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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 16 ส.ค. 2024
- References:
Radioactive Isotopes & Geochronology textbook: Reiners et al., 2017: amzn.to/3GvJZNP
Stable isotopes textbook: Sharp, 2006: amzn.to/2YEPWot
Ice core & bubble isotope papers:
Jouzel and Masson-Delmotte, 2010: doi.org/10.100...
Wolff et al., 2010: doi.org/10.101...
C isotope papers:
Mojzsis et al., 1996: doi.org/10.103...
A van Zuilen et al., 2003: doi.org/10.101...
Harrington, 2018: yaleclimatecon...
S isotope papers:
Ono et al., 2003: doi.org/10.101...
Kasting, 2001: doi.org/10.112...
Tl isotope fractionation figure: Owens et al., 2017: dx.doi.org/10.1...
GEO GIRL Website: www.geogirlsci... (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, and donate to support the channel if you'd like!)
0:00 Video Outline
0:47 What are Isotopes?
1:40 Radioactive vs Stable Isotopes
2:04 What is Radioactive Decay?
3:05 How Radiometric Dating Works
6:06 How Stable Isotope Ratios Work
8:05 Why Stable Isotopes are Useful
9:48 Stable Isotope Fractionation Examples
11:50 How C Isotopes Record Climate
13:54 How O Isotopes Record Climate
16:38 Where we get these Isotope Ratios
18:20 Isotope Evidence for First Life on Earth
19:07 Isotope Evidence for Human C Emission
20:46 Mass-Independent Isotope Fractionation
23:41 Non-Traditional Isotope Applications
27:23 Related Videos & References
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Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below!
Thank you so much for sharing your knowledge and love for geology!
Great video, and a very long one, too! Thank you! I noticed that you went over the basics of isotope chemistry first, even though you've covered that before. You could have easily skipped the first 5 or 6 minutes, but no - You wanted everyone to follow what you were saying. That's so thoughtful! You're going to make an awesome and supportive professor one day! Happy New Year!
Well I knew many would be lost if I didn't so I wanted to be sure everyone could follow the rest :) It is one of my absolute favorite topics, so I figured it deserves a longer duration ;)
Thanks so much for your continued support throughout 2022 Ted! I hope you had an amazing Christmas and New Years and I hope your 2023 is amazing! :)
You are a better teacher than my community college professors. As well as your presentation, it is very easy to understand.
Well done! And thank you!
Happy New year Rachel, thankyou for all of the content last year and I look forward to seeing more this year.
Edit: You will have 100k subs by this time next year if there is any correlation at all between quality content and subscriber numbers.
That is so sweet of you, thank you so much! And Happy New Year to you as well ;) I hope to continue to provide the same or higher quality if I can for 2023!! :)
Happy New Year Radioactive Geo Girl and friends. Gonna check this out later but I wanted to post my wishes for 2023 already.
Thank you so much! Happy New Year to you as well! ;D
Great video and topic.
It's a great explainer on "WHY we know what we know"
Thank you! Yes isotopes are the major way that we can reconstruct Earth's past so they really do explain why we know what we know ;D
Very clear explanations. I wasn't aware that so many geo parameters could be derived from measuring isotope ratio's.
