A MYSTERY about MEDIEVAL shields
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 8 ก.พ. 2018
- Shields have taken many shapes and sizes over the thousands of years of their use. Their design isn’t just random or aesthetic. What can the evolution of the shield during the Middle Ages tell us about how warfare itself changed in this turbulent period? #history #historyfacts #medieval
• Executive Producer: Jason Kingsley OBE
• Executive Producer: Chris Kingsley
• Senior Producer: Brian Jenkins
• Producer: Edward Linley
• Director: Dominic Read
• Presenter: Jason Kingsley OBE
• Camera: Jo Taylor
• Camera: Dominic Read
• Continuity and Stills Photographer: Kasumi
• Production Manager: Kevin Case
• Audio: Frank Newman
• Sound Design: Nick D. Brewer
• Music licensed from PremiumBeat
• Additional Camera: Darren Cook
• Additional Camera: Neil Phillips
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Special Thanks:
• Chris Payton
• Ed Savage
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Twitter: @ModernHistoryTV
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This TH-cam channel: Actual historical content.
History Channel: Aliens.
Panos McFarley because aliens are in our history.
@@KingofCrusher rather that than bible crap
@@palacsintapalacsinta7750 the bible contains stories
Palacsinta Palacsinta the Bible is a record of actual people that lived on the earth. Why don’t you find me an actual record of an actual alien species that contains their names and details from their lives coupled with events from that time in history that you can cross reference with other actual records from that time period for legitimacy.
@@palacsintapalacsinta7750 shut the fuck up infidel
Remember the good ol' days when History Channel used to show quality stuff such as this?
seems a long time ago now...
@@danielpatrick3761 It's the bane of television-the 'reality' tv show that's cheap to produce and people watch unfortunately. They want you losing brain cells instead of actually learning something.
@@tomservo5347 I don't get why people even like reality TV.. It is so corny, classless and talk about shitty subject with fake drama.
If you want to see reality drama you can find it in regular life. Why people like that shit.
Moral degeneracy.
James Robert
Was just thinking that.
I was extremely impressed when you cut to personal demonstration footage of the kite shield on horseback instead of stock footage or artwork. This is some high quality stuff right here!
Glad you liked it!
I was looking forward to seeing artwork of the kite shield being strapped the way that doesn’t bump against your knee.
@@ModernKnight why did they abandon the shield wall and when?
Poople.
@@swizzblue1 Maybe it wasn't *just* about sheilds or shield technology?
The Saxons had spears for sure, but the elite Carls had damn great axes - Great against other shield wall, maybe not as effective against cavalry armed with lances?
Then again, history has numerous accounts of footsolidrs forming squares, even with bayonettes later so that's maybe not so much an answer as another part of the puzzle?
I made a strapped kite type shield for my brother similar to the one you made and initially we did not add a boss. Later, we added one because we found that if you thrust at that spot between the straps where the arm is with a sturdy spear then you can break through the shield and stab the arm, so that boss might have more practicality to it.
It would be the 90° head on hit yes. It's the most vulnerable spot. I wouldn't be surprised if the shields without a boss would be constructed in a way that makes the wood reinforced in that center to make a penetration there less likely.
To me the boss always looked like a bit of a buckler. so you basically get a buckler-like area that's additionally protected in addition to your regular shield. Seems still useful to me.
And it would deflect a blade from that area
@@coppertopv365 it's true. And making it unbreakable to a strong blow.
I didn't even read your comment. I just wanted to upvote your name.
These history buffs aren't smart, they just talk a lot.
The best educators are always the excited ones. If this isn’t the most arresting lecture I’ve seen... I’ve no idea what is.
It's true! I came here with the intention of skipping through bits of the video and instead found myself fascinated throughout the entire 15 minutes 👏👏👏
Find the place where your enthusiasm becomes contagious
@@evanroberts2771 How tf did you connect "feelings over facts" with passion for a topic ?? Lol
The "excited ones"? Slick con-men and politicians are pretty excitable, too? The best educators are the ones that challenges you to do better than you thought you were capable.
@@JS-ob4oh that depends on the subject. We are talking about teachers. People who want to pass on their knwoledge to others. Politicians, con-men etc are not teachers. But i also agree with you. I don't think passion or being excited makes a good teacher. It can help getting people's attention yes, but you can teach about something that makes no sense and still be passionate about it or be excited.
