Use the Altered Scale to Add 'Outside' Sounds to the Blues

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 25 ธ.ค. 2024

ความคิดเห็น • 273

  • @winstonsmith8240
    @winstonsmith8240 2 ปีที่แล้ว +114

    D'you know how nice it is to hear someone who's not shredding, but playing music? Subscribed.

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Thank you!

    • @petereiseman-investor
      @petereiseman-investor ปีที่แล้ว +7

      I couldn’t agree more. To me all the shredding is just useless musical gymnastics with no soul. Jack makes music with soul and he can teach like nobody’s business.

    • @ErnieLeblanc
      @ErnieLeblanc ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Precisely!🇺🇲🎯💯💥💯🎯🇺🇲

    • @Dwoed
      @Dwoed ปีที่แล้ว

      Its all about the story on a instrument.

    • @ErnieLeblanc
      @ErnieLeblanc ปีที่แล้ว

      Yee'Up!

  • @frugalera
    @frugalera หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Jack Ruch. The tastiest guitar player on TH-cam. Period.

  • @Battered_cheese
    @Battered_cheese 2 ปีที่แล้ว +15

    This man must be protected at all costs

  • @marshallohio5512
    @marshallohio5512 2 ปีที่แล้ว +12

    Christ, what an extremely nice and relaxed individual ! How smooth can a guitar lesson be ? He must be a gourmet chef on the side ! Stay Positive!

  • @Peter-sk5vg
    @Peter-sk5vg หลายเดือนก่อน

    Im back 5 months later. You are by far and away the best teacher I have seen online. Clarity. Clarity. Clarity. And I love your phrasing

  • @TheSpiralnotebook
    @TheSpiralnotebook ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Love your relaxed, calm voice.

  • @danielhunt2510
    @danielhunt2510 18 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Jack you have a such a calm style in delivering a subject which I’ve avoided in the past. You are so right in seeing the scale interval relationship to the chords. It’s all about the chords! I like the way you made the examples with a few notes at time, not a blistering run allowing me to dip my toes in to get the sound in my head.

  • @James-jd7ik
    @James-jd7ik หลายเดือนก่อน

    All music appreciation is individual. My favourite genre is Rock/Blues with A few tasteful Jazz substitutions thrown in. This lesson is brilliant because Mr.Ruch narrates while he plays with ‘mastery’. Thank you.

  • @Jallatt
    @Jallatt 2 ปีที่แล้ว +11

    I've been playing for a long time (much longer than TH-cam's been around). These lessons are fantastic. What a great player.

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Glad you like them!

  • @nmnsaimemark1842
    @nmnsaimemark1842 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you for trying to teach the unteachable....taste! You're awesome

  • @wicksp335
    @wicksp335 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    You hit on exactly the problem: how to start very simply introducing the scale and in the right places. Like it, thank you.

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Glad it was helpful!

  • @steeltheshow8484
    @steeltheshow8484 หลายเดือนก่อน

    this lesson is bIrilliant in its simplicity and accessibility. The altered scale can be quite complex and daunting, but you make it so easy to apply. Not easy to do. I love your feel for the blues Very tasty choice of notes and phrasing. It's very musical; which is what solos are supposed to be. That's the essence of soloing--to make music; and you're a perfect example of that. Well done.

  • @ew6629
    @ew6629 2 ปีที่แล้ว +57

    Your lessons are some of the best out there in helping us get out of the pentatonic rut with amazingly tasty phrasing ideas. Thank you so much.

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Glad you like them!

  • @bryana297
    @bryana297 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    That tone is A1 👍. The "in context" is highly useful. Some people talk so long you forget what it's even supposed to sound like. Subscribed.

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks Bryan!

  • @oneworld9071
    @oneworld9071 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Aw MAN at 3 minutes in...... I totally understand intervals, but never connected the value of knowing by rote those intervals in transposition...... huge thanks. I've as so typically found transposition to be something best avoided unless absolutely necessary. This just opened up the doors and windows :)

  • @RobertBakerGuitar
    @RobertBakerGuitar 2 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    Man such great lessons!

