Hycean Planets & Ice Worlds
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 8 ก.พ. 2023
- Our telescopes find new exoplanets and reveal deeper details about them everyday, unveiling massive hydrogen-rich atmosphere planets and icy worlds which may be able to harbor life even far from any star.
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Hycean Planets & Ice Worlds
Science & Futurism with Isaac Arthur
Episode 381, February 9, 2023
Written, Produced & Narrated by Isaac Arthur
Editors:
Briana Brownell
Donagh Broderick
David McFarlane
Graphics:
Fishy Tree
Jeremy Jozwik
Ken York
Sergio Botero
Tytus Grabowski
Tristan3D
Music Courtesy of Epidemic Sound epidemicsound.com/creator
Markus Junnikkala, "We Roam the Stars", "A Memory of Earth"
Stellardrone, "Red Giant", "Ultra Deep Field"
Reign Pagaran, "Titan's Waves" - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
![แม่กลองสองใจ - ซีแกรม โตเกียว มิวสิค [ OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO ]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/GSQfVjcr_f4/mqdefault.jpg)
It's possible that life on tidally locked worlds would evolve to increase the habitability of the hot and cold side, sort of like planting a forest in the desert increases water retention and rainfall.
Imagine a ecology that acts as a planetary circulatory system, power gathering lifeforms live on the light side and nutrients gathering lifeforms from the night side and a lush biodiverse ecosystem at the day night terminator
@@JonahRoyes Yeah I was writing up something like that. I'm imagining coral-like life calcifying around hot water currents, creating a sort of limestone circulatory system. If the hot currents are constant, you'd have biomes along the heat gradients. One of these biomes is where the calcium depositing life lives. So over millions of years they build a wall around the current, constantly constricting and insulating the flow, making the hot water flow further, so more biomes open up to them and so on, until there is not enough energy to go on. And there is some sort of equilibrium process going on, constantly reforming these "vessels", maybe the hottest water dissolves the limestone or there is some other lifeforms or chemical constantly eating away at them. All until the habitable area is maximized.
Something like that.
Quite possibly, though that would tilt into the Gaia Hypothesis notion that planets generally 'seek' to become more habitable.
@@isaacarthurSFIA but if gaia is true, at least on that singular planet, it definitely opens up the possibilities for the biosphere.
@@isaacarthurSFIA Perhaps, perhaps not. Evolution doesn't have a goal or make deliberate decisions, but natural selection does mean that organisms will adapt to their environment, which can in turn render the biosphere more suitable for other, follow-on species -- rather like the process of forest succession after, say, a wildfire.
Thanks for making the Earth just a little less dense. 🙂
My pleasure 😊
Honestly, feels like isaac is the antidote for mass market inflammatory media
Edit: Dr Arthur? I realized I didn't know if they have a doctorate and don't want to be disrespectful
@@ASMCourtney if you go through the vids he mentions it
Entendre! /bow
Remember, it's safe and eff3ctive ; )
Four minutes in and we're already at the gravitational binding energy of super-Earths. Strap in lads. This one's going to be a classic.
A tidally locked ocean world might distribute the heat across to the other side fairly well.
Yeah, ocean currents can quite efficiently transfer the heat to the cold side.
Though there would probably still be a good sized ice continent back there.
@@PerfectAlibi1true, but water doesn’t conduct very well, you would need a large bulk transfer of water for temperature to travel… the problem with that is, sun side has no mechanism to drive water flow.
On our spinning planet, the oceans have a built in Coriolis Force driving our currents.
What would drive the currents on a tidally locked world?
The coriolis force cannot induce motion, it merely deviates already existing motion perpendicular to the spin of the planet. Currents are primarily driven by temperature differences.
@@egoalter1276 the spinning planet induces counter rotating currents. When a fluid extends into significantly different latitudes above the tropics. Air currents and water currents.
@@jsbrads1 @Ego Alter Artifexian did a video on this explaining how ocean currents would work on a tidally locked world. It was quite in depth and explained a good deal of the mechanics behind the formation of currents. I would encourage anyone to check it out for more info on this. It was a well made vid. =)
I would like to point out that neither hycean planets or ice worlds are suitable for Zebras. Once again, Zebras get screwed. Maybe these worlds could be suitable as exile locations for lions, crocs and hyenas.