I imagine the knight looking at older shields from before his time the way we look at older computers.
I can almost hear the discussions between an old medieval armorer and his son, who _dares_ to leave out the boss, which the father does not understand, because, sonny, we have done this as long as I can remember, while the son argues, that this is just a relic of the past no longer of any use, but the father just would not understand the younger generation…
That's exactly what I think it was. People today resist change because that's the way it's always been done. I'm sure it was the same then.
An underappreciated comment.
Technically, the boss would give a surface for weapons and strikes to bounce off of. I've seen some examples of armour having extra nubs of armour plating to try to help deflect bullets. Maybe the boss was extra use if someone was trying to chop your shield with an axe. It might go through wood easier, but have a hard time going through the iron boss. Or maybe it was to concentrate force if someone decided to bash someone with the shield. It's definitely not as functional, cost-effective, or weight effective as the boss in the round shields or one of those shields without the boss.
@@Thalanox I you're using a wooden shield to stop bullets you're in deep shit
@@grahammonk6122 It will stop wooden bullets.. ;-)
*deep whiff*
Smell that?
It's a sincere passion for history.
That and the glue in the fucking PLYWOOD.
@@juancornetto8243 *coughs out the smell violently*
God damn, what kind of glue did they put in there?
I'm pretty sure that smells like old books
Nice.
Oh, oh yes.
Only 12th century kids remember this
The good old days
132k years ago
Claudio Andrei lol
Back in the day.
I remember when those bloody kite shields came up. John the Moron once tried to fly one. Stupid blighter.
My teachers: you need multiple trusted sources
Medieval historians: BAYEUX TAPISTERIE
Did you mean Tapestry ?
@@davecoleman2417 no I meant something else (I know it was a retorical question to show off your superior spelling)
If the tapestry is depicting shields and weaponry from its own time period (i.e. tapestry from 1056 AD that depicts a battle that happened in 1054), then it's a primary source. That's about as trusted as you can get!
@@RianeBane oh for fucks sake dude i know it's a pretty good one (and prob the best from that time) but it's still only one source
@@RianeBane Unless the artist took artistic licence with the work, and we're just assuming it was an accurate representation.
One of the most enjoyable random recommendations TH-cam has ever given me.
The modern riot shield looks surprisingly similar to a Roman Legionnaire's shield, I suspect in large part because the way the baton is used( to thrust in to the rioter to push him.her back) is used much like the roman gladius was.
There´s also a round riot shield variant,that looks similar to a greek hoplite shield.I guess,the logic behind it,is also in order to use the baton,like a greek short sword.
Gregory Kirk well those kinds of shields are better for formations, which is what the police would need against the larger amounts of rioters
The tower shield also offers more protection against thrown objects and can be tortoised if needed
@Александр THanks for the clarification yes, I did mean the Scutum
Riot police around the world use Roman shield formation tactics today. There's some videos on TH-cam of them forming the iconic testudo "turtle" formation in order to protect from all angles against projectiles and molotovs
I watched so much "mount and blade 2" video's that these is in my recommendation.
Very interested, I try use that knowledge
You too!?! To be fair I watch a lot of shadaversity and his fellow TH-cam gaming/novel/ history buffs
Same, was just watching the gameplay the youtubers I follow anyway put up, yet here I am. I wanna play it and test shields out myself but Im sure my pc cant run it properly yet
Same, was just watching the gameplay the youtubers I follow anyway put up, yet here I am. I wanna play it and test shields out myself but Im sure my pc cant run it properly yet
same lol
Th. L. Same dude lol
I think we need to start an online petition to get Jason Kingsley OBE his official knighthood.
i cant imagine how much he would appreciate that
I'm in for it!
Yes!!! Let’s do it
The guy actually has a knighthood I think, is also the CEO of rebellion games.
@@HarrisonFretwell Seriously? That's awesome!
The heater shield is also a lot thicker than the kite shield. Improved armour led to an increase in weapons like hammers and maces. These rely on blunt force trauma, which transfers better through armour than cutting or piercing weapons. In other words, the armour itself is now good enough to protect from most light attacks, and the shield becomes specialised for heavy attacks.
I can't believe this guy is the CEO of rebellion games (who made AVP and sniper elite)
Honestly this guy is the best, he indulges in your interest in knights meanwhile giving you good history in a friendly, enthused and non-condescending manner.
