Hi! I realize I was pretty unclear in my explanation of the "2 wide gap" being a bad pattern in puzzle 3. To be clear, the bad pattern is an *even* two wide gap-- that is, both sides of the 2 wide gap are at the exact same height. As we can see from the intended solution, a 2 wide gap with one side one block higher than the other is no problem. I just used "2 wide gap" to refer to the even 2 wide gap. My bad everyone, hope that clears up any misunderstandings!
When I first started learning tspins I couldn’t understand a thing in this video, especially to look at the upcoming pieces, now I’m able to solve all the puzzles first try looking at this video now after like a year! Proud of myself
jesus your channel is criminally underrated, people charge crazy amounts for coaching and you're just here giving it out for free will definitely be binging your videos, thanks for all the content
Answer to 4:53 The L piece when placed there creates a height difference of 3, which, as referenced earlier on, is not fun to deal with. If you had a second L piece and an I piece, you could increase the height difference to 4(by using the L to make a LL 2x4 box), then solve the difference with the I pieces, but this also leaves you with a *third* L piece needed. Generally, avoid creating two-deep crevices on either side of the board.
Great video! I honestly struggle with finding t-spins that aren’t obvious, and that is definitely because I never pay attention to the height difference. Super helpful guide to take t-spin knowledge beyond beginner vids, really needed this!
Cowbow is so pro he makes you go wow. He’ll hit you so hard with the pow pow pow. If he’s in your way you better take a different route. He’ll have his opponents crying out “ow!”
6:15 subpar alternative "solution" it's a 5 wide gap and there's S and Z in the queue. Z on the left, J on top of it to make an overhang, S to build the T shape, and stack I L O on the side while you cycle for the T. Subpar solution because it doesn't actually solve the 2 wide gap issue, simply delays it by finding a small dono on top of it. Afterwards it's likely possible to STSD off the 2wide gap.
Your theory videos are amazing thank you, these remind me of chess puzzles but for t-spins, and I think it'd be cool if there was something dedicated to making puzzles for various tetris mechanics
2:46 I will take that plea as a challenge: The only way to get a quick T-spin here is with a donation. The stack is also too flat for a simple donation, so will waste a T for my first solve. The best way that wastes is from placing the T pointing down touching the wall right wall, making a little hole. Then to fill out the donation on the right of the hole, you can use an L piece or a Z overhang so the donation doesn’t cover the well. A way to not waste T is to place an L touching the wall, then S on the L to make the overhang. The left of the donation is easily filled. After the T-spin, the well is clear but a hole is created, so not ideal. A more complex method to not waste T is to make a TSS into TSD. You can place a J facing down next to the wall, have a hole with an easy overhang on the left (ideally with L + O so it’s flatter, and so you can use S or J second overhang). TSS must be rotated so it faces left instead of down, then can create an overhang for the other hole made by the first J. This requires 2 T’s, good next pieces, and a stupid brain, but it maintains B2B and doesn’t make a hole. Did this all in my head, so there’s a chance I visualized it wrong, correct me if I did.
Very thoughtful guide thank you! Was lookin for a video that actually teaches you how to learn rathern than "this is how you do it. You will figure it out"
Really educational and entertaining video! However I'm pretty sure that's a forecast and not a prophecy at 10:58. It clears away the garbage in the T hole instead of creating the T shape by clearing with the piece itself.
IMO the terms forecast/prophecy split have basically merged, kind of like cspin and td. I only see people say prophecy nowadays, but it could just be the people I interact with. I think you are technically right though!
Not a good for follow up but at 3:22 you can do a fin by wasting the s-piece and using the j-piece for the overhang, then use the held t-piece for the tsd
@@orztetris The only way I can sort of clean it up is by facing the s-piece north and placing it in columns 3 and 4, then making the fin into a neo by shifting the j over to the right by one, then do the tsd and place the l horizontally into the 2-wide hole from the neo residue, then use an i as an overhang and an o into the left to fill in the rest of the stack, then do the next tsd, then (hold z and) make a left side tsd with the j and l pieces, place the i on the far left side, the place the s on the very far left and use the s as an overhang for the next t-spin, then do the tsd and setup up for the next tsd, placing the next i on the far right side, placing the o on top of columns 2 and 3, and fill in the left side hole with an l-piece for a cleaner board.) Or you could, ya know, be a normal player and do a tsd the intended way. Edit: spelling issues and fixing the “I”s into “i”s
At 6:53 there are some alternate solutions with L left side flat, O overhang (height difference is immediately solved after with S but could leave a bad board. The other solution I saw is using LS to make a heart shape and O overhang
Good find! I think the solutions are essentially equivalent, just an ordering thing (likely, even if you did do your solution you would 90% want an o piece on the left where intended solution was put anyway, big o dependency created).
