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Long necks gave sauropods a huge advantage when it came to food, but not in the way you think. And this benefit would allow them to become the biggest terrestrial animals of all time!
Thanks to Nathan E Rogers (252mya.com/gallery/nathan-e-r...) and Julio Lacerda ( / juliotheartist ) for their dinosaur illustrations.
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: / pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Anthony Callaghan, Anton Bryl, Jeff Graham, shelley floryd, Laura Sanborn, Henrik Peteri, Zachary Spencer, Chandler Bass, Joao Ascensao, Andrey, Ben Thorson, Robert Amling, Marcus Lejon, Ilya Murashov, Nathan Paskett, Jerrit Erickson, Merri Snaidman, David Sewall, Gabriel Cortez, Jack Arbuckle, Kevin Griffin, Robert Noah, Philip Slingerland, Todd Dittman, James Bording, Eric Vonk, Robert Arévalo, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Jon Monteiro, MissyElliottSmith, Jonathan Wright, Gregory Donovan, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, PS, Maria Humphrey, Larry Wilson, Hubert Rady, John Vanek, Tsee Lee, Daisuke Goto, Gregory Kintz, Matt Parker, Tyson Cleary, Case Hill, Stefan Weber, Betsy Radley
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References: docs.google.com/document/d/1R... - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
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Sauropods are basically semi-stationary lawn mowers with extremely long swivel range.
Did you watch te video? they covered many niches, there were tree browsers and "lawn mowers" and you can bet there was plenty in between.
Some filled the lawn-mower niche, others filled the tree-trimmer niche.
@@davidozab2753 some sauropods small ones even climed trees like Thecodontosaurus
I LOVE THE "HUMAN FOR SCALE" GRAPHICS!!!!!! Thank YOU!
...and now there is a new measure of length, Callie's.
Right
Yes it's very helpful
Argentinosaurus appears to have been roughly 4 Callies tall at the shoulder
Yeah
Just imagine a 40 foot tall duck, walking on its wings like a pair of knuckles and quacking in a tone so deep that the ground tremble.
No! I don' wanna!😲
QUAAAAKKKKK!
I for one welcome our new ducky overlords.
Geese are omnivores too..... Nope...
so Untitled Goose Game but more like Godzilla ^^
But would you rather fight one diplodocus-sized goose or a hundred goose-sized diplodocuses?
A gigantic goose would leave nothing of my body, I'd rather cuddle with a hundred adorable pocket sauropods.
I wouldn’t want to fight one goose sized goose. They’re mean as hell.
@@kelzbelz313 Geese can be mean, but they can be chill if you don't tick them off. And hey, at least they'll never be as mean as swans! Mute swans are nearly as tall as humans, they're extremely aggressive, sometimes for no reason, they have a bone hidden in their wings to beat you senseless with, and a swan once killed a man by drowning him...
Defiantly the latter. There's a quay I like to visit in this city near where I live, if that goose was on the loose then it would be the San Diego incident from The Lost World Jurassic Park all over again.
@@cintronproductions9430 geese also don't have object permanence, you only exist for as long as they can see you.
9:05 Release the Quacken!
lmao
Reminds me of a Daddy Duck cartoon
Reminds me of When Jimmy Neutron released poltra
+1 Interwebz for you
Hey, I found a bell!
Diplodocus, Diplodocus, eating leaves off the ground
Diplodocus, Diplodocus, ate so many ferns, he was so very round
Diplodocus, Diplodocus, but only his bones were found
Needed one more verse to make it to the recess jump rope games
Diplodocus,diplodocus, if only you were still around
@@seafoamturtle2280 Ok, that verse is kinda sad.
I will have all the kids singing this song.
Cintrón Productions *_Diplodocus, diplodocus, to hades you are bound._*
"Kallie" should definitely be a unit of measurement.
I also measure things in supermodels, a unit that is roughly 100 lbs.
Anything but metric, right?
True! However I have devised a system of measurement that you can use to measure nearly anything.
Behold: the burrito measurement. You can measure length, heat, temp, energy, volume, area, weight and mass, and so much more!
In case anybody is wondering, a Kallie (aka she used her own height as a "measurement" as a joke) would be about 5'3" :)
She can use my tape measure anytime.
I’m very curious about the evolution of grasses. I can’t imagine it’s super heavily studied but I’d love to know about the origin of grasses and what unique traits makes something a grass. Are there any plants that are almost grasses but not quite that are related?