What do zebras taste like? They'd better be delicious because they don't have anything else going for them. The stripes don't count, they do nothing for me.
@@johneyton5452 How dare you sir! May I suggest you approach a Zebra and discover the bite of his teeth or the impact of his hooves! I am shocked and appalled.
@@johneyton5452 last time I spoke to one he didn't think very highly of you either
Pretty sure if there are no zebras, lions, crocs and hyenas might not be interested 🤷😂
@@jsbrads1 I'm ok with lions crocs and hyenas being sent to ice worlds against their will. They are disgusting.
I was born too late to be free in the wild west, and too early to be able to get my own planet :(
You can still become a Mormon! You get your own planet after you die.
but with perfect timing to enjoy the new wild west on Mars
10% chance you don't die before we get ok ish life extension tech so pog
@@General12th ...they didn't have much government out there. That's what the "wild" part was.
That raises an interesting point on what counts as 'free', and how desirable it is, especially as humans are social critters.
Isaac Arthur is the only TH-cam account where I confidently hit the like button before beginning every single video.
As an amateur scifi writer, your videos are invaluable.
Indeed, they are.
I've watched your videos regularly for years now, mostly as something to listen to when doing some menial task at school or work or at home, because you have done an excellent job in making your videos completely free of needing to rely on the visuals to understand them, but also having captivating visuals that add to the audio, meaning listening or watching is equally wonderful. Lately, I've found myself, the ever-so-avid tabletop RPG fanatic I am, branching out from the typical fantasy worlds into futuristic space-centric sci-fi settings, something I've always been personally passionate about, but was always afraid to ever try and run a tabletop game about, but I've come to realize that all the hundreds of your videos I've watched have given me knowledge on exactly how to create a space sci-fi setting that is incredibly faithful to real world sciences.
From knowing that zooforming is something that would likely happen as an alternative to terraforming, the knowledge of how prevalent and important O’Neill cylinders would be, how information and trade might occur at large scales, so many things that I've come to realize I now know and could make an incredibly realistic and convincing sci-fi setting based purely on the once-a-week I tune in to listen to your videos. Of all the youtubers I subscribe, you are the only one I actually have notifications turned on for, and that I'm excited for the next video. Please keep up the amazing work. I look forward to next week's video!
Ancient civilizations talked about the powers the gods had. little did they know that their descendants would one day achieve the same powers, thought to be outside the reach of humanity. Let's hope we use our powers wisely and honor their memory.
"Our ancestors saw their heros in the heavens. Our heros are epic men of flesh and blood."
If more people prefer to back to the golden age of space and meanwhile avoiding bloody conflicts on the earth like latest thousands of years, we don't need negative ideology and thoughts to repeat previous chaos.
Or we can reach galactic civilization by some kindness groups, let entire chaos along with those who claim bloody conflicts are successful strategy.
It would be so weird if all of this stuff exists and there's nothing out there experiencing it.
There are many things happening… 😅
I'm Turkish, living in Germany... Fan of your Channel since years.... watching the Earthquake-Disaster in Turkey since four days... please make something about Earthquakes... on Earth and other Planets if you like
The Grand Solar Minimum brings huge seismic spike every few hundred years cycle. Hungatonga was just the start. Earthquake zones will get slammed.
You are making my job livable haha. Stuck in a storm at the ocean, so no work ND I'm bored as hell. This video hit just the right spot. Once again, thanks !
"A water world? Please no. Not again."
- Kevin Costner
Everybody loves cousins? Explains it because of the small number of initial pilgrims
"A water world? Please no. Not again."
- Everyone who watched that God-awful Kevin Costner movie.
Habitable planets is a very interesting concept.
The best series on the internet is back!!
I love this channel. These planets are what I feel we will first find complex life. There are so many great subjects here. Isaac, never stop creating.
I imagine that there are differences in the ratios of different layers and contaminates from incoming rocks and other things that are settling in their density, which affects the nuclear reaction.
Great stuff as always!
Earth being the densest thing in the solar system makes a tragic amount of sense.
I've enjoyed all of your videos very much. My favorite is "Colonizing Pluto". You've also managed to teach this old mechanic some new concepts.🤔 Which I didn't think was possible.😉 I remember watching Neil Armstrong step on the moon. I hope to live long to see some of the smaller structures built. 😇 Keep up the good work.
I love you content.
Love the way you speak.
