The different types of mutations | Biomolecules | MCAT | Khan Academy
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 18 ก.ย. 2024
- Created by Ross Firestone.
Watch the next lesson: www.khanacadem...
Missed the previous lesson? www.khanacadem...
MCAT on Khan Academy: Go ahead and practice some passage-based questions!
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content.
For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything
Subscribe to Khan Academy’s MCAT channel: / @khanacademymcatprep
Subscribe to Khan Academy: www.youtube.co...
This is the most literal "Draw my Life" video
Hi, could you tell me how to read c.1456G>A or p.Asp486Asn in English?
JAJAJAJAJAJAJAJA
Lucious no it doesn’t
LMAO
Kahn Academy has been valuable to me in many areas of my education, but these videos in particular are terrific, because the PACE is right for me. I actually learn better if the video moves along more quickly.
Step 1 - Click the settings button at the bottom right of the video.
Step 2 - Click on the "Speed" Toggle
Step 3 - Choose 1.25 or 1.5
Step 4 - ??????
Step 5 - Profit.
We don't learn in the same way u can just increase the speed
Another example of Frameshift mutation:
Imagine the sentence: THE CAT ATE THE RAT. (Note who all words are 3-lettered, to represent codons, since they are additionally read in 3). If we took out an E from THE however, everything would move to the left, and read as THC ATA ETH ERA T... Notice how all the three lettered codons are moved, and so they will all be read to different proteins, just as you could not read them to know what the cat would be doing with a rat.
This example is deletion, as one nucleotide is deleted. A nucleotide may additionally be inserted, as provided in the video.
Thank you 😊
who has a test the next day and thats why there watching this?meeee
His accent and voice is so relaxing so peaceful. Thanks for the best explanation and a peaceful video. Medicine lectures should be calming and peaceful like that, Medical students are always stressed and depressed. It's so good having lectures like that. Thanks a million
sir can you do my exam today pls
I don't think silent mutations are a subset of missense mutations as you've mentioned.
Silent mutations are a part of synonymous mutations; nonsynonymous encompasses missense mutations (which can be conservative/non-conservative), nonsense mutations, and stop-loss mutations (where the stop codon is changed for a coding codon).
thanks Allah i want this video becos tomorrow we will have exam hood luck!
Youssouf Oumouri swoooop
Same
howd you do?
@Positive 😢
Amazing video... Very clear and super informative
3:30 Silent, misense and nonsense are all actually types of Point Mutation. Silent mutation cannot be classified as a missense because it results in no amino acid change while missense leads to amino acid change
Very true 👌
wow.nailed everything in 5 mins!!
Hi Nasif
Sorry to ask you this question but thought I should, despite of this knowledge, do you still believe in Adam and Eve theory?
Nice video but needs a correction: Central dogma should not be interpreted as mere flow of information but in fact, it is the inability of 'information' to be transferred back from protein to either RNA or DNA (with some exceptions). See Crick, F.H.C. (1958). "On Protein Synthesis". In F.K. Sanders. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, Number XII: The Biological Replication of Macromolecules. Cambridge University Press. pp. 138-163
"The Central Dogma. This states that once 'information' has passed into protein it cannot get out again. In more detail, the transfer of information from nucleic acid to nucleic acid, or from nucleic acid to protein may be possible, but transfer from protein to protein, or from protein to nucleic acid is impossible. Information means here the precise determination of sequence, either of bases in the nucleic acid or of amino acid residues in the protein."
- Francis Crick
Samir Amin ok boomer
clear cut explanation ...helped a lot
Thanks to you I understood everything perfectly!
This is very helpful!
this is quality, thank you!
better than my bio teacher could ever explain lmao
I have molecular genetics exam tomorrow thank you so much u r a life saver 😍❤
Hello sir ...in frame shift insertion/deletion mutation reading frame remains unaltered... ..you explained point mutation in both cases ...reference page no .113 and 114 ncert 12th biology ..🙏👍
Mutations show their effect at DNA and RNA level too by altering the gene expression through modulating the epigenome, mRNA stability. for example, if mutation is in non-coding region, effect won't appear in protein but effects will appear in mRNA level as gene expression will be altered.