Banana "trees" are closely related to grass! :D
I'm pretty sure bamboo is related to grass.
Coryn02 I think it is a grass
Yes, bamboo is a grass
Look up "monocots". That is the scientific nomenclature for grasses. There are some very interesting evolutionary changes that make something a grass versus not. It is extremely well studied, not only because it is just interesting, but also because some of our most important crops are grasses. Corn, coconuts, oil palms, millet, wheat and so on.
9:05 “Peace was never an option”
Lol
"The less you have to move in order to get your food, the better".
Damn I share something with them. 🤣🤣🤣
When I was a kid, most dinosaur books described Diplodocus as the longest dinosaur: how things have changed!
P.S. Apatosaurus: the Artist Formerly Known as Brontosaurus.
Brontosaurus is now it's own genus again
Fun fact: Nowadays Brontosaurus is a separate genus from Apatosaurus once again, it existed after all.
Tell me about it, I’ve actually seen an Argentinosaurus. The one they have on display in GA is oversized though, at 123ft long.
@@Hoshimaru57 If I saw an Argentinosaurus, I'd stay clear of its feet!
I am amazed at the sheer number of new fossil species we've found this century.
I was under the impression that brontosaurus was an apatosaurus with a camerosaurus skull stuck on the end of the neck...
Untitled Goose Game 2: Big Goose Big Trouble!
8:55
It's a lovely day in the village... and you are a 30-ton goose.
I'm getting Puss in Boots vibes...
Someone should make the mod
It's a diploduckus
Can't imagine how much energy it took to swallow. Imagine how long it took to get from mouth to stomach.
Imagine them needing to vomit...
Lol. Just think that on average a human intestine is 25 feet long. Food has to travel all that way AND it’s full of bends and u-turns which make things much more complicated than going from mouth to stomach in a straight line. Probably long necked dinosaurs just kept their head up and the food descended by gravity. 😁
Its thought that they just hoovered their food whole and had a gizzard to grind it in their throats. Plus they swallowed rocks so their stomach wiuld also be another mouth.
@@LimeyLassen Anthony Martin theorized that a Brachiosaurus vomiting would probably be enough to kill smaller creatures.
Whether sauropods did vomit is actually an interesting question.Today, giraffes can vomit, though usually it's from one stomach to another (they have four), or since they are ruminent, they can regurgitate in order to chew food a second time. They only very rarely really vomit, and when they do it can be very dangerous for their own health.
Sauropods aren't ruminent even if they share similarities, and we have no evidence that they would chew food even once. Afawk, they just swallowed everything and let their digestive systems do the rest. So it's unlikely that they would regurgitate food.
Now I don't know enough about their digestive systems to answer the question, but I doubt that their digestive system would rely on external vomiting. Keep in mind that vomiting is a defensive reflex that the body relies on to expel dangerous things. If it is too likely to kill the animal, then it likely wouldn't happen.
I loved these dudes. Especially in Walking With Dinosaurs. Even though some of the design choices are dated now. But that always happens with paleontology.
Agreed
The Diplos in WWD have aged kinda well compared to most other creatures on the show, modern restorations don't look that different. The only thing extremely wrong with them, which even at that time was wrong, was that ridiculous wasp-like egg-laying device.
Their lumping of "Seismosaurus" into Diplodocus aged very well, even if it turned out to be oversized.
And yes, thanks to WWD Diplodocus is my favourite dinosaur too :D
Bröther
And also think, most depictions are only estimates of what the dinosaurs and other creatures looked like, they could have looked entirely different from what we assume based on bone structures and fossilized remains. In fact, a lot of dinos once thought to be scaly are being depicted as feathery, floofy animals.
"A regular sized goose is bad enough.." *TRUE*
The Earth is ~70% water. Imagine what we'd know if we had access to all the fossils in the sea. Forget about all the history that's been swallowed up by subduction... We really don't know very much about history
One of the most gutting realisations I ever had was when someone pointed out that a lot of animals live in places that aren't conducive to fossilisation. We might know a lot about dinosaurs that lived on flood plains, but there are untold hundreds of species we will never know anything about.
Dammit Einstein I want my time machine!
WOW... very true
(Non-Continental Shelf) Seafloor gets recycled over time. New one comes out oceanic ridge and old one becomes magma in trenches. So most such fossils are lost forever.