Thanks for your support.
@@ModernKnight You're the best
I heard he shaves his butthole though...which is highly immoral.
TH-cam Logic: 'Oh you liked part 10, well naturally here is part 23 for your next video!'
@Kenny the G Same for me, another 4 months on.
Listening to someone who clearly is absolutely fascinated by what they are sharing is a delight, especially if they can (like this fellow) pass that fascination on to you. Nice video!
Thanks.
The shields seem to change over time to suit a much more individualistic fighting style. The shieldwall formation is that of an entire army, and thus your shield has to serve the purposes of your comrades as well as yourself. It didn’t matter if you didn’t quite like the brace, it suited the army to have your shield standardised. Cavalrymen had to fight by themselves a bit more, because they were less likely to be in shieldwall, so they could afford to tailor them to their own needs a bit more. The knight’s shield betrays a total conversion to an individual style of fighting to accompany the individual style of plate armour. A knightly class fights as a group of individuals, the shieldwall fought as a more unitary army.
Not necessarily individualistic, just that infantrymen in later period rely more on better armor and pike formations
Wow, I started this journey watching videos of Freddie Mercury and somehow ended up here watching a video on Middle Age shields, and I’m not even mad. In fact I subscribed 😮
That is...the internet. Got to love it.
I started listening to aoe 2 music and here I am.
Started with cat videos, somehow ended up with a war thunder video and now I'm here. Idk what happened
Not too far off tbh. Once you get to Japanese people cutting fish and squids, you should stop.
Watching Queen ---> Let's teach you about the time of actual queens!
I think the boss on the kite shield would help protect from anything that could penetrate or split the shield. I bet it'd be quite handy if you got hit by a Dane axe. Also, I'd think the centre of the shield over your arm would be the worst place on the shield to be hit. A blow would be less likely to be deflected or to lose energy from the unsupported parts of the shield flexing.
Non penetrating attacks may also injure you when the shield would bend under the blow. A boss would be stiff and spread the impact.
It looked silly to me at first, but the more I thought about it, the more useful it seemed. It wouldn't add too much weight but gives a lot of protection where you need it most. Even the shape still makes sense as a dome is strong, spreads impacts over multiple boards, removes the weakness of gaps between boards, can absorb energy by crumpling... It goes on and on.
I would consider the modern rectangular police shield much more like a Roman scutum than like a medieval kite, both in shape and being a pure footman's tool. Also, tiny note, the talk about hitting the edge of the round shield to rotate it reminds me of a guy I saw once using a classic Viking round who deliberately flipped the thing back and forth, using the motion to block and to distract his opponents, so almost half the time his arm was actually in front of the the shield. It didn't look like it ought to work, but he was actually pretty effective--and the kind of strike described, he'd just go with, finishing the rotation so his shield was immediately in position again just faced the other way. It was really weird to watch in action. Very dynamic fighter.
I can't explain how much I would have been in heaven to have this kind of channel when I was a kid. Fortunately for me I have it now, and it's amazing.
This dude is so charming. He was born to teach.
QUAG most deff
If my history teachers had been as interesting i would have stayed awake in class
I remember visiting the village where the Bayeux tapestry is kept in France and I still remember it well. Beautiful little historical stone village, even the gift shop was pretty.
Can we just appreciate how badass that unicorn on the last shield looks? That is no pansy unicorn, he will mess you up!
I always thought that the boss was an additional way to help deflect blows on those early shields... but thinking on it now, that doesn’t really make a lot of sense! Fantastic video! You just earned another sub!
Thanks for subscribing
Got this video as an ad on my homepage. TH-cam and I are finally starting to understand each other 👌
i always assumed the round metal bit was to bash with the shield since having the force of your thrust on a single point seems more effective in combat (sort of like a blunt weapon) than having it allocated over the entirety of a shield
At that rate, whether kite or round shield, you can always just use an edge
For center gripped shield the boss also almost guarantees your hand won't get injured from blows ore strikes that otherwise pierce or split the rest of the shield face. Yes it certainly allows offensive punches too & the rim can be used to strike with too.
Modern police shields, the long, rectangular ones, are also used to assault barricaded shooters, as they are bulletproof against handgun and shotgun rounds. Pretty cool that the humble shield has served for thousands of years and continues its service in our ultra modern world.