Best channel on TH-cam!
Great episode. Love the new artwork. Great job Isaac and Team! Looking forward to next week's episode on Super Soldiers.
Nice! I've always liked the concept of huge planets with life-in the void! Love it as always.
11:09 This is a very good fact that most people forget to mention. Far from being a misfit, planets like Pluto are likely to be the most popular type of planet in the galaxy, outnumbering all other types combined! Who’s the misfit now?
Very good video! 👍🏻
heard "2015" holy heck i've been watching you for almost a decade. it feels like not even that long.
damn. absolutely love just having your stuff on in the background as i work.
and hopefully you're around for a lot longer too! 🥰
Another brilliant video with great ideas and science. Still nothing beats "drip feeding Saturn to the Sun to keep it alive longer" now that's big thinking.
I gotta say , being a sci-fi guy myself I really enjoy your content and learn so much from you . Thank you can’t wait for more
I don't have many shield ideas, but I would LOVE to hear more stories about the unity crew. i loved those episodes!
What if you turned a planet into an agrarian planet? If you turned a planet into a big vertical farm?
you mean a rung world dedicated just to agriculture? Search rung world on Isaac's channel. He also did an episode on farming in space.
I think rather than 'terraforming' a planet we're more likely to say "welp no life here, so no 'environmental concerns (outside contaminating the oceans/water reservoirs)!".
Rather you just geo survey to ID where all the valuable resources are: strip mine those areas. IF the planet/moon needs protection from radiation from its host star (or gas giant) then we can simply take all the crushed rock from mining and make aggreg barrier walls or concrete walls around the mega scale greenhouse habitat structures.
We don't need 'direct' sunlight from the parent star (even if its from Earth-Sun away). We can completely enclose the greenhouses in giant concrete shells then inside those put down the sealed greenhouse structures. Outside the concrete external structure we can build massive structures for solar/nuclear/geotherm energy. then we just power artificial lighting on inside (like we already do for most greenhouses so 24hr grow periods).
'Crawlonizing' the galaxy I'd expect we'd basically do this to damn near EVERY possible moon/planet/dwarf moon with an ocean + deposits of alkali/alkali-Earth, transition, indeed basically ALL metals. The resources are just too valuable to not use.
Thus they may not be 'habitable' but they are a quasi-oasis in the blackness of space: providing refueling, food supplies, replacement parts. If we do develop beamed highways these would be the 'waypoints' with giant orbital structures for decelerating incoming ships, and accelerating outgoing in 1k directions...
No big deal for most as their gravity will be lower than Earths (IE Titan/Ganymede/Europa/Io/Enceladus): so elevators pumping gaseous fuel mixtures to orbital structures (which can then compress it for starship fuel tanks) + ones supplies raw/refined materials/foodstuffs would also abound...likely around the poles and/or equator.
The waypoint planet need not have a population of 1bil or even 10mil people. Indeed with drone/automated extraction/farming/refining/manufacturing I'd expect the whole planet could be 'managed' by as little as 100k (maybe 1mil for the big manufacturing 'hubs'), moons cut it by 1/10; 10k people managing the drones (which shouldn't be breaking/needing fixing very often) would be more than adequate.
@@djdrack4681 High tier idea but if you were already strip mining worlds why wouldn't you just go full send and deconstruct them. Everything plan you had probably needs decent tech and a large amount of orbital infrastructure anyways. So just build the farms as needed with a tiny fraction of the resources you've already extracted.
@@loptercopter1386 Because of the scale of that.
What I'm saying sounds like an insane scale process but if you have automation manufacturing that can make more (semi-self-replicating actual factory/reprocessing arrays), no doubt it could take maybe as little as 10-20 yrs depending on speed to have a whole 'set' produced and themselves operating where in those couple decades you can go from an initial 'set' or 3 to many 1000s (its exponential). Then when you have enough energy stations/solar arrays etc in place you can 'remodulate' majority of them for 'extraction-->refined-->raw-->basic-->complex-->highly complex materials/parts; and even do so in large-scale version of assembly-line production.
Counter Argument:
The 'whole' planet isn't liekly to be useful. The energy/effort (even automated) to break down 'rocks' into their base elements is waste of it. I could see a Io or Callisto style moon basically 100% being cracked for the resources, then 'dumping' the waste rock/contamination into the host gas giant...