bro how do u do the sudden soft drop like the o piece at 5:50 as far as i know soft drop goes one at a time and hard drop just drops it whats that thing u do that is inbetween tho xDD
6:36 i was thinking of doing a floating t-spin using the z, s, and j pieces, so you could use the i piece as a tetris; that may lead to weird stacking though lol love the video, never thought of the height difference concept before
nice guide but... can we have a 4-5 stacking guide(since a lot of people not using it, and it seems fun to do, and a lot of openers like pco failed need to 4-5)
4:30 wym nothing left to solve the height difference? What about that S there? Place the L on the stack as the overhang, tuck the S, fill the left with J, and you got it. Would be less than ideal since the L would leave a hole after (..and it'd only clear a single in that state..) butt a Tspin _is_ possible with that queueueueueueueueu :p As another alternative to your intended solution, just stack the L, J, and S all at once to make a Fractal, then you only need to hold once instead of 5 times, and you get a b2b and time bonus of hitting 2 tsd in a row
alternate solve for puzzle 4: i think you can get away with a tetris as well as a tspin same Z and J, use I for tetris, L placed vertically and S on it to create overhand, O piece placed way to the left
Can you explain the reasoning about the “two wide gap” at 5:58? I know you explain it in text, and that the second one is easier to follow up, but I’m wondering if there is an easy rule to follow like you mentioned, because the second solution also has this two wide gap…
[2 wide gap with 0 height difference] is the bad thing that you usually want to avoid. In the second solution, there is uh 1 or 2 height difference (not sure how to characterize) between the tops of each side of the well. as he explains in text, using an S piece to solve that height difference turns it into a 1wide gap immediately. When there's [0 height difference 2 wide gap], that usually requires several pieces of upstack to turn back into a 1 wide gap. When there is a height difference, it's often solved in like 1 or 2 pieces. my take
What keys do you press and in what order when you do a triple t spin? I'm a beginner and I've always never understood how they fit the piece in that one gap hole
when it comes to 6-3 stacking, the only way i know is the sprint method where for the 6 stack side you stack S and Z on top of a T. this makes it hard for me to tspin though, since you need that side of the row to be 5 wide instead of 4 wide
I'm s+ rank in tetrio and I think I'm decent at doing t-spins, but I couldn't visualize any of the puzzles very well and I got none right. Do you think I just need to familiarize myself more with spins? Or is there something else?
I think you know the answer, just gotta practice more! There are rarely hidden or roundabout ways to get better at a particular skill. Just find the most direct way you can work on building tspins and maintaining the stack (some of which I recommended in the video). Don't worry about speed, just focus on solving height difference and keeping the stack clean and open to continue doing tspins on. Good luck!
The forbidden single mino KEKW Oh, y'all bin calling it a "prophecy" t-spin? I've been calling it Tspin foresight.. Well I still like mine better, but I guess in the case of confusion it's good to know the other
I learned T-spins with the video "Tetris' Rotation System is Wonderfully Broken". You juat find the opportunity, make a t-hole, and i forgor what next 💀 but i can freestyle t-spins
Personally I always play the dual SNES Tetris every evening with my wife. So no 4 pieces preview or hold piece option, to hold T pieces. She always beat me it's been 3 years I don't feel like I improve at all. I watched your video the T shape spin trick seems the only way I can improve. I don't know if it's doable on the SNES version. I don't understand what B2B means? When we play i start at speed 7 and she start at speed 8. I just always end up losing the flat stack and end up screwing up and I can't fix it and lose. Don't know what I'm doing wrong
Hi, I don't know a lot about SNES tetris, but it's possible that the SNES version of tetris doesn't have any bonuses for t-spins. This video is focused at guideline/modern tetris games, so it might not be very applicable to other versions. I might recommend looking at my stacking guide, which should be applicable for all tetris games.
