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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 16 พ.ย. 2017
- Italy's lost language? They gave Rome the alphabet, but we hardly know them. Here's how we pieced together the extinct language of an early Italian civilization.
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~ Briefly ~
A strange Egyptian mummy was found in the 1800s. Its bandages were filled with the letters of a book - not an Egyptian book, but a book written in an archaic Italian language known to Romans as "Etruscan". The book held a deeper mystery beyond the question of its provenance: it couldn't be read, not because the text was undeciphered but because the language was unknown.
Throughout the video we'll discover what we can (and can't) say about Etruscan sounds and words. You'll glimpse bits of Etruscan consonants, vowels, grammar, syllables, accentuation and one major change in the language's history. Along the way, I'll share tales of the hopes and frustrations of the scholars who worked through these discoveries. Finally, you'll hear the reconstructed pronunciation of an Etruscan phrase, along with a likely translation, before concluding we're still far from understanding this captivating tongue.
~ Credits ~
Art, animation, narration and some music by Josh from NativLang
Full credits for images, sfx and for claims made:
docs.google.com/document/d/1p...
Music I did not create (see above doc for full attribution):
Jason Shaw: Sneaky Snooper, The Great Unknown
Josh Woodward: Twinklebell, Cherubs
Kevin MacLeod: Big Mojo, Return of the Mummy, The Sky of our Ancestors, Thinking Music, March of the Spoons, Rynos Theme, The Path of the Goblin King v2
My late husband was a passionate student of all things Etruscan. I wish he had lived to hear the language spoken, even if translations may be incomplete. Your channel brings me such joy because I can hear him following along in my head as if he was still with me.
I'm so sorry to hear that my his soul rest in peace
Lovely
ewale21
Repeat your comment in English please!
ewale21
Wandals went to north in 1-5 century, later to be known as normans. They came back as Vikings wanting parts of fortune and lands their ancestors left behind in Europe on their journey from northern parts of Africa ( nowadays territories of Tunis) throughout whole of Europe....
ewale21
Actually som of polaks looks Scandinavian....
Employer: Why should I hire you?
Me: Do you know what Etruscan sounded like?
A quote form Arrival? ;-)
@@Myria83 Didn't know they put my quotes in movies.
I speak all 3 Etruscan language.
North central south.
Employer: here are the keys, you now own the company
Claudius: "If you strike out the letter 'C' from 'Caesar', the word 'Aesar' is left, and in Etruscan, Aesar means 'god'."
Livia: "If Jove ever melts the 'C' off your name, what's left will turn out to mean 'jackass'."
Lmaooooo
@@magistermilitum1206 Actual dialog from "I, Claudius."
Poor Claudius
@@anukranan That's very interesting! I never knew that. Thanks for educating me on this.
@@anukranan And that "germanic paganism" originated from Slavic, btw...
Many, many years ago I signed up for an intersession course on The Culture of Italy. The professor provided the class with about 60 topics for research and study. We had six weeks to do research and submit our work (everyone turned in well over 150 typewritten pages). I chose the Etruscans. I had read about them, but I felt they were deserving of more study. I still have my "tome" on the Etruscans somewhere in the house. But it wasn't until I got to travel to Italy and one of my cousins took me to see some of the Etruscan tombs that all my research came back to me. It was one thing to read about the Etruscans but another thing to see their objects, statues, artifacts, etc. They contributed so much to Rome---engineering, architecture, fine arts, gladiator games, food preparation, and more.
Now, I'm going to make a concerted effort to find that "tome" and re-read what I wrote about the Etruscans so many decades ago. Your video piqued my interest!
What is a tome?
@@sdgamer9427 A big book---often it's heavy (at least in the old days it was).
@@FlexibleFlyer50 did you read it?
То су Срби. Етрурци=Срби.
@@sdgamer9427 OP wrote the tome
The loss of Claudius´work is truly sad. He was even the last to master the etruscan language in speech - nerdy as he was.