We don't even know close to all of the animals that live in the sea right now. We currently know surprisingly little about current deep sea creatures, of course we will never be anywhere remotely close to knowing all the extinct animals that came before us.
@@annakilifa331 that's mind-blowing...
3:34 Vulcanodon was not as big as its later relatives, but it was a lot bigger than you. And it also skipped leg day unlike its later relatives, look at the thin, lizardlike back legs on that thing! 😂😂😂
Swiggity Swooty energy
More like back leg day
That's innaccurate depiction 😂
Never skip leg day, even if you're a dinosaur
i imagine it might have been because it was one of the earlier dinosaurs experimenting with such long necks and needed chunkier front limbs to support all that forward weight while the back half tried to catch up haha
I've been pronouncing it in my head as Diplo-DOH-cus since I was six. That's gonna be hard to unlearn.
I managed to get there eventually, after stammering my way through a weird mishmash of tongue-tied mispronunciations.
It was Dip-lo-doc-us for me
@@Scarlet_Soul Me too, man
Dip-low-DUCK-us...I was not a smart kid 🤣
Dip-low-dow-koos
Sauropods would definitely be the poster species for the message, “eat your veggies”
Long *Necc* and impressively slasher tail; with attitude !
1:17 I legit thought that “2.5 Cali’s” was an obscure measurement
2.5× the average height of a californian
2.5 of the host in height
@@jasper3706 2.5x the height of California.
need the conversion to Smoots
@@jasper3706 I don't think she's from California.
"A regular-sized goose is bad enough"
Mess with the honk, you get the bonk.
Now I want a spinoff of Untitled Goose Game where you play as a kaiju goose.
Alternate video title:
'Why the long neck?'
@9:05 The earth-shattering "Honk!" of that goose...
obsessed with the insanely funky scoring on this
Cover the complicated "history" of Brontosaurus/Apatosaurus.
Imagine having a long neck so you the reach the end of a fridge or to the top you could steal and get food easily
Thank you for putting meters and feet together. It helps me understand the metric system better :)
We need “Kallie’s” to be an official measurement in future PBS Eons videos.
Was going to say: "What about my man, Mamenchisaurus?" but then 8:18 came around :D
There are several appearance of mamenchisaurus like 5:01
He meant, "my man, Mamen..."
Sauropods were my favourite dinosaurs as a kid. Though back then we just called them brontosaurus. They were the best because.
1. they were the biggest
2. They were herbivores but could still definitely throw their weight around against something like a T-Rex
3. Little foot in the land before time was one!
I still think they're awesome
Vulcanodon was hands down the coolest illustration in the dinosaur AZ guide I got for my 5th birthday over three decades ago
My favorite when i was a child 🙂
I love this channel, but it always leaves me frustrated that we don't have time travel to study this stuff first hand.
Same here. As I am a deeply religious person, I hope to have all my questions answered, if not in this life, then in the age to come.
@@carissstewart3211 what?
@@carissstewart3211 The same science that teaches us about dinosaurs also tells us that humans are in no way special compared to other animals, we just have a rather large brain. Which suggests that the likelihood of us being resurrected in an afterlife is about as high as all the diplodoci being resurrected. Or arbitrary plants or bacteria for that matter.
@@ianplumadore9446 heaven. I believe in heaven and I hope to learn more about the deep past when there.
@@cube2fox that is your philosophical opinion; not science. In terms of morality, I hope you do distinguish between humans and dinosaurs and plants.
Your videos make me feel like a kid again. Idk how or why but thank you.
*I was just in ARK playing with a Diplodocus*
Omg the background music is reminding me so much of The Land Before Time movies which were basically my favourite childhood movies and also the reason why I love dinosaurs so much
Every time I see these long-necked *Dinos* , I'm fascinated by how their bodies functioned:
*① - **_How did they maintain the Blood Pressure in their brains?_*
Did they have valves that prevented backflow in their neck arteries, like *Giraffes* ? Or did they have another system to prevent themselves from passing out ( _from low blood flow to their surprisingly tiny brains_ ) when they merely raised their heads that much higher than their hearts?
*Giraffes* also have enormous hearts ( *_40kg_* ), in proportion to their bodies, very rigid arterial walls & the highest blood pressure recorded of any animal ( _a phenomenal _*_300mmHg Systolic / 200mmHg Diastolic_*_ , compared to a human's _*_130mmHg / 80mmHg_* ).