Best video for a quick revision
Dude thank you so much for this. I've been trying to understand this 20 min lecture that my professor has put up for us to watch for the last 2 hours and you just made me understand all of it in less than 6 minutes.
these videos are so helpful thank you!!
That was quick but Very Efficient. Thank you for saving me time. I have lots to learn but exams are in 2 weeks😭
This was excellent
1:23 whey there is U base in RNA ? I know transcripting from DNA to RNA A base bonds with T base
Sumon Roy In RNA a binds with u(racil) in dna it binds with thymine
Suon Roy, the 4 bases of RNA are Adenine Uracil, Guanine and Cytosine. Therefore when transcription happens, dna's "double helix form unravels and one strand from the DNA transcripts with RNA.
too fast please slow down to make it clearer
me watching this in 2x literally 💀😄
Great video. Fun to watch you draw.
great visual video, attracted me because of your drawing for explanations and great voice for explaining!
Oh thank god, I needed this. XD
Excellent Representation....
I actually understand this 😀
Great work but with the silent mutation the CCA, CCG, CCT, CCC which doesn't affect a protein... The protein Proline not cysteine
Thanks a lot!
Excellent video
Nicely explained. Thank you so much
Brilliant explanation, thanks.
best descriptive understanding I have ever seen, thanks
Thank you! This was so helpful
Which type of point mutation in the DNA base sequence of a gene affects the structure of the resulting protein the most?
Excellent, much thanks
This is so helpful.
best explanation ever !!!!!!
Love this vid
Very thankful I've watch this
Pls difference between point mutation and missense mutation
To the point explanation
I understand very gud
Thank you very much for this explanation
You gotta use the chapters feature of TH-cam
so what is the difference between missense mutation and point mutation?f
A point mutation is a classification of mutations in which a single codon is substituted. Classically point mutations have three types. Silent mutation is where the third codon (wobble position) is changed but the resulting amino acid does NOT change. This brings up the concept of redundancy. The other types of point mutations are missense (one amino acid changed) and nonsense (premature stop codon) which were termed in the video. Frameshift can be described as a point mutation (insertion or deletion of one codon), but typically textbooks will make a clear distinction between point and frameshift mutations. Two years later, hope that helped lol
@@Pwise003i thought missense and nonsense are another types of mutation after point mutation. Is it wrong? Or like u said these are under point mutation?
@@thanthtooaung2979 No worries, this can be confusing. Point mutation is an umbrella term. The definition of a point mutation is when a single base pair is added, deleted or changed. For the MCAT the changing of a codon is what is emphasized which encompasses silent (no change in amino acid) missense (change in one amino acid to a different amino acid) or nonsense (substitution resulting in a early stop codon).
Friendly update: I'm currently finishing up my third year of medical school. Khan Academy was super helpful on the road for the MCAT. Keep driving on, trust the process and you'll reach your goal.
@@Pwise003 thanks for clarification and why there is a stop codon coming in in nonsense mutation and why is it like that? Does it mean premature termination ?
But most internet pages says according to the point mutation definition one nucleotide base is either inserted or deleted that leads to point mutation but if that's the definition of point mutation it causes framshift isn't it?so what I think is, in point mutation the nucleotide base is replaced with other base,with no insertions or deletions that's what you also said. tell me if it is true...
I love this GOD bless you.
Very Good Video!!!!
very good explanation
Thank you very much sir
EXCELLENT EXPLANATION!
Thanks for those information
very good explanation
thanks
Which is the deletion,substitution,insertion, and translocation?
Thank you so much..clearly explained 😊
Helpful...
Great video. rất dễ hiểu
Thank you Khan academy!
hello! please explain to me the causes and factors of spontaneous mutation. I understand that cells no longer copy properly due to natural factors. but I would like to know what those natural factors are. How do they appear and where? because everything in life happens due to some factors. thank you very much.