THE SACRED TEXTS
Incorrect - he was the last Roman writer that documented it - the last people to "master" it were the last surviving Etruscan speakers, before they went extinct. Additionally, we have no idea of how well Claudius spoke or understood the language - 1) we can't really speak Etruscan so we couldn't compare it, and 2) we don't have his written book(s) on the matter and cannot critique it - remember, many historians of that age were only partially objective and wrote under a possible retribution if they were not complementary - and Herodian, for example, who didn't know Etruscan, was glib to praise Claudius' work without knowing the true facts. As a historian, knowing full well how pedantic and fussy Claudius' personality was, I think his book on the subject would be 'disappointing' if it had survived and we could study it. He was also a Roman with many built-in prejudices about the Etruscans partly based on sheer ignorance of their origins and his own.
Claudius's first wife - Uruganilla - is said to be of Etruscan descent. From his wife, he had probably his knowledge of the Etruscan language.
@@Norbert1925able actually, no - Etruscan "descent" was common among the Roman patricians - that didn't mean they knew Etruscan, which was virtually dead by Claudius' time ... the historical sources tell us that Claudius made a study of Etruscan - probably when it was very clear he was never going to be part of the gov't beyond a few bones tossed to him by Augustus, and he turned to history, which is stated to be an interest of his - but, because he was not a trained linguist (by even 18th century stds) and the fact that none of his book(s) survive, we can't analyze what he did - which, more than likely, would have been disappointing, yet still very valuable to today's historians
@@7777Scion The ancient Roman historian and author Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus hands down that Plautia Urgulanilla, Claudius's first wife, was Etruscan (Suetonius, Life of Claudius, Section 6.1). How do you know better than an educated and sophisitcated contemporary of hers? (By the way: Urgulanilla is obviously no Latin girls' name.)
How pleasant is the narrator’s voice, unlike so many others with informative TH-cam channels, he is both scholarly and kind on the ear.
alan oken he kind of sounds like keanu reeves
Brady Justice Not at all lmao
Ted Ed guy narrator has the best voice
Basically, not a robot
get a room
Love how Aiser sounds just like Æsir, which is one of the families of gods in Norse mythology. Gods like Thor, Odin and Frigg (Loki was half-æsir too btw) were æsir
Another fun thing is that their word for son is clan, and in Irish the word clan can mean your children, so your sons!
Æsir is also a root word for god in Old Norse
They had many words similar to Armenian.
Because many of the more northern Europeans were first in the Mediterranean/levant as well as north Africa before non-Med Europe became known as the home land. The more Slavic people that lived in Germania before the other "etihW" people that left the near east etc. to go there were even referred to as Etrusci.
@@irishakita th-cam.com/video/Jvy2W-QvYDU/w-d-xo.html
The Etruscans have had a special place in my heart after I read Mika Waltari’s The Etruscan years ago. Strong recommendation 👌🏻
Thank you for this 🙏🏻
Ah, a book I read as a teenager and still remember.
What type of book is it?
Imagine some far-future historian: "around the dawn of the Third Millennium, the English language appears to have underwent an enormous shift. Words like "babe" became "bae." Words like "brother" became "bro," or even "bruh." Long words such as "legitimate" shortened to "legit," and later, "lit". Even entire phrases became condensed into largely consonant-based iconography- phrases such as "laugh out loud" became "lol" and "[I will] be right back" became "brb".
Spoken language is constantly changing over a period of many years.
I ship your analogy dude.
This was all shortly before the Great Fall, at the time called The Great Reset
@lee I hope it doesn’t come to that.
awakeningspirit20 The word you needed was “undergone”, not underwent. I have ocd.
Early advanced civilizations are so interesting. I can never get enough of this stuff.
the Etruscans were ancient, but hardly 'early' - by 800 B.C., Sumer, the Indus River Civilization, Akkad, Babylon, Egypt, China, the Hittites, Minoan Crete, Assyria, and many Meso-American civilizations were already long established
@@brianhammer5107 nah by 900 BC when etruscans origin there was no Aztecs or Mayans, Aztecs did not exist until 2000 year later
@@anoncrazynonevilgooddecent7631 the Mayans are much older than that - but they are hardly the first Meso-American civilizations - the Olmecs cities are from 2000 B.C. Btw, the Etruscans appear 800 B.C. - not 900.