But for the Ganymede/Titan style moons or Venus style planets...even just stripping away resources from the top 10-miles would be SO MUCH that human civilization would need to have exponentially grown to warrant such massive extraction in short periods of time (say 1k years).
Ultimately if we can only 'easily' develop snail speed (0.5-3% c) we need to consider long-term (10k-10mil yr) 'resource conservation. The type of extraction I'm talking about could no doubt remove the whole moon from existence in 1k years maybe 5k depending on #s of extractors...but consider where we are in the galaxy: in 50ly 'bubble' we have around 100-200 stars last I checked. Its 'alot' but not really.
IF you expand into them, not all may have the # of moons/planets we have. You may want to 'preserve' a small constant trickle of resources from many different resource moons/planets so that as it'll likely take 100k to 1mil years to fully colonize the galaxy (assuming its truly empty of other life)...we'd still need 'waypoints' for refueling, changing course, beam-assisted orbital maneuvers, etc.
Remember that 99% of the mass in a solar system is going to be in its star, and most of the remainder in the gas giants: very little mass is in terrestial celestial objects that are 'easy' to approach and do stuff on.
When you think about a long-term galactic colonizing effort you'll realize maybe the truly mindboggling megastructures don't happen until far future bilions of years from now...but the scale at which our civilization would expand coudl easily deplete much of the resources in Milky Way in matter of 100mil years...and the 'jump' to get elsewhere beyond this galaxy is a far more daunting and resource heavy process no doubt even when we're a Kardeshev I/II civilization.
@@djdrack4681 we don't need to resources conserve the cosmos
an intergalactic journey could be accomplished with a single solar systems resources
yes I agree the scale is wrong but if your already strip mining the planet why throw farms or settlements down. Stay in orbit and treat it like a resource reserve it will probably be too hostile anyways due to intensive industrial activity.
These types of planets fascinate me. I even created a concept of an alien civilization that created living cities from floating organisms that they’ve selectively bred over time and selectively bred other native organisms to preform tasks such as transportation and delivering messages/packages. They use organisms instead of technology because their planet is completely covered in ocean so minerals would be hard to access. I made concept art for these but I’m not sure how to share images or links to them properly on TH-cam.
Hi Izaac
I have been one of your subscribers for years and always look forward to your next videos all of which I love. With this video for the 1st time I am aware of you've elected to put music in the background "over your narration". I find this mix distracting if not actually even annoying. I so hope that this is but an experiment that will be a one-of. I still love your content but I just find it hard to listen to you with the music clamoring for attention.
Thank you
Daniel Lacasse
Another great episode
Happy Arthursday!
A day with a new IA video is a GOOD day.
I love this video! What are the chance these is a Hycean planet or two or more lurking in our solar system - far beyond the orbit of Neptune and maybe even orbit high above or below the ecliptic where we are not looking so much?
If it exists the mass range for the supposed planet 9 is consistent with a Hycean world
Yeah. There's a couple researchers out of Cal Tech that think they've mathed out the size and general location of a planet 9, supposed to be about 6 Earth masses and well off the ecliptic in the Kuiper belt. They're searching the area now, but is probably gonna take a while since it's a pretty big slice of sky and they've no idea what it might look like (albedo. diameter, color...etc).
Out of curiosity, 19% of the planets in the galaxy are oceanic planets.
Ocean = H20, likely the planet has methane, sulfur compounds (its similarity to Oxygen but being denser means it should be on the planet).
The valuable commodities would be actinide/lanthanides + noble gases...all quite rare in general in the universe.
Aluminum will also likely stay an important element for basically forever. from transparent aluminum alloys that'll become commonplace to just its strength + liteweight nature and ease of use = still widely used even if we can master cheap, mass-scale carbon nanetube based materials.
Think about an ocean world with heavy Uranium/plutonium/thorium deposits but its otherwise lifeless. Its a giant energy station in the making.
You can take a whole continent and turn it into a insane scale nuclear reactor. Take entire in-land seas and empty them, cover them, using them as heavy water reservoirs...then use the giant Grand Canyon that is 10x the size of ours as dumping for spent fuel, or just using some of the excess energy to reuse this for various applications (it can be 'recycled' just too resource intensive here).
Hello there.
Nice. I like water.
how do we know?
@@kaydenlewis9246 studies
Just an observation...