It's just so you can play faster, given the generous window in most modern games that you have until the piece locks on its own. My bad for not explaining this in video.
Not necessarily. The closer to center the stack, the more options you have to consider for each side. This can be good and bad, because there are more potentially good solutions, but it's also a lot more to think about. On the flip side, with something like 7-2, there are very few options for your 2 side, but this also simplifies your decision making a lot. This is what I meant by 6-3 being "balanced."
ah, nice find! that would be a float, an advanced/intermediate setup (which i didnt expect beginners to see). you can see swng’s comment for some more discussion on that solution
I never knew or tried to t spin. I learned to make Tetris setups but just that doesn't really help you get. A high score.. this is gonna be hard to integrate into my muscle memory
Yeah, there is a difference (by the hard drop definitions, I technically used the wrong term). From my experience though, people use both prophecy and forecast (but mainly prophecy, i don't hear forecast very often anymore) to mean "overhang over unrevealed garbage hole" (the hard drop definition for forecast) and "pre-overhang" for setting up an overhang before you have the tspin set up in general (the hard drop definition for prophecy), if they use any term at all. To speculate, tspins have evolved a great deal since the origin of a lot of these terms and setting up overhangs in advance is so common that "prophecy tspins" in their textbook definition aren't even distinguishable from basic tspins. (puzzle 1 was technically a "prophecy") So the terms have merged, because their English definitions are so similar. Language change is interesting, and if anyone else in the comments knows about how these terms have changed over time, please feel free to comment!
![Learn the FASTEST sprint method and build the foundation for tspins [ Tetris 6-3 guide ]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Ub5eYlIwwn4/mqdefault.jpg)
Hi! I realize I was pretty unclear in my explanation of the "2 wide gap" being a bad pattern in puzzle 3.
To be clear, the bad pattern is an *even* two wide gap-- that is, both sides of the 2 wide gap are at the exact same height.
As we can see from the intended solution, a 2 wide gap with one side one block higher than the other is no problem.
I just used "2 wide gap" to refer to the even 2 wide gap. My bad everyone, hope that clears up any misunderstandings!
Can you please do an all clear guide? Your guides are the best out of the ones I’ve watched ;-;
Thank you for the clarification. Your videos have been helpful.
When I first started learning tspins I couldn’t understand a thing in this video, especially to look at the upcoming pieces, now I’m able to solve all the puzzles first try looking at this video now after like a year! Proud of myself
jesus your channel is criminally underrated, people charge crazy amounts for coaching and you're just here giving it out for free
will definitely be binging your videos, thanks for all the content
Answer to 4:53
The L piece when placed there creates a height difference of 3, which, as referenced earlier on, is not fun to deal with.
If you had a second L piece and an I piece, you could increase the height difference to 4(by using the L to make a LL 2x4 box), then solve the difference with the I pieces, but this also leaves you with a *third* L piece needed. Generally, avoid creating two-deep crevices on either side of the board.
this is the best, chillest t-spin video tutorial i've ever seen, thank you so much
Even tho I was consistently t-spinning before this, this guide really made things clear-cut. Very helpful; thanks!
Great video! I honestly struggle with finding t-spins that aren’t obvious, and that is definitely because I never pay attention to the height difference.
Super helpful guide to take t-spin knowledge beyond beginner vids, really needed this!
Cowbow is so pro he makes you go wow. He’ll hit you so hard with the pow pow pow. If he’s in your way you better take a different route. He’ll have his opponents crying out “ow!”
Cowbow pows my cow til I bow and wow
6:15
subpar alternative "solution"
it's a 5 wide gap and there's S and Z in the queue.
Z on the left, J on top of it to make an overhang, S to build the T shape,
and stack I L O on the side while you cycle for the T.
Subpar solution because it doesn't actually solve the 2 wide gap issue, simply delays it by finding a small dono on top of it.
Afterwards it's likely possible to STSD off the 2wide gap.
I saw that as well (now that I've started looking for those) :p
Thanks to this guide, I started T-spinning like a MENACE! Give some respect to this guy!
They’re fun, aren’t they?
Your theory videos are amazing thank you, these remind me of chess puzzles but for t-spins, and I think it'd be cool if there was something dedicated to making puzzles for various tetris mechanics
Picked up Tetris Effect on a steam sale and your videos have made me into a better player. Thanks!