The clear, big shields are for protection against missiles (hand thrown objects) not bullets. Ballistic shields are quite a bit smaller and will usually just cover the torso and head
@@RhodokTribesman Don't understand the point of your clarification. There are long rectangular ballistic shields... and there are also smaller clear plastic shields that are smaller can cover the torso/head. It all depends on the use/purpose.
@@CL_Hat Thats why I said "usually". It was an easy clarification for those who learned about "ballistic shields" from Call of Duty for example
So uh, what's y'all opinions on the frying pan? Say... If I had it slinging over my back
Could stop a bullet potentially, but would shatter when it impacted causing a spalling hazard that ricochets in different directions
The last shield feels more like a sacrificial layer now. You'd rather get your shield battered more than your armor due to the maintenance prices.
Still useful and offers protection, but you don't really fully rely on it because you'd have plate armor now.
I really love how informative and well explained are your videos, and how clearly exited you get as you talk about the topics, it kinda makes it more entertaining. Please continue with that energy
If there was a box set of this show I'd buy it!
This man knows too much, hes a time travelling medieval knight
I stumbled on this channel while researching to write a medieval fantasy themed novel. Great knowledge and much appreciated!
Glad we could be of help. Good luck with the writing.
If you haven't found Shad from Shadiversity, he has a series called fantasy rearmed. He examines what weapons would suit best fantasy creatures.
Words cannot describe how much I am loving this channel!
Im amazed at the attention to detail on the Bayeaux Tapestry
Simple, effective and informative. I like the enthusiasm and how excited you are, you're basically me when topic of conversation switches to something historical. You're a good chap :D
14:40"The shields we were looking at in history... are also kinda re-imagined and re-invented by the modern-day police for very similar purposes." The suppression of peasants!
😂😂😂
Reminds me of a meme i once saw where a peasant complains about feudalism to a knight on horseback and the knight replies with "you talk pretty boldly for someone with such a flammable house".
I once complained to a cop when i called the cops on a trespasser who'd broken my neighbors gate and the trespasser kept calling the cop "sir" so the cop obviously liked him. When I complained to the cop asking him if he'd at least escort the guy off the property (and my neighbor had asked the same thing when he showed up around the same time the cops did) the cop said he wouldnt and said "if you call us back again I'll come back here and kick your door down". America has gotten weird in the last few years.
@@arthas640 well the entire country is founded off ego. it only makes sense that there would be no sense of loyalty outside of die-hard religious circles and morals. it's a requirement of the land... also y'know how the country exists? that says a lot.
This is an amazing series! Thank you so much!
I am reading history at university. I stumbled onto this channel and think it is fantastic. These videos are full of information and really processionally put together. Good job!!!!
This is such a great channel!! Thanks for all your research!
I’m so compelled to watch this over my regular TH-cam feed. Bless this man and his passion
thanks!
Strange how I start to get video recommendations like this after looking at Bannerlord gameplay. But I'll still watch it because it's awesome!
Haha im getting shield info for Bannerlords.
Yeah same here wtf. I'm not mad though, this guy's brilliant
"It's basically the same, except it's quite diffirent"
*well yes but actually no*
You’re right about being wrong though. Also, I digress while being relevant.
I had a teacher in the Philosophy College that used to expose the theories like that.
Your positive excited energy keeps me coming back!! Keep it up!
I've always referred to the first example of kite shields as "teardrop" shields, due to their distinctive shape. That said, excellent video
This channel is going to blow up soon because the quality is amazing. It's well researched and very well presented. Everything is perfect and incredibly interesting. I would only ask that your editing team try add images of the things you're not about that you don't have on site. Things that are a little more obscure to imagine so for example we don't need to see the riot shields used by police but the shields used by crossbowmen would be good to see as they're obscure for me to imagine
And one other thing that doesn't really need to change and might be a personal preference but it would be nice for you to have more b roll. I'm not sure if you're doing the camera work by yourself or not but it would just be a little nicer for me personally.
Over all amazing video, nothing really has to change but some changes would be interesting to see. Thank you for keeping me entertained :)
Youre welcome
I didnt know girls that look like you would watch this
No it won't. He called a boss on the shield useless. Thats quite an idiot statement. A boss is used as a bashing tool.