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thank you Robert! Love your channel

    • @andrewksadventures
      @andrewksadventures 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Hey Robert and Jack! Rob is here hey, who would've thunkded it!?! Great scale to use. Cheers.

  • @lllULTIMATEMASTERlll
    @lllULTIMATEMASTERlll 2 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    Dude. I've been learning guitar on TH-cam for over a decade. Your videos are some of the best. Exactly what I needed.

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Awesome! Thank you!

  • @chillidogkev
    @chillidogkev 2 ปีที่แล้ว +19

    I mean, I just love this channel and as a teacher Jack is right at the top of the pile. Any fool can put up some lessons on TH-cam but to teach, motivate, inspire and explain concepts in a way that really works is a whole different story. Apart from anything else, isn't that just one of the most beautiful, killer guitar tones you've ever heard?!?

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Thank you!!!

  • @joserra79
    @joserra79 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Hey Jack! Could you make a video explaining your guitar tone setup one day? How you set your overdrive tone, etc Thanks!

  • @curiousguitarist
    @curiousguitarist ปีที่แล้ว

    The best bite sized delivery for getting this sound in your head and under your fingers. Thank you, THANK you Jack.

  • @daninick
    @daninick 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    another cool and sometimes easier way to get this idea is to think of the altered scale as being the same as playing the minor melodic scale from the b2nd (minor melodic C in the case of going from B to E)

  • @kendipietro6855
    @kendipietro6855 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I have come to realize that you are a treasure with the knowledge you share with us. Thank you.

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      You are very welcome

  • @mediocrecoverbandguitarguy2416
    @mediocrecoverbandguitarguy2416 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I mostly come here to watch you play. The lessons are great too.

  • @billville111
    @billville111 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    What a great feel 💯💥 Somebody someday will do a successful 10 part series on FEEL. I pick Jack. The world would be a better place because TH-cam players desperately need to learn the vibe.

  • @Geetarhed
    @Geetarhed 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    One of the best teachers out there, practical, musical, well explained. Given the speed picking youtube vids a miss. These musical ideas and demos priceless.

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you Rob!

  • @stevebuffington6534
    @stevebuffington6534 2 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    I have been looking for someone like you all of my life. Finally-something I can understand and get me out of the riffs I am so ingrained in. THANK YOU, Mr. Ruch!!

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks Steve!

  • @kennywally
    @kennywally ปีที่แล้ว

    Solo guitar doesn't get much better than this. So inspiring.

  • @JazzgutsVGvanKampen
    @JazzgutsVGvanKampen 2 ปีที่แล้ว +10

    Very good lesson Jack, it all boils down to a good melodic outside phrase which resolves logicly to a good chord note, you explain it beautiful and with logic, thanks Vic

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you Vic!

  • @johnmac8084
    @johnmac8084 2 ปีที่แล้ว +12

    You're really helping me jazz up my blues Jack, thanks 😀

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Awesome! Thanks John

  • @tombrunelle2974
    @tombrunelle2974 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Tasty tasty Jack! Another winner. Thank you for taking the time and breaking it down. Some serious wood shedding to do!

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks Tom!

  • @czgibson3086
    @czgibson3086 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    One of the best lessons I've ever seen on using the altered scale. Thank you!

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Awesome, thank you!

  • @fran6b2
    @fran6b2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I am a music teacher my self and you humble me Jack Ruch. You are a great pedagogue! Keep up the good work!

  • @theguitaraficionado8349
    @theguitaraficionado8349 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    What a great lesson. I've struggled with how to use the altered scale for so long...especially when it comes to timing, note choice, and being able to hear and identify the "altered" sound. This lesson broke things down into just the right amount of information to get anyone headed in the right direction. Would love to see this concept expanded into a TrueFire series. The first series was extremely helpful. Thanks for taking the time to create these little gems.

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      You're very welcome!

