1800's Great Wheel Restoration - Can she spin again?
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 30 ก.ย. 2024
- This antique walking wheel from the 1800s that I found at a flea market needs some restoration. I'll show you how I make corn husk bearings, discuss the history of these spinning wheels, and find out if this old lady can spin again!
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As a trained museum conservator, unless that Great Wheel was associated with an important person or a significant event in history, you’re absolutely fine to restoring it to usable condition. There are many Great Wheels already in museums. There is no reason to not restore yours. No one needs to be coming at you about it. Happy spinning!
Thank you! I feel relief to hear that. 💜
@JillianEve I have one thing to say that is, the moment you bought and paid for this wheel it is YOUR choice to do with as you please. You don't need approval of anyone to or not to restore, sorry it really urks me when someone tries to shove their authority or opinion based on that person's position.
I have a meme for that.@@barbaragaspard1989
To be clear, museums don't have authority over paid property. That's just ridiculous to believe otherwise.
just what I was going to write! I'm a retired museum educator.
Poor Mark. He tried so hard. He also knew he was taking that wheel home. I love the look of Great Wheels.
I saw a "re-enactment" about 40 yrs ago where a woman was using a "wooden stick" in her right hand to turn the great wheel while she spun some white wool rolages.
It helped her get the angle off of the spindle tip she was comfortable with.
I believe that each spinner got into their comfort zone while spinning.
Brilliant!
As a girl from Indiana I am just fascinated by the corn husk bearings. So cool.
I always wondered wtf they were talking about in sleeping beauty! Thanks for clearing up one of my greatest childhood mysteries ❤❤
Absolutely! That part of the animated movie when Aurora is in a trance was absolute nightmare fuel when I was a kid. I remember it so clearly that I wonder if it's why I ended up as a yarn spinner! 😅🧶💜
I AM in Scotland... Though "Muckle" is not used throughout Scotland... I think. I've only heard it on the east coast. (Means "big", btw)
Thank you for that clarification! "Big" definitely makes sense for a wheel like this. 💜🧶😊
Your excited face in the car was so cute and honestly recognizable, I have made that face with a wheel in the trunk too 😁
😁 You know that look too!
Thank you for always wanting to do things as true to historically acurate as possible. Sometimes that balance of what is historical vs. what makes a piece functional is hard. I've refinished some heirloom furniture, and I always tell myself that it's needs to die just a little bit to be reborn again. So cool to see the old corn husks, but it's even better to see her restored with new ones to be a working wheel. ❤❤❤
It is hard sometimes and I don't think there's any one right way. I like how you phrased it! 💜🧶
JUST acquired a great wheel a couple weeks ago so I believe it’s fate you posted this for my benefit lol❤❤❤
Serendipitous! Happy spinning!
Love the colors in your Cardigan! Looks great with your hair!
She's wonderful. Im so glad you could bring her back to working life. My very first spinning wheel was a spindle wheel that i built by tying one of my drop spindles to a forked stick stuck in a hole on a 2x4 with a 26 inch bicycle rim as its drive wheel on the other end of that 2x4. I crocheted a shawl from that spindle wheel, then I learned how bobbins work...Now i have 2 cobbled together Frankenstein bobbin wheels that i built, 1 rescued flax wheel from a flea market that i think is at least 150 years old, and i still use my spindle wheel for plying and super bulky.
While i do very much enjoy the trope of women hiding their yarn stash from their husbands (it just tickles me for some reason) it was so nice to see Mark being so supportive of you with this wheel 😊
He's so supportive and actually really enjoys the referbs. He just gives a show of resistance for the camera. (Shh, don't let him know we are on to him!) 😂
@@JillianEve haha, mine is pretty supportive too
My DHis very supportive and often talks me into buying!
Thanks for restoring the wheel and showing how to use it!
Foxfire a high school project that blossomed into books and a show from the late 1970s to preserve knowledge on how to do these important skills. Even make a padlock from wood.
In one volume of Foxfire, the Acadian grandparents demonstrated using the great wheel. They made a supply of bobbins out of corn husks sewn in a narrow cone shape so it could be slipped on the metal spike. That allowed the spinner to remove a full bobbin and replace it to continue spinning. Maybe you can find it on line?