I really wish that I had such a good clear and concise guide when I started to get into Tetris.
Amazing job
significant upgrade to most tspin guides
cheers to a great video!
First time I've seen a super clean guide on t spins thank you 🎉😊
2:46 I will take that plea as a challenge:
The only way to get a quick T-spin here is with a donation. The stack is also too flat for a simple donation, so will waste a T for my first solve. The best way that wastes is from placing the T pointing down touching the wall right wall, making a little hole. Then to fill out the donation on the right of the hole, you can use an L piece or a Z overhang so the donation doesn’t cover the well. A way to not waste T is to place an L touching the wall, then S on the L to make the overhang. The left of the donation is easily filled. After the T-spin, the well is clear but a hole is created, so not ideal. A more complex method to not waste T is to make a TSS into TSD. You can place a J facing down next to the wall, have a hole with an easy overhang on the left (ideally with L + O so it’s flatter, and so you can use S or J second overhang). TSS must be rotated so it faces left instead of down, then can create an overhang for the other hole made by the first J. This requires 2 T’s, good next pieces, and a stupid brain, but it maintains B2B and doesn’t make a hole.
Did this all in my head, so there’s a chance I visualized it wrong, correct me if I did.
Well wont be clear after an L and S overhang. S on top L has 3 blocks total which cannot be cleared by a TSD
you have such a calming voice lol. this really helped me process the info so much easier so thanks!
Very thoughtful guide thank you! Was lookin for a video that actually teaches you how to learn rathern than "this is how you do it. You will figure it out"
so cool, thanks for the tips and explanations!
Amazing teaching and a great speaking voice. Thanks!
Really educational and entertaining video! However I'm pretty sure that's a forecast and not a prophecy at 10:58. It clears away the garbage in the T hole instead of creating the T shape by clearing with the piece itself.
IMO the terms forecast/prophecy split have basically merged, kind of like cspin and td. I only see people say prophecy nowadays, but it could just be the people I interact with. I think you are technically right though!
This is the guide I wish I had like 5 years ago when I was getting into competitive Tetris. Good job! Very helpful.
really well made and easy to follow :) thanks for the great tetris videos, they’re much appreciated!
Thanks for this video!! Super helpful
You've earned my subscription, good sir. Well done
A tutorial of t spinps triple please, I love how you explain and give us tips and advices
Not a good for follow up but at 3:22 you can do a fin by wasting the s-piece and using the j-piece for the overhang, then use the held t-piece for the tsd
but why... how would you do another tspin after that...
(good find lol)
@@orztetris The only way I can sort of clean it up is by facing the s-piece north and placing it in columns 3 and 4, then making the fin into a neo by shifting the j over to the right by one, then do the tsd and place the l horizontally into the 2-wide hole from the neo residue, then use an i as an overhang and an o into the left to fill in the rest of the stack, then do the next tsd, then (hold z and) make a left side tsd with the j and l pieces, place the i on the far left side, the place the s on the very far left and use the s as an overhang for the next t-spin, then do the tsd and setup up for the next tsd, placing the next i on the far right side, placing the o on top of columns 2 and 3, and fill in the left side hole with an l-piece for a cleaner board.)
Or you could, ya know, be a normal player and do a tsd the intended way.
Edit: spelling issues and fixing the “I”s into “i”s
Thank you for the very helpful guide! :D and congrats to reaching 1k subs! (I was the 999th aw)
At 6:53 there are some alternate solutions with L left side flat, O overhang (height difference is immediately solved after with S but could leave a bad board. The other solution I saw is using LS to make a heart shape and O overhang
Good find! I think the solutions are essentially equivalent, just an ordering thing (likely, even if you did do your solution you would 90% want an o piece on the left where intended solution was put anyway, big o dependency created).
Wow, this is an amazing guide! I wish I had this when I was starting out because all I got to do was watch pro players and steal their patterns...