  • @bassplayer9432
    @bassplayer9432 11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Great sound and feel! I really appreciate the use of space in your solos 👍

  • @thomasthornton5378
    @thomasthornton5378 ปีที่แล้ว

    Dude, you got my brain and hands jacked up. I've watched like 5 lessons tonight and I'm just over here like, I know the chord tones to anything but now I need all the "wrong" notes syncopating and building tension to everything I plan to resolve

  • @musicjunkie2k
    @musicjunkie2k 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Outstandingly informative. You are the king!

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      I appreciate that!

  • @paulstaffordcook8799
    @paulstaffordcook8799 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    You are a class act Sir. Thank you for sprinkling your talents on TH-cam, we all appreciate it. Tremendous playing. Greetings from Edinburgh, Scotland 😊

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you kindly!

  • @cooghoublaga7555
    @cooghoublaga7555 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Nice bite size digestible lesson on a complex subject, many thanks!

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      You're very welcome!

  • @joeg46Highlands
    @joeg46Highlands 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    A very useful video. Thanks!
    As a horn player I often use altered scales when soloing over dominants. The easiest way to figure out the scale is to remember that every note in the major scale bar the tonic is flattened by a semitone.
    So your BAlt scale is a Bb Major with a sharp tonic; your F#Alt scale is an F Major with a sharp tonic.

    • @GS-uy4xo
      @GS-uy4xo ปีที่แล้ว

      Never explored it from this perspective - time to get out the pencil and paper ! Thanks for sharing.

  • @VPicksGuitarPicks
    @VPicksGuitarPicks 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    You are so THE MAN! Love your videos and I learn a lot of cool stuff from them. I have played guitar professionally for over 50 years now, but you have stuff under your sleeve that really blows wind up my skirt! Thanks Jack.

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      That is awesome! Thanks

  • @elijahsomlock_music
    @elijahsomlock_music 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    It’s hard to even get through the lesson when I’m stuck listening to the intros🤣 ROCK ON! 🎸

  • @zipperdingo6385
    @zipperdingo6385 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you Jack, lovely and simple way to learn from you

  • @Sammywhat
    @Sammywhat 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    THAT TONE!! Thank you for this, Mr. Ruch!! God Bless You!! 🙏

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks for listening

  • @bobartur1386
    @bobartur1386 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    This lesson really improve my playing! Thanks a lot!

  • @marshalmcdonald7476
    @marshalmcdonald7476 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Great video--demonstration, then straight to business. Thanks.

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank You!

  • @bluzzjazz
    @bluzzjazz 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Yep, yep, I like it very much. Such great, smooth tone!

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks for listening

  • @michaelmack6069
    @michaelmack6069 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank you it’s well explained I like that you explain to he intervals It helps me to transpose

  • @joshuakoyukuk6381
    @joshuakoyukuk6381 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    You have a great way of explaining things to make it easy to understand.

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Glad you think so!

  • @clarkesinspace
    @clarkesinspace 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Love this video and how you teach!Super important to perceive the altered scale in terms of the dominant chord that you’re on. My two “quick cheats” for the altered scale are thinking whole tone scale between the third up to the root Or the more commonly taught one(also more complete) melodic minor starting a half step above the root. That being said I totally believe understanding it relative to the chord you’re on is what gives meaning to it. Thanks for a great and clear lesson

  • @timsmith190
    @timsmith190 ปีที่แล้ว

    I rotate through a selection of your lessons again and again hoping to get some of the info burned in. Each time I revisit one I pick it up a little quicker. Thanks for constructing such great lessons and sharing your knowledge. It's not lost on me.

  • @robertblake3909
    @robertblake3909 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    You ARE an educator! Loved this post. It spurred me to buy your shades of blues course. Just what I needed to put it all together. I got it now!!! Thank you!

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      You are so welcome!

  • @brainstain2904
    @brainstain2904 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    What a fine blues player he gives me shivers up and down my spine! Thanks for the Memories Jack! I'm going to buy your courses!

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Awesome! Thank you!

