison for murder if I had to put up with 5% of what these people do.
I was adopted and my adopted mother Irene was physically abusive emotionally mentally and she's to say horrible things to me
That was one MIL That reap what she sow's
Is anyone else entirely sick of "haha"?
If they are trying to make people believe that these scenarios are in the US then they need to make them a little more realistic and accurate.
Got it mone money money😅😅😅😅😅
so he was mad at his mom ?he crapped on his dad by changing his last name ??
Stress can cause a lot of problems n not be able to pin it on any one think..
I'd divorce mom too, why stay married n support a wife that never visits or helps? That's not love or marriage....
Wake up and sme the roses mrs😅😅😅😅😅😅😅
I used to have pet rats. They were so much nicer than than this mother.
So I know that this is a fictional story but there are aspects of this story that disturb me.
I don’t know what eviction laws are like in other countries but in America they’re very strict.
For example, it’s against the law to kick someone out of their long term home with only a 30 minute notice.
There’s a mandatory 30 day notice that must be given in order to evict someone.
Perpetrating this kind of inaccuracy could be taken literally by someone who doesn’t know better and cause them make a poor choice based on wrong info.
Also the fact that she was a stay at home wife means that, (I know this is fiction but what the hey?) they have to go to court for a division of assets, depending on the state, and being totally dependent on her husband is a huge factor in who gets what.
Finally, I know the mom character is a narcissistic jerk but stooping to her level with insults and petty meanness is like rolling in the mud with the pigs.
It’s better for the soul to rise above the darkness.
I like stories that provide vicarious vindication but the nascent justice warrior in me craves fictional justice. (That’s why I love the Jack Reacher movies and series.)