_____________________________________________
*② - **_How did they swallow their food without choking?_*
We know from their peg-like teeth & the piles of *Gastroliths* identified in fossils ( _crop/stomach stones used to grind up swallowed food_ ) that they didn't actually chew their food, but instead would strip off the leaves & small branches from plants to be swallowed whole. Apart from presumably differently structured *Esophageal* / *Tracheal* openings in the throat, did they have some mechanism to stop food from returning to the mouth? ( _Especially if their neck went from nearly vertical to below horizontal._ )
_____________________________________________
*③ - **_Could they vomit?_*
Were the huge quantities of gasses produced during digestion in the stomach trapped ( _until the anal opening at very end of the intestines_ ) or could they burp it out? ( _Presumably before the intensely high pressures, from fermenting plant matter, resulted in them rupturing their sides_ ).
_____________________________________________
*④ - **_How did they manage to lift/move those incredible necks?_*
You would think that their *Musculature* couldn't be strong enough, that the stresses involved in manoeuvring such an immense mass would make the *Muscle Fibers* shred & tear. That's even with the dinosaurian adaptation of hollow bones with air-filled sacs inside, making them much, much lighter ( _& potentially stronger_ ) than mammalian bones. Their internal neck musculature would have been further complicated by the remarkable numbers of *Vertebrae* in the bigger *Sauropods* .
That vomit part, I think they simply lacked the ability. They could have really high efficient digestive system with powerful intestine like those of Giants mammals today
One of my favorite true dinosaurs. The last time I was this early to a video these things were still around.
Was anyone else waiting for the parrot to scoot up the tree at break-neck speed - then realized it was a still and felt duped. Dang that hurt
8:44
🤣😵
The size comparisons are staggeringly humbling
Diplodocus longest neck?
Memenchiasaurus : am I a joke to you
great job. I like how your proportions are compared to the dinos, it really helps to get an appreciation of the phenomenon
7:30 so walking with Dinosaurs was right when they showed low browsing diploducus 👍🤗
I once heard an idea that long necks evolved to counterbalance long tails which were useful for defense. I never put much stock in that idea though. Seemed like the other way around. And only once the long tails evolved to balance the neck did some sauropods use them for defense. On the other hand, sauropods that held their necks vertically did have shorter tails, though I suppose that bolsters either hypothesis.
I love all of the Eons presenters, but she is by far my favorite. Her pattern of speech is fantastic and I enjoy her sense of humor.
i love these videos they are surprisingly entertaining and i always end up learning something new about dinosaurs
(@9:04): Bird poop is bad enough, but just imagine poop from a 10+ meter tall water foul!!
Seeing PBS Eons videos in my feed always brightens my day
This is now how I get ready for bed every night. Thank you for making these videos they are fascinating!
I am stone d and drunk but I love you guys for publishing at this moment.
6:38 shows a Diplodocus with a palm tree. These animals were long gone when flowering plants arrived on the scene.
It is more likely a large version of a Fern Palm (www.thejoyofplants.co.uk/fern-palm).
It looks like a duck, it quacks like a duck, and it is a diplodcus?
DIPLODOCOUS!!! ❤️
Fell in love with this guy after seeing it at the Science Museum 20 years ago. . . it's the TAIL, man. . . it's _ridiculous_
Thanks, my favourite dino
Thought she was going to talk about tidal volume in mammalian breathing vs a flow through lung
exactly spot on which is why it is easy to see how sauropods have bird like unidirectional breathing.
@@ArawnOfAnnwn If you look up scientific reports, it has been established that with the length of their necks, had sauropods possessed a mammal like bellow breathing system, it would have not been sufficient enough in basically expelling stale air from their airways. This was shown only to be possible if the sauropods possessed unidirectional or flow-through lungs. This is further evidenced by the fact that most sauropods possessed tell-tale signs of air-sacs, from their hollow bones, like modern birds
Am I the only one who grew up pronouncing it as "dip-luh-doe-cus"? I could very well be wrong but I remember hearing it called that either from a museum or teacher.
Infectedstyles_Chris Yup, it’s always been “dip-luh-DOE-cuss” to me!
Hey at least you never called it the diplodoculus.
After a chill pbs eons marathon i came across this video and remembered tubbo saying his favorite dinosaur was a diplodocus and then all i could think of was "Tubbo like-a da diplodocus"
Man, I remember the first giraffe I ever saw. Those things are majestic and so overwhelmingly big, I can't imagine how inconsequential I would feel in front of a diplodocus.