    • @brainstain2904
      @brainstain2904 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@JackRuch Not very often that the dude you think is so great answers your post Thank Jack your the real deal keep up the great licks!

  • @danilosalis6391
    @danilosalis6391 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    What a great lesson! Simply explained yet very thorough. Just what I needed. Thanks a lot Jack! 🙏🏽

  • @WickBeavers
    @WickBeavers 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    dat intro be mighty sweet playing, man. I'm gonna learn this one, thanks!

  • @MC-1976Mei
    @MC-1976Mei 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Mr. Ruch you are a phenomenal guitar player! Thank you for sharing your blessed guitar playing and music with us. Just wanted to say that I've learned so much watching your videos. I've been stuck for so many years and you've been a huge inspiration in advancing my playing. Would you ever make an instructional video for players that need some sort of path to follow, practice routine, structure, music theory, what were the most important things you did to make yourself such a great guitarist?

  • @mariozedda3036
    @mariozedda3036 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you, Jack, all the way from Italy, for another excellent, inspiring and awesome lesson on the blues. Pentatonic, diminished and altered scales become clear concepts under your guidance.

  • @bingobrownable
    @bingobrownable ปีที่แล้ว

    As soon as I heard the first few notes and the sweet tone and lovely playing, Subscribed. Lovely playing and nicely explained.

  • @JimmyDel
    @JimmyDel 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Always find gold in your lessons! I'm finally getting my head around some of the more jazz concepts and this and ii-V-I turnarounds from your lessons has been an absolute game changer. Thanks Jack!!

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks Jimmy!

  • @MrPXavier
    @MrPXavier ปีที่แล้ว

    Absolutely the best practical lesson on the altered scale
    With useful and very tasty licks
    Many thanks JR

  • @jab3879
    @jab3879 ปีที่แล้ว

    wow. been playing 20 years, this is just amazing. tone, feel, everything. nice job

  • @baranyiproduction
    @baranyiproduction 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    What a goood lesson, pefectly explaind, relaxed and first of all a huge content! Thank you. PS. Your english dialect is the best understandable on the planet.

  • @alanbalkany1438
    @alanbalkany1438 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    VERY helpful! Great practical examples that gave me an understanding of how the altered scale is used. I also learned a lot from the non-altered parts. Thanks!

  • @Django61
    @Django61 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks for this lesson Jack.
    Very cool, and accessible.
    I’ll be using this soon.
    Thx again
    🪕✌️

  • @chillfactorberlin7547
    @chillfactorberlin7547 ปีที่แล้ว

    I knew about those concepts and use them but it’s always great to hear your melodic approaches 👍

  • @SMart7751
    @SMart7751 ปีที่แล้ว

    Jack, great lesson. The only suggestion I can offer, is to include the formal definition of an “Altered” scale. Really enjoyed the video! 😊

  • @calravens8707
    @calravens8707 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Thanks for the great lesson again. Beautiful how much mileage you get from one idea. Very clear explanation and tasteful playing!

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Glad you enjoyed it!

  • @kevinhines3487
    @kevinhines3487 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Another clear explanation with useful application. Right on!

  • @Peter-sk5vg
    @Peter-sk5vg 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Jack, superb. Youve got a great tone and touch. Thanks for your clarity and generosity

  • @brownsfan7753
    @brownsfan7753 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you for making things totally understandable!! Love your playing!!

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      My pleasure!

  • @kevinallman6700
    @kevinallman6700 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Beautiful as always Jack..working through your videos has TOTALLY transformed the way I approach my playing,studies and listening..as I am such a theory virgin I have to concentrate so hard but when I do make progress I am really proud of myself..😊😊 once again thankyou from the bottom of my ♥️ love,peace & happiness

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thank you Kevin! I'm glad to hear that

  • @dwise3651
    @dwise3651 ปีที่แล้ว

    Smooth-unique-helpful.
    Thanks Jack-enjoy your work with the Heritage also👍

  • @peterconnors6977
    @peterconnors6977 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thanks Jack, another great lesson.

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Glad you liked it!