Should hycean be pronounced as hi-shun since it's a portmanteau of
HY-drogen + o-CEAN
I've decided just now to do the opposite and change my pronunciation of ocean.
Hey don't know if they meant to do this but both this episode and the next episode (Super Soldiers) got posted to their podcast today
Looks like a lucrehulk in the thumbnail, very cool.
I'm excited for the day when we won't call them mini Neptune worlds but have a specific example in a nearby star system
A tidally locked world with a significant atmosphere would have strong convective winds that would cool the bright side and warm the dark side. Depending on the type and distance from a star, it could have an always sunny side buffeted by icy cold winds, or a dark side pleasantly warm with near constant rainfall.
A tidally locked ocean world could get even more complicated, due to the way water expands when it freezes. It could have glaciers pushing sunwise frin he dark side, colliding with warm water currents flowing the other way.
I’m not sure, air has a very low heat capacity and once the wind crosses the twilight line, it would lose its heat to the ground and space pretty quickly, especially close to the surface.
Another detail that won’t help, is there is nothing that will drive the hot higher altitude winds down to the surface. Ice on the water is also a very good insulator…
I just watched your personal space ships episode and was wondering could you do one on personal space suits and their potentials
The "Kepler Cone" as I call it, can only see such a small patch of sky. I wish we had dozens of Keplers, pointed in all directions. They would have to be at different locations in our solar system of course, but we could scan the whole sky. We might find a neighbor and all we had to do is look at them.
Have you ever talked about harvesting the antimatter in orbit around the planets in the Solar System?
Theres´s not enough of that stuff to collect that way
@@liladuftendekaffeewurst8541 There is estimated to be kilograms of antimatter captured in the magnetic fields of the planets of the solar system, especially Saturn. It could be thousands of kilgrams. We won't know until we look for it.
@@BabyEater Really? Learnt something again... well then, that's better :)
I'd still like to see a video about habitable moons one day. I know it was part of a vote at some point and another topic won, but that doesn't mean it's out, right? :D
Hi, speaking of habitable moons.... If a large moon, say Mars sized or maybe slightly larger in mass, Is paired with an ice giant say twice the mass of Neptune. Could the reflected light from the ice giant add enough light and heat to assist the moon to remain habitable even if otherwise just outside the goldilocks zone..??? Another habitable moon question, how would the Magnetosphere of an ice giant impact any moons that orbit the ice giant ??? Would such a magnetosphere help or harm the moons' chances of becoming inhabitable ????
Pandora from the movie Avatar, is a moon. Io, a moon of Jupiter undergoes so much tidal force that its interior is constantly sloshing around, this creates lots of heat, but the down sides include lots of Io-quakes and lots of volcanic activity.
@@davidbridges3292’m no expert, but it seems reflected light isn’t enough light to heat, even a very reflective surface. Have you ever warmed yourself in the light reflected off an ice sheet?
A gas giant often creates lots of its own heat, that heat might be able to warm you a bit.
Where I can find preview for this video. It is so awesome, that I would like to put on as theme of desctop on computer.
Hell yeah
We COULD live on a larger planet with twice the gravity and ten times the atmosphere. Pressure is something we can adapt to and gravity, if it's not too extreme, we can work out and adapt to by strengthenging our bodies years before landing on such a planet. A ship design (in the works) has variable gravity rings built inside it, in a safe environment and can spin faster to go OVER one G force, possibly up to 2 Gs of intermittent living conditions. Likewise we could run the pressure in the ship up by electrolyzing some water and amonia and using the hydrogen in the ion drive.
Your background music makes me feel like it's 1997 and I am playing Master of Orion 2 on my dads computer.
You know, this makes me really want you to take a look at aliens that exterminate other species. To see the cost-benefit analysis of doing such a endeavor. Alongside maybe the conquistador/conqueror/enslaver kind of extraterrestrials. I really like your analysis on aliens so i hope you can make something taking a analytical look at those archetypes.
I could see this video becoming as popular as the Iron Stars!
Got a question about pressure: how is it that we can acclimate to a higher pressure? If our inner body is equalised to the external pressure, can we live in a higher pressure? Thanks
Needs more work than that. For example at extreme pressures proteins tend to deform.
The human body can adapt to higher pressure to an extent, but there's a limit to how far it can go. Living in an environment with extremely high pressure would either require living in airtight buildings and going out in specialized suits, or using bioengineering to outright create people that can survive in that kind of pressure.