@@anoncrazynonevilgooddecent7631 lol, you thought the only large Meso-American civilization was the Aztecs.
PALEO-European is the term used on wikipedia. It refers to languages pre-Indoeuropean invasion (pre-6000 BC). Etruscan was Paleo
Basque is the only Paleo language that still exists
.
Geez Luise, I get two benefitd on this channel. The video is well researched and put together and easy to follow. The comments add to it seemlessly and are very informative. Best of all no one is in tears. Bravi e Brave. Bravisimo.
My maternal grandfather was from Tuscany. I find this history very interesting and informative. Ty for sharing ❤
The fact that we don’t exactly know what Ettuscan sounded like, shows you how deeply rome assimilated them
Not in the accent, tuscans have a very big, big accent with a lot of aspirations, very different from romans and other italians
Welsh
@@giovaneitalia8312 yeah, It’s called standard italian
I think they sounded chinese
@@giannis_toupolemou That sounded nothing like old Chinese.
Careful! Just because vowels aren't written doesn't mean they don't exist in the spoken language. Scribes get lazy and start writing just enough of a word to be recognizable, or they abbreviate common phrases, and the first things dropped are usually vowels because they carry relatively little semantic meaning. They're there chiefly to help our mouths flow from one consonant to another. The harder or scarcer the writing material, the more incentive there is to shorten phrases via abbreviation and words via truncation and vowel elision.
I was thinking this. There are scripts in use today that don't write out vowels, but hear the languages spoken and they absolutely have them.
@@reidleblanc3140 Yes, Hebrew is a great example! It even has written vowels that are mostly only for use by people without a solid grasp of the language. So someone might look at the two side by side and if the texts happened to be written in different time periods, assume the language evolved to drop the vowels, but actually it’s just a beginner friendly version vs the actual language as adult native speakers read and write it.
Brilliant!
Each time this is pointed out, an Arabic learner dies inside
@@honestylowkeye1171 What do you mean by that?
This is fascinating. Thank you very much!
Albanians (indo-europeans in denial) in the comments be like:
"We are descendants of the ancient etruscans and we understand the language, although we actually don't"
Hello from Tuscany Italy I'm near Populonia one of the first etruscan cities
What happened to the Etruscans?
Alberto Pozzi pure io abito in una città etrusca, ma nell’alto Lazio
@@cryptozoomauler5505 nothing strange, Etruscans didn't disappear and they became Roman citizens. Many famous Romans had Etruscan roots.
Anche qui a Carrara abbiamo residui di città etrusche!
I’m 10 minutes away from Populonia :)
RIP Emperor Claudius and all his academic work.
@sneksnekitsasnek tRuTh
@sneksnekitsasnek That Etruscan was, indeed, a Slavic language.
@sneksnekitsasnek That Claudius was actually smart? I know it was a thing up until about 80 years ago to assert that he was stupid, because he probably had Tourette's or something and back in the day they thought it was incompatible with intelligence. I've always hated the idea that his scholarly works weren't preserved just because it was politically inconvenient for them to exist, but it seems possible.
@sneksnekitsasnek Why sigh? it is probably true, the emphasis placement sounds like Russian lol.
@sneksnekitsasnek very true slavic nationalist are the best at distorting history. But they probably have a shared ancestor though, many more years back like most languages.
Fascinating!! Very enjoyable and educational. Thank you.
Great video...you have done an exceptional job explaining Etruscan. It is so interesting It breaks my heart that fewer and fewer (more than not would use the word "less", these days) people understand the importance of language. At least your video helps me to find a way to live with the mangling of my own native language by a lazy, texting, overly-educated yet surprisingly lacking, academically, generation. Languages shift...change through the ages...no matter the reason or circumstances.