  • @HMJohnsonGuitar
    @HMJohnsonGuitar 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    You are one soulful player.

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you!

  • @danqodusk8140
    @danqodusk8140 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great lines, Jack. I definitely need to do some work with the altered scale to get a feel/ear for it's tones.

  • @michaelpowell7120
    @michaelpowell7120 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Good Lesson

  • @po3333
    @po3333 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent lesson.. thank you so much for the lesson.. Love it.😊

  • @ThomasHope73
    @ThomasHope73 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Another really well presented lesson Jack! Nice one!👍

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Glad you liked it!

  • @Geotubest
    @Geotubest ปีที่แล้ว

    You're a brilliant guitar player. Great feel.

  • @wesboundmusic
    @wesboundmusic 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Oh God, I really love your tone and feel! Reminds me of the love for the instrument, which I need to rediscover and your videos help a great deal! 🙏

  • @davidt9841
    @davidt9841 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Hi Jack, Love your stuff, man! I’m sure it’s been over a year since I first caught one of your videos, and I subscribed that day, and told you I’d be back! I’m pretty sure I have tapped into ALL of your videos since then. You’re smooth, tasty, informative, and a joy to listen to. I see that you’ve ditched the hoodie and jacket, today! Glad you turned the heat up! ⬆️. Carry On, Brother! 👍🎸✌️😎

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Awesome! Thank you David

  • @influenceocean1679
    @influenceocean1679 ปีที่แล้ว

    New favorite channel. Man, you are so tasteful. Love your groove man

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you!

  • @davidolson1243
    @davidolson1243 ปีที่แล้ว

    It's not how fast you play, but what you say. Subscribed.

  • @rokam5568
    @rokam5568 ปีที่แล้ว

    Every lesson of yours is pure gold! Love your tasty phrasing! Greetings from Italy 👍👍

  • @steveandsheilalauder8261
    @steveandsheilalauder8261 ปีที่แล้ว

    This is very good. Thanks Jack. I'll try to internalize this.

  • @ShawnTubbs
    @ShawnTubbs 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Love your playing Jack!

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Hey thanks Shawn! Love your channel

  • @viv2199
    @viv2199 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Hello Jack! I am one of your new Patreon subscribers and I’m loving your soulful music and crystal clear instruction. Thank you so much! ❤️

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Awesome, thank you!

  • @jimiwmusic
    @jimiwmusic ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you for this brilliant lesson. You play beautifully and are a great teacher!

  • @davidchavanel1715
    @davidchavanel1715 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great pedagogic skills! Thanks!

  • @chantduplantier9871
    @chantduplantier9871 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great content! Thanks very much! This answered some questions for me!

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Great to hear!

  • @elephantfootrisers
    @elephantfootrisers 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great lesson, tasty licks.

  • @iantaylor827
    @iantaylor827 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Love this Jack. Thanks a lot.

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      My pleasure!

  • @Jonobueno
    @Jonobueno 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Nice!! some really tasty ideas and a good explanation. Thanks !!

  • @SoulfulGuitarLessons
    @SoulfulGuitarLessons 8 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Amazing playing on that intro

  • @alward5678
    @alward5678 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Best tone around, Jack.

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks Al!

  • @frankbrancatisano217
    @frankbrancatisano217 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thankyou very much , great lesson

  • @quentinfaivre3948
    @quentinfaivre3948 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Gros feeling 👌🙏

  • @giorgiomisseri9655
    @giorgiomisseri9655 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi Jack , IM Giorgio from Italy. Your lessons are amazing. Thanks guy

    • @JackRuch
      @JackRuch  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Glad you like them!

  • @Daberney
    @Daberney ปีที่แล้ว

    There was an ad for Hershey Chocolate in the middle of this video, but I didn't mind---the lesson was worth it. Hope they at least send you some free Reese's Cups! 🍫

  • @nikkomorgan
    @nikkomorgan ปีที่แล้ว

    Sick playing man!!!

  • @fred-xz7zt
    @fred-xz7zt 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    another great lesson