Yes! They are incredible ;D
Happy New Year Rachel!! Excellent video, you are a delightful daughter product ❤❤❤
There is so much about carbon sequestration that I don't understand. Isotopes is a good start to understanding so thank you, I'm keen to put the pieces together with gmo, climate change, regenerative farming and clay. Not asking much haha love your work and wear my Ask me about geology hat everyday 💕😂
So glad you love the hat! I hope my videos continue to inform you throughout 2023 and beyond! And I hope you continue to comment & give me more brilliant video ideas ;)
@GEO GIRL you are amazing, of course I'll be here, wild horses couldn't drag me away! I need to go back and watch the carbon sequestration one again! Happy new year! Happy free 23 🍾💕🥰
that turned out to be much more interesting than I thought it would be
...made me think about how I found your channel, and why I subscribed - I was looking for info on soil(everything from basic composition and where that comes from, microbio life and organic matter, carbon/nutrient cycles, pH, etc... to early plant life and their evolution to modern) however it seemed like most everything I found was one or the other of two types of YT video: 1) very simplified 'cartoons' for young kids. or 2) completely technical boring science dry stuff that was way over my head(it's like if I already knew all the terms and maths they tossed around I likely wouldn't need to be watching a video about it)
however you take the time to let people know the key fundamentals of the information we will need basic understanding of before jumping into the focus of the subject .... and I don't feel like I'm bombarded with a bunch of factors that I'm not sure of which data I'll need or not to reach your point .... yes, it can get a little heavy on science that I don't have a complete versed understanding of(as this isn't my field, so thus why I want/need to watch your videos about it!) but really not too much at all, as I feel you were at least kind enough to offer the tools I would need to comprehend and learn
I've only been following a few weeks so far(and picking thru your older videos) and I think you will have great success as a knowledge provider to 'spark' new and old minds into ideas and understanding - but I hope you keep doing more YT videos, and this surely will become big enough to make it worth your while
thank you from someone feeling inspired after each video, every cool stuff
Thank you very much for the kind and encouraging words! I am so glad you find my channel to be a nice bridge between the beginner and expert information. I feel like it's because most of the topics I cover are also ones I would like to learn but am not an expert in, so I make sure to do a good overview while keeping things at a basic enough level for me to follow haha which has thankfully turned out to be a good level for most people :) There are certain videos that are more 'in my field' that I tend to get a bit jargon-y on so I apologize for that haha, but I will continue to try to provide a good fundamental overview before jumping right into things ;)
Anyway, thank you again, and Happy New Year! :D I hope my 2023 videos will continue to inspire you!
Longtime fan of radiometric dating (shoutout to Willard Libby & Arthur Holmes, et al.). Newly appreciative of Stable Isotopic Analysis for understanding the paleoclimate. I should like to research the pioneers of those techniques soon.
I watch your videos because you explain in detail the evidence that paleo-geologists, paleo-chemists and others analyze to arrive at their conclusions.
And I am motivated to understand such detail because science is too often accused of being dogmatic about this theory or that idea. But ultimately it is fidelity to the evidence, i.e. objective measurement, that underlies all theories held true by every branch of science. In other words, the reasonable harbor no special affinity for any ideas except those demonstrated by Nature.
p.s. I don't think you need to worry about climate-change deniers making it 20 minutes into your videos Dr. GEO GIRL. All of us here know what's happening.
Thanks for the comment, I am so glad you are newly appreciative of stable isotope applications now as well, I feel they don't get enough credit. Also, yes, I was grateful that the climate change comment fell so far into the video, I figure by then we are all on the same page lol! ;)
Sure, Sir Winston Churchill said "a lie can be half-way around the world before the truth can put its pants on", but denying facts has never made said facts go away.
Happy New Year Rachel :)
Happy New Year!! ;D
I've never done any radioactive dating, but I had a toxic date once. It ended right after dinner. Happy New Year!
Haha! Happy New Year! ;D
Wow! had no idea that radioisotope research was this advanced and still mysterious! Sounds like a great field of technical research!
Great video! Awesome topic with a lot of cool applications.
Thank you! It's one of my absolute favorite topics! ;D
Another excellent presentation, but there is a minor point that I have to bring up from math physics. The only composite particle that is "stable" according to our best tested theory (the standard model) is the proton, everything else is unstable (including all non-hydrogen elements and their isotopes). But for a geologist, it won't matter since their half-times are orders of magnitude larger than the age of the universe, leaving aside our little Earth, which the channel's focus.
Why did the isotope date the rock? 😮
Because of the chemistry! 😁
LOL I love this ! ;D
Happy New Year Geo girl!😊 it's been 350 million years I was sleeping somewhere in Gondwanaland near to the coast of Scenic Proto- Tethys Ocean.Can you do a video about my period Carboniferous period? My friend Mr Trilobite George and Ms.Hylonomus told me
Clear and insightful.