Ammmaaaazing 👏👏👏👏👏👏
Lol my exam is in 13 hours. GRIND TIME haha
Your pretty good
Is there any enzymes that can fix different mutations or is it permanent? Similar to how there are methods for nucleotide and base repairs?
gooood work for that thanks you
Sir...glycine are encoded by the GG groups not the CC groups
I love this video
Mr. Khan, I wanna work on bird mutation especially parrots, could you help out to explain me, how it’s work ?
my teacher could've shown me this once, and i would've understood more in 5:52 minutes, than i would have ever learned in 80 minutes.
th-cam.com/video/GsHU9m7lYLI/w-d-xo.html subscribe this channel, learn biology.
Happy learning.
This is all well and good until you hit a real question about mutation types. The question I’m stuck on right now is basically a kid has symptoms of cystic fibrosis, a genetic test reveals a mutation in an exon of a gene coding for a transmembrane chloride channel. The abnormal mRNA is isolated and run along RT PCR along with normal mRNA for the same gene from his sibling brother. The patients cDNA from RT PCR is 101bp and his normal brother is 129bp. What type of mutation is it?
god bless -- this dummy needed this explanation 😔✊🏽✊🏽✊🏽
thank you so much
CCA,CCU,CCC,CCG code for proline 4:05
Nice but very fast. Please go mild while explaining. Overall good 👍🏻🙂
Just as others have pointed out, point mutations were oversimplified.
But more concerning is the lac of other very common mutations:
1. Translocations
2. Mutations that do not change protein structure, but rather its copy number (non coding mutations)
3. Deletions can be frame shift and non frameshift
4. Insertions : also frame shift and non frame shift
5. Trinucleotide repeat expansions (fragile x syndrome)
6. Epigenetic silencing or up regulations -- not mutations in the traditional sense, but more commonly recognized as mutations in the "histone code"
-- and maybe more im not thinking of on top.
How could deletions and insertions be non frame shift? Sorry, I just learned about genetic mutations.
+S Parker , one possibility is a deletion in a non-coding portion such as an intron or promoter region.
These areas control various aspects about how a genetic sequence is treated by the nuclear machinery, but they do not actually get transcribed... Or if they get transcribed, they are not translated...therefore no codons, therefore, no frameshift.
--frameshift refers to how codons are read during translation.
+S Parker also, if you delete 3-nucleotides, then there is no frameshift...simply a missing codon.
Yes i see now how its possible XD I asked my bio teacher after posting this, and she said that insertion and deletion will always result in a frame shift. But I can assume that that's just what she wanted us to understand for now.
Mike Birkhead but the human won't be able to go to Spain.
nice..
Sickle cell disease (SCD) or Sickle cell anemia (SCA)
The mutation also changes the shape of the hemoglobin to stards.
They become sticky and can block the flow of oxygen to the cells.
awesome dude
HE DON'T MISS!!!
Could a point mutation cause a frameshift? Like by forming a stop codon too early for example?
A point mutation is a big category. It means that one nucleotide changes. A single deletion is also a point mutation. So yes, a point mutation can cause frameshift.
Can some one answer me please what if a mutation changed a stop codon into amino acid
What kind of mutation is this? Mis sense?
How much time this mutation takes to happen and mutation happens in same bacteria or another bacteria of that breed.
I dont understand the difference between the first point mutation and missense mutation. In both one nucleotide changed and gave you a different amino acid which was not a stop codon. So what is the difference between them ?
great
Microbio exam tomorrow. Wish me luck
What about silent mutation?
thanks
In the frame shift example won't the last G be translated if it's not in a codon?!I mean in order to translate all on RNA should it be having 3n nucleotides so that all of them form codons?!
shishi Rad You asked this a long time ago but I don’t know if you ever got your answer. Remember DNA molecules are ~
thanks a loooooot
He sounds like BJ Novak
transcribed means translated? or decrypted?
Somebody, pls explain te how to get the mutation dna.. like How?!
The way he presented this was beautiful, but it is misleading. He should have been more organized about it because it makes one think that all of these are point mutations. Frame shift is not a type of point mutation.
This isn't MCAT prep. Its just regular biology prep.
Do these mutations affect just one of the trillion cells in a human body, and if so, how does this mutation pass on to offspring?