1399!!! Omgosh I’m so here for this. 👀 thank you 🤗
You are rocking the sweater you made ❤❤❤
Great video! If you put the old bearings in some cloth bags you could tie them on, so they would stay together forever.
Also that sweater looks great on you.
I'm so glad you made this video! I see so many wheels that need restoring on e-bay and I'm so scared of doing it because I have no carpentry skills but this has made me rethink the whole thing and maybe I can do more than I think! Thank you for restoring this gorgeous wheel so it can do what it was made to do again. I think museums should restore some more and have a working model next to their old beaten up versions they want to keep as found. So people can truly appreciate what wonderful machines they are. This goes for a LOT of broken things in museums. As someone who likes to learn how things work, I think kids would be more interested in history if they did that.
There are some museums that have "hands on" exhibits and I think they are an excellent idea. People have more fun that way and they learn more. However, they also then need a team to maintain the hands-on exhibits and keep them working .
In really enjoyed all of this video, but mostly I'm really glad to have an answer to how somebody managed to prick their finger on a spinning wheel!
My friend Denyse Milliken mentionned in a historical spinning group that an Acadian wheel is a thing and I am Acadian and now I Absolutely NEED to have one and learn to use it. I also want to recreate a dress that an acadian woman would have worn during the deportation.
This is so touching since I am of Acadian descendant too! This video makes me want to try the great wheel.
Me too! ⭐️🇫🇷 My great-grandmother’s family grew flax in Kent county New Brunswick but I don’t know if she spun. Made fishing nets though for sure.
@@DanLizotte I live in Kent County!!
@@motherhemcreation we’re probably cousins 🤣
@@DanLizotte lmao all depends which familly lines your from xD.
😊wheel daddy ❤thank you for holding the drive band❤ this was such a great restoration video!! I really enjoyed watching your process.
19:42 it’s like a coordinated dance
Have a great day!!!!!
So excited to see you getting this wheel into action! And I'm looking forward to your dive into the history of woolen/worsted!!
Also, as a historian and someone who's worked in history museums, I absolutely love seeing this wheel refurbished and used. Another commenter mentioned how many wheels are in museums and omg yes. And a lot of that kind of stuff just sits in collections rooms and collects dust, maybe gets displayed occasionally but never actually used. I love seeing old things get new life. ❤
I love a good English long draw, you've entered the world of double drafting! I think of it like the first draft is a shorter pencil roving, then you pinch off fiber source and the second draft is the real yarn. I find it's much easier to spin quickly and consistently than what most people call a long draw. It's a very good technique for CPW's and other such wheels as well (though flyer type wheels take some experimentation with tension and angle of drafting for the right amount of pull). I desperately want a great wheel but they take up so much space.
How wonderful that you've got this wheel spinning again! Congrats! You've motivated me to fix the leg on my great wheel and bring it down stairs... takes so much room. Have you tried one with a minors head on it? Oh my word, it spins up a whirlwind!! I found one to fit my wheel some years back and it increases the spin speed so much.
A Minor's head is on my dream list!
I love that you bring them back to life.
😊What a great way to start the weekend! Love your content so much and absolutely loving the crochet cardi you're wearing❤❤
Thanks so much 😊 I hope you have a great weekend!
my great grand aunt was born in 1890 or so. she had a scar on her lower back from backing into a the spindle of a greatwheel when she was a teenager. she said they would turn it backward so the spindle faced the wall when it wasn't in use.
🤯😱💜
I'm fascinated by walking/great wheels so I really appreciate this video. Now I will know what to look for if I decide to buy one.
Thank you for this amazing video. Im a baby spinner (as in just started) but also a historian, and restoration for usability is something i absolutely adore (in fact, really what i wanted to do a Masters degree in, but thats a whole different issue)
Fantastic video. It's always a good video when ✨️Wheel Daddy✨️ does a cameo. Lol
Also, the editing on this and the quality of the video is 🤌 Chef's kiss.
Awesome stuff, Evie ❤
Ps: I love when Mark is ways like "no, it won't work and we aren't getting it" then every time... you cut to you taking advantage of your wifey ways and end up with whatever it was you wanted 😂😂😂🎉
Played, Mark, played. 😂
He knew as soon as he spotted it that it was coming home with us! 🤣🤣🤣
@@JillianEve 😂🤣😂 well trained! Haha
@@JillianEve: I had the feeling he knew, he just needed to put up some token resistance.