Thanks. Quite interesting.
I keep my carbon atoms away from dating sites 😁
Bonne et heureuse année Geo Girl, je te souhaite le meilleur pour 2023 🙋♂
Well the Sulphur is weird, good thinking!
Thank you so much! I hope you have an amazing 2023 as well ;D
very elaborate presentation
Thank you !! This video is sooo good ! 🔥🔥
Of course, so glad you liked it!! ;D
particle physics is coming along, there's a lot we can assume as a result, for example: radioactive "spontaneous random" decay (imo) will end up with predictable cause. Of course I daydream about fusion reactors being used to manufacture lithium instead of to generate power. The expanding universe is unquestionably going to be "edited" as a theory, if not completely changed,, but our understanding of and ability to manipulate radioisotopes should also change in the forseeable future. --- perhaps a deeper understanding of decay (as a result of a deeper understanding of the smaller particles that take part,,, surely it is not "random" and instead there are smaller particles that affect the stability of these isotopes, making it more predictable and comprehensible) will result in a better more accurate understanding of the ages of materials, as dating is able to use more total information.
Doesn't the isotope ratio suggest the length of time since the parent isotope was formed? That wouldn't be in situ, so it must have bubbled up or rained down.
Every time I watch one of your videos, I end up with new questions, where I have to dig around for answers. Talking about C14 for dating, I had to check and learn that Half Life dating is only good for nine, or maybe ten half-lives. It made me wonder what else we could use for dates of items from 100,000 to 1 million years ago. I dug around in lists of isotopes and thankfully found a list by half-life. Looks like Ca41 fits the Bill, with a half-life of around 100,000 years. I discovered that the internet says that "Calcium-41 has been suggested as a new tool for radiometric dating in the range of 10(5) to 10(6) years. "
5:57 I'm sure you already know that uranium-238 has a huge decay chain on its route to lead-206, but it's interesting that you compressed all of that to one step in your table (I can imagine this is because it's the lead-206:uranium-238 ratio that's most useful for dating). The ~4.5E9 year half life only applies to the first step, the alpha decay to thorium-234. The rest of the radioactive products along the decay chain before lead-206 have much shorter half-lives. All of that chain contributes to radiogenic heating Earth has felt over its entire history, and same with thorium-232, given its decay chain and ~1.4E10 year half life. Potassium-40, despite its similar half-life, provides a lot less heat since it directly yields a stable daughter.
Thank you for pointing out that each radiogenic dating method has a limit on the age range where it's most precise (carbon dating is also not good for ages younger than ~700 years), as people are prone to straw man geologic dating methods when ages are reported.
I know you're concentrating on meteorology, minerals, and biology, but I was curious if you'd touch on the infamous unstable Strontium-90 from nuclear fallout vs. stable strontium that's virtually harmless. Strontium chloride works well as a non-sodium seasoning.
Great coverage nonetheless. I didn't know poisonous thallium had a good correlation with oxidative or more reducing surroundings, but I guess the standard reduction potential for Tl(III) to Tl(I) is about right. Is there also enough sensitivity for chlorine states, such as Cl-, Cl2, ClO3-, and ClO4-?
Oh, shout out to the background grooming kitty ^^
Yes I was aware that the full chain was much more complex but I wasn’t aware that the half life presented was just for the Th step, interesting! (I didn’t make the table, I got it from a paper online but clearly didn’t read the figure caption very closely my bad haha) That seems so long just for the one step lol
Also, I’m not sure if you know but I have a Sr video:
th-cam.com/video/cs9OEZHj6b4/w-d-xo.html but it’s more so about the stable isotope applications. I will look into the non stable isotope applications and see what I can do for a future video :)
Also, you are absolutely right, Cl is used for reconstructing past redox as well given it’s many redox states and sensitivity! :)
@@GEOGIRL The fact that a daughter nucleus can have a shorter half life than its parent is also exploited in the "Milking the thorium cow" video, because it's a short-lived daughter that is used in radionuclide cancer treatment.