@@bearlytamedmodels yeah, there's some basic stuff like fluid viscosity that is effected by pressure that I just cannot imagine any remotely simple solution for.
How much higher pressure? Scuba divers are fine at numerous atmospheres.
Speaking of the JWT spotting hycean planets, K2-18b has been recorded. Liquid water surface, hydrogen atmosphere.
The life that is around the deep sea vents now - did it originate there?
Or did it originate somewhere less extreme, and gradually evolve to survive there?
12:47 Therefore, if you see it either it popped up not long ago or is being constantly produced right now?
puhh that Hairy Thing will be in my nightmares too....
Can you do a video on how FTL might be impossible cause it can literally break the universe because of time dilation
What is the song that starts at 1:00? Every time I hear it, it gives goosebumps and inspires profound awe at our Universe.
Bro that space ship in your thumbnail lookin hella sus, might be some green pigs on board
One of the Phantasy Star V planets is Hycean! In the game, the colonist would have decided to settle an imperfect world and they engineered it into a habitable Hycean world. Then the monsters are created!
I can imagine a story where a new bubble hab on a hycean planet is attacked by an ultra large sea creature, almost cthulu style.
WHAT ABOUT A DISCUSSION OF WHERE WE SIT IN OUR GALAXY. The actual location with respect to the other planets discussed.
Wouldn't tidal locking potentially lead to highly habitable zones further out on the day sides? Think like the Arctic Spring.
Wouldn't it be even less likely that anything could survive long enough to gain a foothold, considering Earth's turbulent past?
If Earth has had mass-extinction events, how would such zones even survive a hurricane or tornado, never mind a meteor impact??
I'm also curious how rampant volcanism and the resultant greenhouse gasses could warm a planet that's outside the 'goldilocks zone'. Thinking something like Venus but cooler due to cooler star/further away and probably not THAT volcanic. Of course, that also begs the questions: why is Venus so volcanic to begin with (what's it's core like), and are there factors that relate star type, orbital location, and planetary core that would preclude a cooler version?
But generally, what would the options for life be like on a highly volcanic Earth-like world that doesn't rely on the Sun? Or maybe it's a highly volcanic ocean world? Would that be able to maintain? Or could you have highly volcanic uninhabitable landmasses with liquid oceans that are habitable?
I think you could see that thermal-vent life that we figure we had, but without a sun for photosynthesis you aren't going to have plankton, and that's the bottom of the ocean's food chain. Our deep sea critters live on meat that falls down from surface critters.
Venus isn't *that* volcanic. The issue is that either the planet's plate tectonics never started to begin with due to lacking a moon, or the boiloff of the oceans jammed them. Either way, in a manner similar to what happened with pangea, eventually heat built up beneath the crust sufficiently to trigger massive volcanism. It's just that due to being a thicker crust and still... instead of (relatively) small volcanic provinces, it was an apocalypse of volcanism all at once that lead to the current conditions as the boiloff and greenhouse runaway helped trigger a multi-stage disaster that resulted in... (*waves vaguely at hell*). The entire surface was resurfaced all at once because a more gradual process wasn't in place, and the outgassing and buildup was so extreme that the planet effectively killed itself. It should be noted that Earth may experience a similar event anytime between 500 million and 2 billion years from now when our own oceans start boiling off and as plate tectonics start locking up.
@@defies4626 The volcanic mass resurfacing hypothesis is actually falling out of favor as there is evidence for very different but gradual dynamic processes. From what I have read revisiting old images with a better understanding of geology/tectonics has built up a new model as there appears to be a patchwork of crack like segments/cells surrounded by transpressional and transtensional boundaries with relatively intact undeformed interiors. We missed this before in part because we had been looking for larger Earth like plates rather than these chunks of crust surrounded by zones of deformation
Thus it is looking like Venusian tectonics is more analogous to pack ice on a pond where the pack ice in question is rock. They can jostle around and impact each other but at the same time they don't quite support the sweeping dynamic motion of Earth's comparatively vast far roaming plates. In terms of volcanism based on what evidence we have from satellite observations from the surface of volcanic features in terms of erosion and other deformational processes suggesting an age progression is present as well as what was most likely direct evidence of an ongoing eruption during Venus Express's mission the planet appears to have a comparable rate of volcanism to Earth.