Sharp spindle? Sleeping beauty pricked her finger on a spindle and fell asleep... and you know the rest of the story
Oh my goodness, if that wheel could talk!!! 😮 so cool!!!
I'm guessing she's maybe around 200 years old? She could be older or younger. After the bearings dried and I oiled them up, she spins with just the tiniest of effort. She looks rough, but her spin is so smooth!
They say, 1400-00, yarn over
Oops, out of time
So tonight I'm gonna spin like it's 1399
Your sO CutE Jillian EvE💕😊Love thE CaR scenE LoL 😂 the looK on your face iS PricelesS 😄I think your AmazinG 😉 You did a GrEaT JoB restorinG your wheel sO excitinG 😃You continuE tO inspirE!🌟
For the corking. Im like NO SLEEPING BEAUTY FOR YOU! Your beautiful enough as it is and you need to keep teaching us! XD
That was so enjoyable!!! I am currently reading The Armor of Light, by Ken Follet in the Kingsbridge Series and it involves spinning and weaving in the 18th century.
Omg!!! I’m so excited for your great wheel! I too used the help and wisdom of Bobbin Boy (they are GREAT people) to get my great wheel up and running. But I’m really struggling on learning how to spin. Most tutorials are on treadle wheels and I’m having a hard time getting the technique. I would super appreciate a deep dive into spinning on the great wheel!!! ❤ I love the info you already shared in this video
I have a few happy thoughts. Bondo sticks well to wood, its stronger than wall patch putty, its often used to repair cheap bedroom doors. It looks pink, but it will take paint.
I think the bearing in the large wheel is missing perhaps. I would try two circles of felt treated with some beeswax on either side of the hub maybe. My guess is that your grease is likely rendered fat from the kitchen. If it is the residue should dissolve with a solvent such as mineral spirits. Trying to redo the bearings only if you can get it apart without getting hurt or breaking your beautiful machine.
I could remake that hoop pretty easy and i am an amatuer, so it coukd likely be teplaced if it bugs you.
I really like your videos, thank you for making them, you are a great example to us all
I just love watching you I could watch you and listen to you for hours.
The great wheel is such a wonderful addition to your channel. I look forward to spinning more on it. You did a fantastic job, I think, of getting her working again.❤ should we be calling you "Wheel Mama"? 😊
Your great wheel is so tiny. I'm the same height as you or slightly taller (5'8 in highschool but probably not anymore) and I do have to take a few steps with mine. Gonna try your thumb trick and see if it works for me.
Yes! I've seen wheels much taller than this one. I'm not sure if this wheel was made for a smaller person or it was just the way someone wanted it. It fits well in my space though so I can't complain.
I know what you mean about the desire to preserve something and at the same time wanting to help it fulfil its purpose. We have several quilts made by various grandmothers and step-grandmothers. On one hand they made them to keep people warm and would probably be happy to know the great-granddaughter they never got to meet sleeps under them all winter, on the other hand they look more worn every year. Its a balance I struggle with.
You might want to hot glue a bit of ribbon to the top of that cork and hang it some place handy on that great wheel so you don't misplace it & keep it nearby to top off that spindle. Wouldn't want any more 'Sleeping Beauty's now, would we?
It’s fantastic that you got that old girl working again. I do wish I had the lroom, and the flexible spine to have one myself.
Do the thing you need to do to get the thing you want to use. I wouldn't be making quilts on my treadle sewing machine if I valued its original parts over its original function.
What a great video Jillian - the rgeat wheel is a cool piece for sure!
Enjoyed your presetation. I would like to see you make and use cornhusk bobbins on your great wheel
Beautiful work, I'd for sure watch a session of pure spinning on this wheel, great asmr!
It's the Muckle wheel because Muckle is Scots for BIG. LOL
We have one of these great wheels as well as a flax wheel in our family home which was built in 1836. They are in storage and have never been "rehabilitated," sadly.
i cried as you cut this woman's(most probably) work. but worth it.❤️ but also cried again in love for saving the wheel. you KNOW that human loved
kudos
If the woman who originally made those cornhusk bearings were still alive and actively spinning (i.e. imagine a fantastical world in which people don't age), she'd probably not be the least bit sentimental about it. In fact, she might well decide to use some other materials to make the bearings. I think, however, she would have been pleased with Evie's lovely reconstruction of her originals.