Yeah, pretty much any stable and sufficiently abundant element can be used for mass-dependent fractionation tests, though I'm not sure how tough it is to tell which strontium-87 is original vs. decayed from rubidium-87.
Jeez, that Sr video is from 2020, what took the TH-cam algorithm so long to bring your stuff up lol
How many videos do you have on stratification and the Goldschmidt classification? e.g. lithophiles such as Sr tend to bind to oxide, carbonate, or sulfate minerals in the crust while siderophiles such as ruthenium stay with iron and sink toward the core, hence their rarity in mining
Thanks geo girl
Thank you! So glad you enjoyed it ;)
Very nice topic of this video ✨
Thanks! I am glad you enjoyed it, it is one of my favorite topics! ;D
@@GEOGIRL most welcome..✨✨... your favourite topic is very nice 🙂🙂
Very nice video geo girl ✨✨
Thank you!
@@GEOGIRL .most welcome 😁
I see I not the only who gets ppl who think C-14 is the only form of radioactive dating. Its frustrating. I study the Precambrian. C-14 is completely worthless in my world.
Also. Good job!
happy new year - and remember add another year when carbon dating 😅👍🏽
Good work girl 💗
Thank you! ;)
@@GEOGIRL welcome
@@GEOGIRL Hope you'll be fine.
I researched on Petrography and Geochemistry of Siwalik Group ( sandstone, mollasse deposit, Himalayan orogeny): Implication for REEs. If you collaborate and help me in my research work. I'll add your name in research article.
Also in future I'll work in machine learning and deep learning techniques used for exploration of minerals and many more.
If you have little time than you can collaborate with me.
Thanks in advance
@@UsmanAli-yz5zc Oh my gosh, that research sounds really cool! Unfortunately, I feel I'd be less that unless in that field haha, but I wish you the best of luck and please send me a copy of your work once published! I would love to read it ;)
@@GEOGIRL
Your field of research???
Last night my girlfriend wanted to stay isolated, so I took her to an Isobar😅
Did she pressure you?
Happy new year 💕🎊🎊 Geo girl...✨
Happy New Year!!
@@GEOGIRL 💞✨🙂
great video, kitty wakes up at 20mins in and is all like oh god shes doing this again, then goes fuck this I'm out at 25mins and leaves
10000/10 kitty co star
Hahahaha Yes, I think you have her thoughts 100% correct LOL
I saw the Falkor Too, an RV, send a ROV to a mid ocean vent, and there was lots of mineralogy associated with the vent. Is there an isotopic ratio that can shed some light on these vents, and do the iron minerals in the vents contain magnetic signatures?
I am fascinated by these vents and how they form from the hot fluids.
Thanks for making these videos, I find this valuable trying to understand geological processes.
You could probably use Hydrogen-1/Deuterium ration for something, too. I was trying to figure out if you could use Boron since it's essential for plant growth, but alas it's not volatile.
Happy New year
Happy New Year! ;D
Love from India
What does depend of stability of an isotope? What does make an isotope will be stable or not?
🎵I wanna live
I wanna give
I've been a Miner for molybdenum🎵
I'm not clever enough to finish this song. If only there were someone who could do it...
I have always wondered how we can keep apart the amount of daughter isotopes already present at rock formation from daughter isotopes formed after rock formation. After all, uranium has been decaying into lead all the time since its formation in a supernova - so how can we tell that a certain amount of lead in a crystal (if it is in a crystal) was formed after the formation of the crystal and has not been incorporated as lead at its beginning? Is there a way of "asking" the lead atoms?
Also I find very important the concept of radioactive isotopes that are constantly replenished (such as C-14) versus other isotopes that have been around since the primordial matter of our solar system has been formed and have been decaying ever since.
I think there is also an isotope that can tell us about the amount of irradiation an exposed rock surface receives from the sun and thus is a measurement of the sun's energy output - I could be wrong - not sure about that anymore.
Maybe this means really going too much into the nitty-gritty of isotope dating and is asking for way too much in some short 20 minutes video - but let me tell you that I find your series of geo-science videos absolutely awesome and I've immediately become a huge fan of your work.