Yesterday’s mangled grammar is today’s poetry. I think we’re all raised to believe one way of speaking is more perfect than another, whether or not we speak that way ourselves. The beauty of the “wrong”, the AAVEs and vocal fries and “less things”, is lost to our ears, because we’re taught that it’s broken until we can think of it no other way.
I’m 62 now; have been a language fan since age 12. There’s always more to learn. These are intriguing and challenging resources.
62 here, too. I also love distinguishing accents within different countries. Was shocked to notice southern accents in places I have visited. (From Alabama and used to the scorn.) 😂🙋 Paz y luz. 🌍🧳
Mortal Clown do you think this ppl came from Troy ? The land known Illyrian, and the language is pellazgian? Have you heard of it, because Etruscan it means ,(save it ) like Troy , means land ?
Harry Brooks i’m going to end up like you
@@AndroidZeus-ly6qq it's possible. Study Herodotus he thought Etruscans originated from the east
Than come to Albania and u will be amaized how easy we can translate etruskian language. A lot of italian historians have written books about it...
I was so ahead of my time in school that i already knew and used *Guessology* on my exams.
U Berry Shinee...YAY!
YOUR EXAMIN??? ETRUSCI, TUSKI, LUDI, RASENA, HIRAM, CLAN, VESTA-NEVESTA ARE SLAV,S AND RUSSIAN WORDS AND RUSSIAN MODERN WORDS FROM SANSKRIT. WORDS AND LANGUAGES OF ANCIENT TURKEY ARE PROSLAV TOO. IT,S FACT AND FOR SCIENCE. BUT DESICIONS OF BEOGRAD FILOLOGIST CONGRESS ABOUT ETRUSCI IGNORED WEST SCIENCE.
Me too
That’s why you were the only one who made A’s while everyone else made F’s congrats to you!
@@and1040 Take a chill pro bro
Very engagingly presented. Fascinating topic.
Thank you for your fascinating videos! I've read that Etruscan had animate and inanimate nouns, and this is the distinction that Basque has now. So it seems that pre-Indo-European languages in Europe had animate-inanimate conception of nouns while PIE had three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Latin had three genders. Then the neuter gender was taken out of most Romance languages, except Romanian, as far as I know, and in English nouns lost their gender, except some like actor-actress, queen-king etc. But Old English had three genders as German does and as all Slavic languages do.
The name of the town here where I live used to be KEIKNA (kaikna, kaiknas) , after the name of the local noble family of etruscan landlords that took their name from the local river (Keik ?). Then Rome took over and the family along with the place became CÆCINA and later Cecina. Dante mentioned it as a mostly savage and desolate place where just wild beasts hang out and by the 17th century the place was a desert hellhole of swamps where wolves would eat you in the unlikely occurrence that you had managed to survive malaria. There are etruscan dome tombs around here at mere meters from my garden and the remains of the roman villa owned by that posh family. Their underground cistern is still here and it is freaking huge and deep. Tunnels depart from that cave and lead god knows where but voices are they go under the river and to the centre of town. From time to time pieces of etruscan red and black pottery are still found around.
Excellent. Yes, Caecina family was very influential. They founded, or have very important roll in founding Etruscan city-colonies in river Po valley. Cities like Bologna ...
porcodio
@@merna5685 Perché parli così ?
Era per comunicare la mia italianità
How cool!
In Norse mythology the Aesir are the gods of Asgard [Valhalla]. Interesting how in the Etruscan language they called gods Aiser which is similar to the Norse Aesir.
@@renzevardone7825 Valhalla is in Asgard. The home of the Vanir is called Vanaheim.
@@klausolekristiansen2960 well, no. Asgard is the capital of Aesirheim, the realm of the aesir. There's no indication as to where Valhalla is.
@ShalakumX Simba Asura is also a term for the ancient warrior/soldier caste of the old Vedic civilization.
@ShalakumX Simba Sun rises from East. Every single thing those Northerner from the near east people. Today's so called Western, and Nordic countries OVER OVER OVER rated !!! They (Today's so called Westerners) are good only to Africans,Arabs,Far Easterners and Indians etc.