Amazing. Thank you for sharing this ❤
No name for this one yet? What about Ruth? I think you found a new "friend" 😉😉
Oh thank goodness! I bought a great wheel awhile ago but didn’t know how to fix it or use it
"No OSHA violations here." 😂 I'm all about it. What an exciting find. 🤩😍
What a lovely video, thank you for posting
Very Cool! I just bought my second great wheel! This second one works fantastically and I am so glad I bought it. The first one has an accelerator that is being rebuilt. The inside of the hub is made out of bone which is so cool. I am jazzed someone is sharing my love for great wheels! I totally laughed when you were in the car filming with that priceless look on your face of dragging something home that only a mother (spinner) could love! Best to you!
Aaahmazing! I love this so much!!!
so my dad and I have kind of a bit of a pipedream at the moment of building wheels from scratch. I've got some different types of wheels on my list that I want, and one of them is definitely the great wheel. this is a truly informative video for those future plans.
Go for it!
Thank you for another excellent video! I’m dreaming of someday getting a great wheel. Be proud of that restoration-that Lady sings again!
I'm curious about when that wheel came into use versus when corn came into Europe. What might people have used before corn husks? I know, I'm weird, but I always wonder about that kind of stuff. Like, where and when did the phrase Spic-&-Span come from, who thought of eating an oyster the first time, that kind of thing. It's fascinating!
Leather would certainly be an option. I imagine any fibers you can twine would work also. I wonder these things too! 😀
What an amazing project!
Well done at restoring that great wheel and bringing her to life again! Your videos are so informative, thank you. Keep spinning on her. I would love to see more videos starring her (and you of course) with both woollen and worsted. I did not know that you can spin worsted on a spindle wheel, although I have tried spinning flax on one - with limited success.
I definitely want to talk about it especially because there are documented contemporary historical references writing about woolen and worsted being spun with great wheels. Those videos take so much time to research though so it might take a bit before it's ready.
Unles that great wheel is from pre-contact new world, and unless it's actually not from 1399, the corn husks aren't original, no?
This specific wheel is likely from the 1800s, and it's American.
Corn husks! Who ‘da thought?!
I’m curious. Since corn as we understand it today is a North American species, I wonder what would have been used during the medieval period for the bearings
I was wondering the same thing!
I would guess any similar kind of braided, fibrous, material could be used. Maybe the dried stalks of wheat, barley or rye? Leather could also be used for bearings. Whatever material, it just needs to be strong enough that it won't fall apart under the friction of the spindle turning and hold some kind of lubrication to run smoothly.
@@JillianEve Thanks!
See the hole on the maiden? Looks to me like that’s where a heavy leather maiden bearing could be pegged on.
I'm curious as to what would have been used in medieval europe instead of corn husks, since if I understand correctly, corn is native to the americas, and wasn't available in europe until after the colonisation of the americas.
Maybe stalks of wheat, rye, or oats?
Awesome! Some washers might help with the wobble. And when did you get that counter balance loom? Will we get to see you put a project on it?
Yes! Projects on my counter balance loom coming soon, including (finally!) my viking dress...
Just... Thank you!
I sub to a number of wool related YT vids and I love love love this video. I am a diehard knitter and won’t learn to spin bc I love yarn too much haha but I do love learning about the history of spinning. You could say I appreciate you guys a lot!
Taking up spinning is dangerous for folks like us lol
@@lizabethhampton4537 yes indeed!
Where/how did you replace the spindle? What research did you need to do to determine how the whorl was attached to it? Thank you. Love watching your videos, especially when you share history with us.
Bobbin Boy made the spindle for me. Their info is in the video description. 💜🧶
This is so very cool. What resources do you use to determine how things might have been done?
Primary sources whenever I can find them, academic papers, artwork, books, etc. Lots of reading!
That was wonderful.
Great explanation
Thankyou to both of you.
You just answered some questions I’ve wondered about my whole life. You also answered some I was only just starting to ask. Now I’ve got more questions.
I want to hear more about spinning thread on a”great wheel”
What an amazing video!!!!
You have such great knowledge and appreciation Evie.
Have you watched the UK program called “The Repair Shop”?
This reminds me of that.