Whether the lack of water when Earth's oceans fade from our surface will create similar conditions I don't know, that said if the newer mush more rapid lunar formation impact models are accurate the differences may have been locked in billions of years ago due to proto Earth and Thea getting liquified and forming droplets which could undergo differentiation in a span of several hours largely due to the interaction of gravity and surface tension. Notably under these extreme conditions the water today in the mantle could have been liberated to the surface the heat and pressure m which would have allowed an ocean to form before the crust could even form.
This may have fundamentally altered how the crust of Earth behaves compared to Venus not to mention providing a dynamics fluid fluid interface which is interesting as the chemical structure of basaltic glass(effectively flash frozen into its fluid elemental configuration) appears to catalyze RNA formation in a way the crystalline compound doesn't, something to due with nickel being able to catalyze reactions in the disordered state where it isn't sealed into the lattice structure if I remember correctly.
There is life which has been found living in the hydrothermal systems at the bottom of the ocean which is somewhat interesting as in these environments hot water pouring out of these vents can be a supercritical fluid. These two things together with the rapid formation times of higher resolution models raise and otherwise seemingly crazy question of whether the lunar formation impact itself may have directly catalyzed the conditions for life to form.
It would be interesting to see if and or how these reactions proceed in supercritical water as fluid fluid interactions between basaltic magma and supercritical water might be a bit too extreme to simulate in the lab, though these conditions to appear to be able to occur naturally deep down in subduction zones that isn't really any easier to access
@@defies4626 They reckon when the first cyanobacteria etc died out , creating extensive layers of carbon/ graphite under the oceans on the plates.. Because of the graphite , those plates had lubrication to slide over each other, creating alot of the Earth's main biggest mountains ( at least 8 of today's biggest ones..) etc.. So that early carbon life was a cause of lubricated plate tectonic action not just crumbling the edges, but giving us the land & ocean more suitable for more life to occur.. ☮️♾️
@Jengleheimer Schmitt there are some purely chemosynthetic life forms, such as tube worm
Any recs for scifi books set on ice shell worlds? Im thinking inteligent octopusses maybe?
Listening in Toronto 🥶
Oh come on, the cold snap is already over here
Is possible to have a world made mostly of noble gases ?( Besides helium')
yes
Yes, I believe Jupiter is
@@theboneeater obg Maria
I wonder if a neon planet would be especially easy to spot...
@@theboneeater Incorrect, Jupiter is mostly Hydrogen which is certainly not a Noble gas.
ah yeah birthday isaac arthur. score.
is it possible that Mercury was one of these Hycean planets that got to close to the sun during the inner migration era of the solar system?
The space ship in thumbnail looks like a trade federation ship from Star wars
Would it be possible for a super Earth in the habitable zone to have moons comparable in size to Earth that could be more easily colonized?
Active Support- Ion drive with Solar+heat engine for power.
And now I feel seen.
Embarrassingly, not a joke...
That said, can you emagin this combind with airogel that was infused with a good bit of Helium, maybe...
I can see this as both a help with regular buildings, *&* Ultrasructure.
Be it tethered ring, lobstrum loop, or even skyhooks.
Making skyhooks in such density that they effectively float in thelower atmosphere.
Or rather, low enough mass that less solar power is needed to run the electric pushing off the Planetary EM Field...
Also, cheaper to put up there in the first place.
That... May be even better that I thought.
If there are no launches, use the power in the batteries(if in the shadow) to push off far enough from any satelites.
When a launch is scheduled, it tunes it's power to go down, down bellow the satellites, down to a level where a first stage/jet/whatever will link with it, then use that power to seriously push off.
If made in density that makes it float at 10km hight, and it catches whatever at 5km hight.
Then it actually has a bit of natural help to get back up.
But.
That is an important qyestion
*Can we make aerogel that the air part us actually significantly enough Helium to the point it floats in Earth surface level air?
How the lifeforms evolved on the hyceean planet would breathe? I imagine that plant equivalent would store oxygen or other compounds like hidrogen peroxide or nitrous oxides in their cells and animals would eat those plants and combine that oxidant with hydrogen from atmosphere.
If it is only 80% hydrogen… and 20% other gases, should be possible.