Still cant do it. My brain auto fills the board for tetris
Definitely takes retraining your brain. That's why I am here. I just discovered these and it's made tetris exciting again
But I can do it
I only set my control for clockwise... yeah
bro how do u do the sudden soft drop like the o piece at 5:50 as far as i know soft drop goes one at a time and hard drop just drops it whats that thing u do that is inbetween tho xDD
he set his soft drop to 0 (if you're using tetrio it's sdf set to infinite)
Very nice, BreakerJ would approve, am sure.
omg i love you i couldn't do this before now holy hell omgomgg tysm
Excellent tutorial.
wow great video i like it. not just good for the newer players but for reaching the highest rank as well. b2b emphasis
6:36 i was thinking of doing a floating t-spin using the z, s, and j pieces, so you could use the i piece as a tetris; that may lead to weird stacking though lol
love the video, never thought of the height difference concept before
Could you elaborate on the floating T-spin ? I toyed with the position to see what you mean but I can't find it.
nice guide
but...
can we have a 4-5 stacking guide(since a lot of people not using it, and it seems fun to do, and a lot of openers like pco failed need to 4-5)
very cool video I will rewatch again later because this is clearly too advanced for me lol
1:34 - how to hook people to the video :D
i like how he has the forbidden 1-pieces here 6:00
4:30 wym nothing left to solve the height difference? What about that S there? Place the L on the stack as the overhang, tuck the S, fill the left with J, and you got it. Would be less than ideal since the L would leave a hole after (..and it'd only clear a single in that state..) butt a Tspin _is_ possible with that queueueueueueueueu :p
As another alternative to your intended solution, just stack the L, J, and S all at once to make a Fractal, then you only need to hold once instead of 5 times, and you get a b2b and time bonus of hitting 2 tsd in a row
really great video!
alternate solve for puzzle 4: i think you can get away with a tetris as well as a tspin
same Z and J, use I for tetris, L placed vertically and S on it to create overhand, O piece placed way to the left
Can you explain the reasoning about the “two wide gap” at 5:58? I know you explain it in text, and that the second one is easier to follow up, but I’m wondering if there is an easy rule to follow like you mentioned, because the second solution also has this two wide gap…
[2 wide gap with 0 height difference] is the bad thing that you usually want to avoid.
In the second solution, there is uh 1 or 2 height difference (not sure how to characterize) between the tops of each side of the well.
as he explains in text, using an S piece to solve that height difference turns it into a 1wide gap immediately.
When there's [0 height difference 2 wide gap], that usually requires several pieces of upstack to turn back into a 1 wide gap. When there is a height difference, it's often solved in like 1 or 2 pieces.
my take
@@swng314 I see. “2 wide gap 0 hd” bad, but “2 wide gap 1 hd” good. Makes sense. Thanks :)
yep, the bad pttern is an *even* 2w gap. My mistake for not emphasizing that enough, and good explanation by swng
I love Orz
5:57 isn't it still 2 wide gap after fixing? I dont get it.
1:30 wtf that caught me so off guard
I'm 18 and I'm laughing at that
help
super helpful gamer thanks
New orz? It's gonna be a good day 😁
amazing channel !! hope you can keep making such great videos
0:59 when i pressed space the piece holded and not hard dropped
orz i love you
What keys do you press and in what order when you do a triple t spin? I'm a beginner and I've always never understood how they fit the piece in that one gap hole
depending on the way the tst is facing, c 3 times or cc 3 times
love this video
when it comes to 6-3 stacking, the only way i know is the sprint method where for the 6 stack side you stack S and Z on top of a T. this makes it hard for me to tspin though, since you need that side of the row to be 5 wide instead of 4 wide
i'll eventually get this
1:30 lol
bro ur vids are so high quality for only 1k subs holy
1:04 why has nobody timestamped this yet
okay this great and all but how do i setup a t spin in the first place
The first song in the video is actually "Transonic Gravity" and not "Heartbreak II"
oh shoot you're right I was playing around with using one or the other in the beginning and I misremembered which one I actually used
I think I mostly have problems on keeping a good stack after doing a t spin.
this is a banger
Puzzle 3: would floating TSD be a possibility?
learned math for tetris
Explain to me how to lower the block so quickly without putting it down?
I'm s+ rank in tetrio and I think I'm decent at doing t-spins, but I couldn't visualize any of the puzzles very well and I got none right. Do you think I just need to familiarize myself more with spins? Or is there something else?
I think you know the answer, just gotta practice more!
There are rarely hidden or roundabout ways to get better at a particular skill. Just find the most direct way you can work on building tspins and maintaining the stack (some of which I recommended in the video). Don't worry about speed, just focus on solving height difference and keeping the stack clean and open to continue doing tspins on. Good luck!