Not yet! I'll check it out. Currently Mark and I are enjoying Flea Market Flip on Hulu. We watch the background of the flea markets to spot old sewing machines and spinning wheels. It's fun!
@@JillianEve sounds “dangerous”!! 🤣🤣🤣
I thoroughly enjoyed watching this video...I enjoyed it so much, I watched it twice! You are preserving history even if you have to make a few modern tweeks. Bless You!
Question: Why does the spindle have to be so pointy? I don't see the point being used say like a knitting needle's point. Was it to poke the spindle through the bearings? We didn't see you put the spindle through the bearings so I think I may have answered my own question. 🤔😉
As it turns, the twisting fibers/yarn flick off the point. If it is blunt it makes a vibrating sensation that isn't pleasant at best and could snag and tear at the yarn at worst if the edge is rough. Pointy just works best.
Thanks for the quick reply. This makes total sense. Did you name your Great Wheel? She's a Beauty...hmmm, Beauty would be a great name for her. 😂
What a great video, I really enjoyed the whole process. My grandfather, who was from Yorkshire in the North of England had a phrase ‘many a mickle makes a muckle’ which he explained as lots of little things making a lot. Muckle was an old word for big. He used to say it as he gave me a penny for pocket money when I was a child back in the early 60s. I wonder what we would have used for bearings in medieval times as I am pretty sure corn husks were long in the future in England and Scotland.
Probably any grasses that could be twined. Maybe stalks of barley, rye, or oats?
@@JillianEve Or horsehair?
You are so skilled I marvel at your talents. Eve, I'd like to share a fun thing that happenned at PEI Fiber Festival, I met a spinner who doesn't knit, asked her what she did with her hand spun yarn, She said she was trying to sell it (only double the price she paid for the unspun fiber) but since she was from New Brunswick, a lot of people spin there and she didn't have much success at selling her handspun. So on our way back, I stopped at the place and bought 4 skeins I am so looking forward to knit, plus I offered to knit her something so she lended me a skein of Gotland which I transformed into mittens and a headband, then sent it back to her. What an honor to knit hand spun yarn. I was thinking about you a lot. I now can knit bread specific yarns !!! I have kept 10 gr, of her skein which I will incorporate on top of socks for Vicki, will send her as Christmas gift. So no need to become a spinner when I've met a non knitting spinner. I suppose may be one day we will share our knowledge.
I rewatched this video and you have an interesting nose from the spindle. I thought it sounded mystic. Could you possibly record the Great Wheel “singing?” What will you name it?
So far as the guilt over cutting the "original" bearings... I honestly feel there's no need to feel guilty about removing parts that would have originally been considered somewhat consumable. Bearings are meant to be replaced. They wear out. Replacing them with brightly colored plastic bearings, or something obviously not affiliated with your fine old wheel might be different, but replacing them with the same material, made the same way? No problem! It would be more of a shame to relegate this poor girl to a purely decorative use.
My first wheel was a Great Wheel. My husband bought it for me as a Christmas gift. It makes me so happy. Unfortunately, it is upstairs and some of the parts were taken off during the move into our new house. It is waiting for the upstairs to be finished so it can go on display. I don't know what parts it is supposed to have so l don't know what to try to replace. Any help in that area would be GREATLY appreciated.
Thanks for this video. I just bought a great wheel last week, and I'm looking forward to getting it working. I'll be rewatching this video several times!
Thanks for another great video! I have a great wheel I found when living in SC Pennsylvania. I’ve spun on it successfully and now need a new drive band. Thanks for mentioning and demonstrating this!
I agree, holding the yarn above your shoulder for winding on or anytime is not necessary. Take a backward step and bring your left hand in front of you, at or below shoulder level then back off and wind on the yarn. For most wools, while drafting, I give the yarn just enough twist to hold together then pinch it and give the wheel a complete turn to put in the desired twist.
In my opinion, if it's in good enough shape that it can be repaired to be used, it should be repaired.
These were tools and were meant to be used. I think if the person who made that wheel knew that it was being lovingly repaired to be put back in use in the year 2023, they'd be glad to know that someone was still using it.
My SIL has a large walking wheel from a thrift store. The store' owner had no idea what it was. She got it for a steal. it was in rough shape, missing pieces, broken parts but she successfully got it working again.