Or a creature that “burns” atmospheric hydrogen with oxygen in their bodies… and exhales H2O 😅. Then some plant on the surfaces has a natural electrolyzer protein and uses sunlight to break the H2O back into H2 and uses the O (O2) to make its truck and fruit…
"Be vewy vewy quiet, I’m hunting wabbits! " ~ Elmer Fudd.
Biggoar
Last time I was this early, I had something witty to say...
High gravity planets would probably NOT have large creatures but rather small ones. The tiny planets can support dinosaur sized creatures much better. Like old earth, which had less gravity and thicker more oxygenated air could support larger flying creatures and dinosaurs, but not the earth of today. The air is to thin, animals are less buoyant and the gravity would burst the arteries in the ankles of the largest theropods.
Gravity hasn’t changed, and the air had a very similar density.
Does any know what country Isaac Arthur, the narrator of this channel is from? I can't place his accent.
Not an accent, a speech impairment.
Its weird this was posted on February 9th 2023 and my late mother's birthday was February 9th 1932 RIP 🙏 🕊 my mom ❤
Hmm, do we have a "Colonizing Brown Dwarfs" yet?
You mispronounced "hycean". Dr. Nikku Madhusudhan, who coined the term, pronounces it "hi-shun" since it comes from words hydrogen and ocean. You can hear Dr. Madhusudhan say it in Fraser Cain's video "Habitable Hycean Worlds: An Interview with Dr. Nikku Madhusudhan" at the 3:20 minute mark.
You talking about mini-neptune planets
On the earth, the sun or moon near the horizon seems to be getting bigger. At the space station, did astronauts observe the same phenomenon, or did not? In addition, do astronauts on the moon also see the earth getting bigger near the horizon?
On the moon, there is no lensing of the atmosphere, but a large factor to making the moon big here on Earth is how it appears close to the trees. On the moon, if you walked away from a lunar base and then returned as the earth was rising, it would dwarf the moon base and look bigger.
@@jsbrads1 I didn't understand the meaning of your last sentence
@@enbinzheng952 so you know how when the moon is high it looks about the size of a dime? But when it is just over the trees it looks much much bigger? That’s because up in the sky there is nothing near it, but rising behind a tree far from you, it is clearly very large in comparison to the tree, it can’t be the size of a dime anymore. Perspective.
@@jsbrads1
Is that nitrogen supposed to have 4 bonds?
Could a planet in a somewhat highly eccentric orbit be tidally locked, like Mercury is?
I think not. When a planet is in a circular orbit, the side closer to the sun is pulled toward the sun which prevents it from turning away, but in a very elliptical orbit, when it is close and roundish near the sun, the sun would keep one side facing toward her (suns are her to me) but then as the planet started moving away, it would be spinning too quickly to stay tidally locked during the long-far part of the orbit. Tho I suppose a planet could bet tidally locked-ish during the time when it is close-ish.
🚩You cannot have tidal locking on planets with large amounts of liquid water. Water vapor that heats up on the light side will migrate to the dark side, and freeze solid. This steadily makes the dark side heavier, which is 100% guaranteed to trigger catastrophic rotation.
Wouldn't it become egg shaped and locked for stability? Like the moon Methone or somethin.
@@user-pf5xq3lq8i Cool moon, but very small. If big enough to have any atmosphere at all, exposed water will migrate to the frozen side and eventually force it to tip.
There are some Among Us who believe that life here began out there
Wandering if we'd ever colonize Neutron Stars & Neutron Star planets, and how that'd be done.
O’Neill cylinders in orbit?
I'm one minute too early for anyone to answer this yet but I'm guessing we're not getting the reveal of what froze over that world from the alien archeology video yet.
Too few cars?
Humans produce only 0.8% of the world's co2. According to the Hawaii co2 global monitoring station raw data.
@@General12th I know, one person out of thousands. I don't think I'll track it down.
@@user-pf5xq3lq8i wat
killing star intensifies.
Wait, why IS earth so thicc? or rather why are we at the end of the curve?
Back in 4th grade, I was densest one in the class.
The kraken was cursed owo
02:52 But... but... we have enough weapons to blow up the Earth 40 times over. I always pop up a similar number when trying to explain people how preposterously outrageous is that idea, but never underestimate the people's willingness to believe any story that overestimate their significance and/or power.
Volturnian Lobster
👍
comet mining video
Why does that ship have a snout?
😅 to smell with!
Pluto