Since this is part of a series on the Knights, no need to see shields used by crossbowmen.. In another series tho that would be pretty cool. I'd like to see something on the siege weapons of the time...ie ballista.
@@edwardelric717 on a kite shield
I love the attention to detail regarding the utility, motivation, and evolution of tools and methods of warfare.
Thank you for your knowledge and the passion for a fascinating subject. You successfully explain a complex subject in detail and quite well.
Like Bill Nighy and James May came together with a love for medieval history, love it!
I really appreciate your vast knowledge and in depth personal experience. Thank you for consistently great content.
Really interesting and informative! I will look at these shields differently now. Thanks
Love your videos!!! Keep up the great work!!
First time seeing this channel. I admire his excitement. Keep up the good work man. Amazing video.
Great video. I believe 10-15 min videos with some depth will draw in more viewers. Keep it up!
Thanks, I like doing the longer videos too, though I want to make sure we get to see some action rather than me just talking!
I gotta say I enjoyed the longer video myself. However some action is always great!:D
@@jasonkingsley2762 Have watched all the videos so far. They are all very excellent.
@@jasonkingsley2762 I could listen to this stuff all day. Keep it up brother.
Can confirm, was drawn in
I always imagined that the evolution of the rounding of the shield vs a flat face was to increase the likelihood of a glancing blow against the shield, causing less of a felt impact and more than likely increasing the lifespan of the shield. I figured it’s easier to hit or stick an arrow in a flat surface than a rounded one..
Awesome video look forward to diving into your library
Excellent coverage!
The boss does have a function. A few actually. Most important is how it misdirects the blow. A shield is used as a weapon as well as armour. Striking with a flat surface isn't as effective a condensed striking surface. As it has evolved it has changed to spiked or bladed bracers. Great vids love the channel
Awesome, loved the food series for peasants to duke/kings. Very simple but drawing formula. Background music also compliments your vid!
Everything I didn't think I needed to know about the evolution of shields! Fascinating as usual sir.
Your enthusiasm is intoxicating. Great work.
Great video! subbed immediately
First ad I’ve actually watched fully and enjoyed
Absolutely fascinating! This is the first video of yours I've seen, but I feel like I'm about to go on a TH-cam binge session. Fantastic :)
Dan C that’s what I’ve been doing love how passionate he is about it
Great video....thanks for posting.
One thing I found when building an anglo-saxon shield based on burial site digs, is how thin they were. The edges were only about 6mm thick. The actual shields use that central bar that you grab to hold the shield together. The leather backing or other material that they used also held the planks together. But it is still relatively flimsy if you think about it. The thought might actually be that catching a weapon actually might have been a better reason for the shield that absorbing a blow.
10:15 I know I’m late to the party but I remember that in the first crusade they did do a shield wall.
In the battle of Dorylaeum Bohemond ordered a shield wall to protect non combatants from a Seljuk ambush. And the shield wall held for a long while. To be fair the Seljuks never charged at them and just shot arrows from mounted archers.
I’m also pretty sure that was the shield used during the first crusade
Charging into a shield wall that holds would be quite suicidal for any cavalry. One wouldn't really finish a charge unless the shield wall breaks - either it itself disintegrates, or at least a gap opens up.
Wow! What an awesome load of interesting knowledge! Thanks for that.
I like his enthusiasm and the way how he explains the evolution of shields, it would be great to learn more about crossbowmen shields and bucklers and more weird protection stuff from late Medieval period
History channel: we have history
TH-cam: hold my shield
I'm sure I remember being told that round shields prevented the enemy from easily finding the grain in the wood and splitting it. Also why they were painted. Don't quote me on that.
Alex Paulsen they were actually covered in linen or leather to not only hide the grain but also offer a surface to paint your retrospective design onto.
@@jonathantitterton9455 the linen and glue also acted as a reinforcement. (not a fantastic reinforcement but good trade off on weight vs strength)
Glad I came across this channel. Love it!
What an incredible video. It's my first for this channel but I've already subscribed, hungry for more.
Welcome aboard!