How do you do it? Do you put out these videos as you study geology yourself (as a way of "once I've made a video about it I am sure I can pass any exam on it") or are you being sponsored by an university? Anyway - awesome, great graphics, easy to understand and entertaining. Is there an Oscar for science videos?
Happy New year, Rachel! Kiss your Cat for me
Happy New Year! (don't worry I will) ;D
Thanks ma'am
Hey Geo Girl, what it a "Geochemical rock chip survey"? I'm looking at PPM reading of AU around a creek and the say stuff about how far apart the samples were and how large each sample area was.... Are they just taking random samples of host rock, or chips on the surface? or like targeting the mineralised quartz bits? thankyou
are heavier isotopes evaporating now with warming oceans... Jim
What devices do scientists use to measure the isotope quantities, so that they can say "There's this % of C12 to C14"?
Mas spectrometers! ;D There are a few different types of detectors used in mass spectrometry, but the gist is that isotopes have different mass so we use detectors that can differentiate between the mass of whats in our sample. For example, there are TOF MS (time of flight mass spectrometers) that measure how long it takes the ions to hit the detector (heavier ones move slower) and differentiate mass that way (I mean I think it's a much more intricate process than that but that is how I think of it based on my limited knowledge of MS haha) Hope that helps a bit, if there is anyone seeing this comment that knows more than me about MS, feel free to elaborate! ;)
@@GEOGIRL Thanks! That's awesome. I know it may not be your expertise but it would be great if you could cover how they work in a future video.
@@Sneemaster Yea, I have thought about that before but then chickened out because it became complicated haha, but I have learned a lot since then, so I think I will look into it again and push through to make a video! ;)
I think using natural carbon sinks, or bioengineering plants and bacteria easily offset the carbon problem.
I love your lucid, elegant shows and beauty on display. One thing: you are very smart, more so than us. Our attention span and comprehension bandwidth cannot match yours. So, shorten your shows and simplify them yet more, please, for our clumsy benefit and yours ultimately. Cut your current published shows in half, repeat important bullet points, come to the point (stated foremost, repeated midpoint, repeated endpoint) and move on to the next show. If you have several points to make, make those smaller shows separate.
However, beyond that and beyond my affection for you, we have a big problem. The current, conventional differentiation between stable and radioactive isotopes is based on what, two centuries if that of scientific data plus circa two millennia of anecdotal confirmation, maybe more, maybe less? With an unconscionable amount of circumstantial and suspect evidence unexplained, past and present. Magic is electro-magnetism misunderstood.
When compared to the time spans you cover, much less Hadean and pre-solar ones, the statistical likelihood of permanence of our isotopic differentiation model approaches zero.
Our Mendeleev table of elements, reassuringly stable in time and place, may stretch out in time with perpendicular spreadsheets, of abrupt or gradual transition, whose elementary and isotope populations outdo sci-fi imagination.
The Solar System may have bathed in or been sterilized by washes of radiation our time-limited knowledge base does not include. Those could take our radiation tables and erase or multiply them. “Stable” scientific models (especially those of cosmic, universal application) are statistically invalid by any sane analysis of spacetime studied over spacetime declared transited.
Murphy’s Law: whatever can go wrong, will.
Mulligan’s Law: whatever you cannot imagine happened, happens sooner or later.
So, all scientific bets are final until the next, lightspeed bath of unheard-of radiation, at which point all of them are off. And that should be the basis of our inquiry not rigid orthodoxy.
This Solar System is a life nursery. I will default to the supposition the next cosmic bombardment will refine its awareness while limiting harm to it, if not to us six foot deep micro slime of geocarbolipofags orbiting this solar system in spacetime. Soul transcends materia in any case. Our soul awareness will inhabit any life scum available, or rocks if necessary.
Love your shows. Brava!
Numerators! Round up!
😎
Hello geo girl. How are you
Doing great, hope you are as well! ;)
22:20 The sulfur isotope offset suddenly stabilized because all of the sulfur bacteria died lol
I'm sorry, sulfur bacteria. That wasn't funny.