HOLY SHIT SAYONARA WAILD HEARTS MUSIC
Super late but I’m still disappointed that you didn’t make a fractal on puzzle 2
The forbidden single mino KEKW
Oh, y'all bin calling it a "prophecy" t-spin? I've been calling it Tspin foresight.. Well I still like mine better, but I guess in the case of confusion it's good to know the other
good guide
What websites do you use for tetris?
love the video
I LOOOOVE your voice❤. ❤.❤ ... Thx for the video
thanks
very cool
1:26 I died while laughing
Finally
I can play online mode in puyo puyo tetris 2 without getting dogpiled (still have to practice 2 spinning tho lol)
this may seem like a silly question but why do you need to hard drop? is that what makes it a t spin double?
Just a a big speed difference once you get faster, so it's a good habit to get into
bro i dead ass just watched this video to listen to you. AHAH. no but fr ty for the video
i thought that you were the guy that made tetrio, since your names are so similar (orz and osk)
I learned T-spins with the video "Tetris' Rotation System is Wonderfully Broken". You juat find the opportunity, make a t-hole, and i forgor what next 💀
but i can freestyle t-spins
Personally I always play the dual SNES Tetris every evening with my wife. So no 4 pieces preview or hold piece option, to hold T pieces. She always beat me it's been 3 years I don't feel like I improve at all. I watched your video the T shape spin trick seems the only way I can improve. I don't know if it's doable on the SNES version. I don't understand what B2B means? When we play i start at speed 7 and she start at speed 8. I just always end up losing the flat stack and end up screwing up and I can't fix it and lose. Don't know what I'm doing wrong
Hi, I don't know a lot about SNES tetris, but it's possible that the SNES version of tetris doesn't have any bonuses for t-spins. This video is focused at guideline/modern tetris games, so it might not be very applicable to other versions.
I might recommend looking at my stacking guide, which should be applicable for all tetris games.
Yesssss!
poggers
Why is it important to hard drop in the end?
It's just so you can play faster, given the generous window in most modern games that you have until the piece locks on its own. My bad for not explaining this in video.
So with central stack 4-5 /5-4 make a Better solution t spins for beginner 🤔
Not necessarily. The closer to center the stack, the more options you have to consider for each side. This can be good and bad, because there are more potentially good solutions, but it's also a lot more to think about. On the flip side, with something like 7-2, there are very few options for your 2 side, but this also simplifies your decision making a lot. This is what I meant by 6-3 being "balanced."
for the algowothm uwu - also thanks for this helpful video
can i do a t spin without using the soft drop?
u can if u wait for gravity
Why am I slightly disturbed by you not making a fin tsd in the first 1:15 of the video
KNIFE IN THE BACC
noodole
waow pro tse+ (real)
Isn't there a much faster solution to puzzle 4? You can use the Z, J, and S pieces, and already have a tspin set up.
ah, nice find! that would be a float, an advanced/intermediate setup (which i didnt expect beginners to see). you can see swng’s comment for some more discussion on that solution
The discord link expired. Can you update it? Thanks!
fixed
tysmmm
Instructions unclear: my soft drop speed is 0F
orz this is good content but i will not allow these owo uwu eastereggs
I never knew or tried to t spin. I learned to make Tetris setups but just that doesn't really help you get. A high score.. this is gonna be hard to integrate into my muscle memory
lingling40hour
wait wrong channel
when 4wide guide
Me when I'm clearly having trouble.
Oh and another not so important question about terminology. Is there a difference between prophecy t spins and forecasts?
Yeah, there is a difference (by the hard drop definitions, I technically used the wrong term). From my experience though, people use both prophecy and forecast (but mainly prophecy, i don't hear forecast very often anymore) to mean "overhang over unrevealed garbage hole" (the hard drop definition for forecast) and "pre-overhang" for setting up an overhang before you have the tspin set up in general (the hard drop definition for prophecy), if they use any term at all.
To speculate, tspins have evolved a great deal since the origin of a lot of these terms and setting up overhangs in advance is so common that "prophecy tspins" in their textbook definition aren't even distinguishable from basic tspins. (puzzle 1 was technically a "prophecy") So the terms have merged, because their English definitions are so similar. Language change is interesting, and if anyone else in the comments knows about how these terms have changed over time, please feel free to comment!