Thank you for sharing that, so wonderful to see that beauty up and running again. As ever i have learnt a host of new 'old' things from you with another bout of rabbit hole diving in my future fibre explorations.
I think a walking wheel would be just a bit bigger, i remember in one of the farm series documentaries with Ruth Goodman the walking wheel she used was really good and she really needed to actually walk yo use it, it was pretty funny and amazing
I would consider that preserving, in other cultures, its not what makes the object but the intent of it and I like to subscribe to the same idea. imagine what the original owners would do to the corn husks today. it would be right in the trash and much less delicately. getting it in working condition is preserving the original spirit anyways
I got to interact with a Great Wheel a few months ago at my spinning guild's wheel event. They really are captivating!
Thank You for showing the whole process, especially the refurbished braids. What a simple way to construct something like this, no words. Also is all that "oil" on the wheel and maiden area wool lanolin buildup from spinning wool in the raw. Not sure if I'm using the correct terms and would appreciate any enlightenment. ie, is lanolin equal to oil.
The wool probably would have been cleaned and scoured and then possibly re-lubricated with oil before spinning. The lubricant on the wheel could have been oil or animal grease as I've seen reference to both. Lanolin is less of an oil and more of a wax. Great question! 🧶💜😊🐑
4:22 worth it! This says it all. The happiest look, yeah. 🥰
I was GIDDY! 😅
So interesting! Thank you!
this is so interesting!!! I've been really enjoying your channel for getting a sense of the more intricate practical details of historical spinning, and this video couldnt have come at a better time as I've been very interested in historical great wheel spinning lately.
I wonder if it's possible to spin flax on the great wheel? You briefly demonstrated a two-handed drafting method, which makes me think... maybe so? but then again all references ive heard to great wheels only mention spinning wool on them
We should experiment!
Thanks for covering the great wheel. Several restoration tips on my TH-cam channel Valerie Gaddis. Great wheels are a fantastic fiber tool
Fascinating, thank you. I _love_ the corn husk bearings! (I always find the idea of using natural materials with relatively little processing to make useful items fascinating. Maybe that's why I watch spinning videos...)
You mentioned different types of yarn that could be spun on a great wheel as discussion points for a future video. I'd love to hear about that. (Did they spin flax on them in Europe?) Also, when would that wheel have been made? When did people stop using them regularly? Who would have used that wheel and what would the yarn they spun have been used for?
Your Great Wheel is marvelous!
I used to have a Box Chakra from India for spinning cotton into sewing thread. I wonder how historic one would be?
I gave it away to a collector who did me a huge favor once, as she was extremely interested in it, so it was my thank you gift to her for her help.
I went back to my drop spindle spinning and have stuck with that ever since (bottom whorl, in case you were wondering).
Some day I may get another Box Chakra, but I have to save my pennies for it.
Are there any plans available to build a Great Wheel replica? Or are most folks interested more in the Treadle Wheels now?
I love your videos, btw! Thank you for teaching us so much about this honorable craft! ❤❤😊
“Also remember to subscribe because this is a youtube channel” lol, that was the most adorable youtube-y thing ever. Also, this video was super fascinating! I’ve always been leery of great wheels. They look very intimidating. But your video made me brave about them a bit! 💗🙏🏽
I love that beautiful old wheel! I’m so glad she’s up and running again, what a lovely tribute to all the women of the past who spent much of their lives spinning on her.
💜💜💜
Amazing.
Is that wheel ok for a beginner?
A beginner with determination and motivation will be able to spin on just about any equipment as long as it is functional. Go for it!
I watched someone recently who used the hub to align the yarn to wind on. It was an interesting method. Obviously, when it was the only style of wheel, it was used for whatever type of spinning was needed. Spinners did what was needed, and adapted. ("I can do that.")
I think it was good you replaced the bearings it does no one good to leave them on there and not use the wheel. Although I would be interested in if you could test to see how old the old bearings were since this is an old wheel. How efficient is it to spin on that wheel?
I wonder how they could be tested 🤔 this wheel, paired with rolags is incredibly efficient!
@@JillianEve I'm not certain but maybe carbon dating would work.
This was so very informative as always !!! I passed up purchasing a great wheel this summer , not knowing where to begin
And after seeing this I know I made the right choice. In comparison I would have had to do a huge amount of part replacement and the wheel looking back now was way to warped. Thank you for this education it is much appreciated