Me too. The first one I saw was at chest height as I walked out of my bungalow in the Serenghetti. It was early and I was still blurry so I didn't realize what it was at first and put my hand out and touched it. It was eating the thatch off the roof and when it heard and felt me it put its head down to look at me. What a sight! Huge eyes with lashes a movie star would die for, wonderful color patterns and teeny soft horns. It decided I wasn't dangerous and went back to its lunch and I skittered sideways until I was far enough to see the whole creature and not seem a threat. The picture of the giraffe, so tall and graceful, eating the roof against the sunrise will be one of the greatest moments of my life.
@@FloozieOne that sounds like such a sublime experience!
Trying to visualize a dry Savannah with cyads and ferns...
Not succeeding.😬😑
I know, right? It's so difficult to imagine
@@eliburry-schnepp6012 Same, I hear savannah and I can only picture a scene in modern Kenya.
Actually there’s quite a few ferns that live in sunny dry places even nowadays. Perhaps in the past they were just more abundant.
@@pansepot1490 Sure, it's just hard to imagine them as ground cover over a wide open space
@@pansepot1490 A quicky Google search varifes what you're saying, it's just hard to picture.
Bruh I started watching this channel to teach myself about the history of the world, but now I watch them for fun!
I love this video. You’re the best, Cali. Anyone who says differently is selling something.
I applaud your programs Eon I love them. Thank you!
>namedropping a bunch of famous morrison sauropods
>no mention of brontosaurus
You guys better make this right with a dedicated bronto video.
Brontosaurus never existed. Some idiot put a brach head on an apatosaurus body and called it a brontosaurus. I was pissed too when I found out.
Taggr
You’re a little behind the times. A highly detailed 2015 study of diplodocids performed by Tschopp, Mateus, and Benson concluded that enough of a difference exists between the type species of Brontosaurus (Brontosaurus excelsus) and Apatosaurus to justify a separate genus. They also assigned two other previously Apatosaurus species (A. parvus and A. yahnahpin) to Brontosaurus, as well. Brontosaurus and Apatosaurus are very closely related genera, certainly, but scientists have largely accepted the study’s findings, so they’re currently considered sister taxa.
The story you heard about the confusion regarding Brontosaurus’s identity seems to be quite simplified as well. Brontosaurus excelsus was first discovered and described as an independent genus in 1879 by O. C. Marsh, famous for his involvement in the lat 19th century bone wars (another subject worth covering in a video). It wasn’t until 1903 that Elmer Riggs argued that Brontosaurus was a junior synonym of Apatosaurus, and by that point skulls had nothing to do with it.
In 1905, despite Riggs’s pronouncement, Osborn chose to name the specimen newly mounted at the American Museum of Natural History (which was really a composite of several sauropods) Brontosaurus excelsus. One of the missing pieces of this mounted skeleton, despite its composite nature, was a skull, so they actually sculpted one based on how they thought it should look, instead of giving it an existing skull. The sculpt was probably loosely based on pieces of Camarasaurus skulls they’d found in the Morrison formation, but was largely fictional, and no known sauropod has a skull that closely resembles the one they created.
An actual Apatosaurus skull was found in another dig site (close to a nearly complete Apatosaurus skeleton) just a few years later, but Osborn rejected the skull for Apatosaurus, and Camarasaurus-based heads continued to be the norm.
In 1931, the skull issue was further confused by the Yale Peabody Museum mounting a sculpt that was even further divorced from other sauropod skulls, giving their Brontosaurus (I believe their skeleton is a B. excelsus) mount a completely unique head.
It wasn’t until the early 1970s that scientists finally went back to reexamine the evidence, and discovered that Apatosaurines almost certainly had Diplodocus-like skulls instead of the Camarasaurus-like ones that had been standard for mounts for most of the previous century.
Brachiosaurus does get mixed up in this skull confusion a bit as well, as an 1896 reconstruction by the original discoverer of Brontosaurus, Marsh himself, used a skull that would much later (1998) be suggested to belong to Brachiosaurus.
It’s worth noting that despite my frequent references to Brontosaurus in this history, virtually all 20th century paleontologists did believe Riggs’s 1903 assessment that Brontosaurus was a junior synonym to Apatosaurus, which is why when the dinosaur renaissance caught up with the public at large in the 80s and 90s, there was such a strong push away from the Brontosaurus name. All this skull confusion applied equally to Brontosaurus and Apatosaurus, and had little to do with the assignment of Brontosaurus as being synonymous with Apatosaurus, though it’s still an interesting story.