I think that a lot of the improvements in shape and strapping design might have come from soldiers not just shield makers (though they realize the design changes of course) because as you said, the older viking shields are easy to open up. Whoever trained with them would know that. Vikings weren´t dumb. I would assume like most people do they at first thought "okay, I know this, my oponent knows this. Of course he´s gonna try to open me up: I can counter that!" That´s the practical thought right. Until probably some guy at one battle field, probably even someone who is okay but not the greatest fighter in his clan shouts something like "somebody got a leather strap? strapping the shield should make it better to use." (and I might be wrong but I think the straps help agains the turning as well although it would bind the shield closer to the body which absolutely takes away some technical possibilities. ) it works and then gets told to the shield makers "ey, that one guy, that isn´t that good had a really good idea. can you put straps on your shields? They don´t open with straps. and it´s more comfortable" . I mena that´s the reason sports gear companies work very closely with top athletes. That´s not just for commercial: No they need testers that know their stuff. I would think the same exchange happened between soldiers and weapon makers. So it´s a bit unfair to attribute the changes in form for weapons and protective gear entirely to the craftspeople and generals who came up with new tactics.
in my dorky old fighting vs shield walls we would have 1 row of shields followed by 2 rows of pikes. job of the first pikeman was to hit the bottom corner of the opposing shield pulling the arm out and pushing them off balance. 2nd row of pike would then go in to the now open chest for the kill. It worked fantastically even against tower shields although sometimes your hitting different corners. once the shield was pulled out the person was defenseless.
Incredibly informative! Great, succinct, easy to follow information, and very interesting!
Fascinating stuff. Subscribed
i swear this is the last video then i'll going to sleep
very informative keep it up
Thank you for these quality videos
First video I watch from this channel and I absolutely love it!!!
This make my gaming in Bannerlord much more fun. Thank you!
“I learned just one useful lesson as a child. Beware the blow that comes under the shield.”
~ Uhtred of Bebbanburg, *The Burning Land* by Bernard Cornwell
Are you watching the last kingdom on Netflix? Very good show. Would like to read the books.
I love that show! I hope they don't cancel it @@paulcooper9125
Although Uhtred is a fictional character and so the author made up that line.
@@majorhippo2772 The character is partly based on a real person en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhtred_the_Bold
@@Deathless2288 I know hes partly based on a real person, but he is still very fictional. The Uhtred the Bold in that Wiki link, is from 1006AD which is over 150 years in the future from the setting of the show and book. Plus there is really no memoirs of this man meaning that all dialogue in the book and TV show are creative liberties. So still very fictional.
Excellent stuff thanks for sharing!
Glad you enjoyed it!
Algorithmic punch!
(This is the first video of yours I happened to come across, and am quite pleased, looking forward to looking at your back catalog, and seeing what you put out)
This lockdown is making me watch some historical videos,
Great video. I'd love to see you talk about some smaller shields like the buckler or Scottish Highlanders targe.
Quality video. Thanks for uploading.
You're welcome
Very interesting, thanks for upload.
If I was in these times I would have the shield on my back (for the stamina boost) and be in 2-handed mode.
@Ulf Knudsen U wot bro?
Dark souls (nice lol)
Up until you take an arrow to the knee.
I would also be naked and in fact, I would onlly have a two-handed weapon, nothing else is needed. (just roll to dodge enemy attacks)
What rings u got bithc?
The Roman scutum has the curved surface to deflect blows and also a boss at the center. However, the handle wasn’t vertical like the first one you showed, but horizontal. My guess is that this would make it very hard to be turned by strikes.
This was so awesome.
Great vid/explanation!
Although the Boss doesn't create a space for the hand on the kite shield, it's still great for smashing people in the mush! :-)
How the hell would that work, you cant bash with a strapped shield, not with the boss anyway
@@ZagorTeNayebo
Backhand you Moron!
Swiss police use a round wicker shield for riot control.
This material may seem outdated but synthetic stuff tends to become fragile in cold environment so the old wicker shield wins the day.
in south/southeast/east asia they used laquered rattan to make shield, armour in ancient time and they worked. and still used by police or some group since yeah it can't exactly stand some full swing of a giant axe or something but it is quiet useful against usual situation and it's cheap and light.
umm from what I can tell, they don't
Wait, swiss people riot? :D
@@bbasil1312 haha i was going to say that
@@xboi4359 They actually did until 2009.
Excellent! Thank you.
Just wanted to say thank you very much for your videos :).
I've watched almost all of them and can't wait for more!
Greetings from Norway.
Thanks for watching