But finally, the 2015 study happened, and Brontosaurus is once again its own genus. The thunder lizard is back. And deserves its own video!
Callie! Her name is Callie. These hosts never introduce themselves
And introduce those skinny jeans--they are doing the real work!
Kallie, Hank is the blonde guy with glasses (you might also know him from Sci-Show, Crash Course and/olr Vlog Brothers), and the greyish-haired dude is Blake. :)
You guys always make amazing videos. Don't ever think they go unappreciated!!
I honestly can say this is my favorite TH-cam channel. I always loved dinosaurs and prehistoric creatures in general.
Laughed at the "feeding envelope" at 5:06 haha, mine is currently well stocked, many snacks within arm's reach ^^
Serious question though, what is with the butt-bone on some dinos, like on the vulcanodon at 3:25, between the femurs and the tail? What's it called and what is it's purpose?
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubis_(bone)#Dinosaurs
just a guess at purpose, but it would make a great attachment point for a buttload of muscles (pun intended)
An early happy Darwin Day (Charles Darwin's birthday) to the channel and all who watch it!
And a Darwin award to the first person to engineer a 120 ton goose.
@@57thorns A one-ton goose would be bad enough. Watch the TierZoo video asking if geese are OP. Also, shades of The Giant Chicken of Bristol from "Monty Python and the Holy Grail!"
Finally eons is coming with more Dinosaur content good start of 2020...
I love this channel for the amount of interesting stuff. I would never have understood or possibly ever considered before.
The duck sized horse meme has been clearly challenged.
Still will like the video im sure. Again though like last video I commented. It is time to know who Steve is! HURRY UP STEVE WERE WAITING STEVE!! We all must know!!! #whoisstevePBS #PBSE..
@@gravijta936 how can we be sure? Did he evolve from 38? Or maybe 36 0.0. Why we may ask? Because science..
Imagine chewing that whole lot of fern, and the dino feels that its still hungry, but that lot in the neck (from mouth to the start of the neck) when reaches the stomach. OMG, I overate😂😂
I very much liked the zoom outs for scale.
4:49 *Barosaurus lentus wants to know your location*
Deform 2020 I wish my mentioned the fact Barosaurus might have grown to 50m long
I'm a simple man: I see a diplodocus... I click.
Beautiful Psych reference; I had this on in the background that "wait for i~t" grabbed my attention so hard
The largest, ever known, that walked on land. Sounds much better.
Other than that. Great video.👍🦕👍
ITS A DIPOLUDOCULUS!!!!!
Does anyone know where it's from?
All of this is amazing. And watching it the n'th time, I love how the music evokes the Gorons from the legend of Zelda. But maybe that's just me
I really learned a lot about one of my favorite dinosaurs! Thanks!
New Tyrannosaurus species was found in Canada. “Reaper of Death”
2:13 "Sauropods were the best"
Couldn't agree more 🦕🤘💚
Are you big ??
"Vulcanodon was probably bigger than you."
Ayyy them's fighting words.
I love my feeding envelope! Thanks for a classic dinosaur episode Eons!
They protecc
They atacc
But most importantly
They have 19 vertebrae in their necc
*They atacc
They protecc
(preserve the rhyme, brother)
He protecc
He attacc
But most importantly
He had a long necc
GREAT VIDEO and one which has edified me on the long necks of sauropods!
I think a cool episode might be on the Iapetus Ocean, and specifically the Iapetus Suture and how different fossilized trilobites and graptolites were found relatively close to each other, but also very clearly demarcated and not intermixed.
9:06 B I G Q U A C C
He protecc
He attacc
But most importantly
H E Q U A C C
Ali A
It's just like an arm. Not only good to reach into the top shelf, but also to get to the other end of the table without standing up.
So good ! Thanks x 65 million
I hate when the put palm trees and dinosaurs together as they are a grass relative. The oldest palms (palmettos) probably dated to 85 million years ago. No Diplodocus ever saw one.
They probably saw plenty of Fern Palm relatives though.
This ended up being the longest tale I've ever seen! Legendary.
I love it, thank you for the insight
It's a lovely morning in the village, and you are a supersaurus-sized goose
this was very useful for me in understanding where sauropods are in the dinosaur family tree. I can see a big being related to T-Rex, but have a tougher time understanding how birds and Brontosaurus could be related