@Orthodox Celts Celts and Germens were Barbarian. They were/are nothing, They learn everything form Helens. Just check out "dying Gaul" statue and it's story.
This was very interesting! Thank you so much. :)
I was going to say, as I’ve written this before “words are gifts of knowledge,” but I’m fascinated how language morph’s over millennia. Today with Ghibli there’s a tail swing back to Picture~glyph’s and Hieroglyphs. The creatives knew a thing or two, but one always needs the counter-balance of intuitive logic to give the balance of evolution in learning new knowledge’s and create a new civilisation for the future. Lovely oratory and lecture.
The Etruscans deserve more credit
It links to Albanian history and language ... that is why they kept the whole Country Closed under pseudo-Communist Dictatorship!
There is a lot kept secret from the ancient history of the Italy, Balkan, and Minor Asia, etc. and it relate to everyone but specifically to Albanian people.
Nowadays one must read about Pelasgian, Etruscan, Illyrian, Thracian, Dardanian, etc.
The Mummy sarcophagus has been deciphered by a Greek (who is proudly acknowledge of Pre-Greek origin). He even has published an EtruScan - ToScan (Albanian dialect) Dictionary!
+Joel Beyst
......and the Sumarians.
Definitely more than the useless romans
The hell are you talking about keeping the country closed under pseudo communism? during that time no one talked nor was interested in history nor there where any big historical knowledge found shared or showed any change and stuff. Remember languages change over time and the todays albanians are deffinitly not the same people from the past like pasts macedonians are much different described than todays slavic macedonians and and you can easly and logicaly say the albanians are not Illyrian people at all.
Italians are not Romans are Etruscians and other Proto Italians and also have origins in verius nations off Middle Rast and Africa and have some roots in also Nordic Illyrian peoples..
In Tuscany we still aspirate the p, c, and t, like our etruscan ancestors, that's the tuscanian dialect, the more similar to the official italian language :D
Ma vaffanculo tu e la hannuccia horta horta...
Ragazzi c'ho una hoha-hola colla hannuccia horta.
@@ilmisteriosofranceseradene7548 h(ok)...
E sti hazzi
Veramente gli etruschi non aspiravano come i toscani, ma come noi barbaricini usavano il "colpo di glottide" al posto della k e avevano due s diverse come noi.
Excellent, you are providing a great channel
Nerdy historic and linquistic stuff. I love it.
Boar Vessel 600-500 BC, Estruscan, Ceramic.
CriticalMass 21 oh i see, you are a man of culture as well
Nice historical meme
Oh yeah,thats why I'm here
CriticalMass 21
I ser youre a man of culture as well
When I think about languages dying or dead languages, it fills me with such pity and grief.
Me too. But remnants are still found in Italian today..
At least languages like Latin or ancient Greek are still studied a lot today. Here in Italy we study them even during high school (Liceo classico e scienfico)
You're right.Greek first,than latin and later slavic languages killed the old languages reducing them to mistery.These languages were imposed to dominate and assimilate the poeples.They were languages of the dominant elite,purposely created on the table based on the old languages but simple people didn't speak them.They spoke volgar.That's why both these languages died with the fall of empires.The oldest document of greek known is a scripture on a vase called "Nestor's cup" dated the end of VII BC while latin was created in the III BC in imperial period.There's a lot of information from antiquity in latin and greek but nothing about how these languages were created.Seems some conspiracy is still going on.Attempts to reveal the truth are ignored,discouraged and attacked by the allineated scholars, guardians of greeko-latin dogma.In the "Dialogues",Socrates says to Plato:"we have changed so much the language that we don't even know the names of our heroes any more".Part of this conspiracy is thought to be the distruction of etruscan culture by the romans and recent studies are demonstrating that latin is based on etruscan and other dialects spoken in the territory.There's a lot of information today to demonstrate that etruscan is a pure indoeuropean language but still resists the idea of a misterous non indoeuropean language.The science of etimology today operates through a comparative method and tries to explain the origine of the words basing on greek and latin.But both these languages are unable to explain the origine of their words.For example they cannot tell where do words like FISIS,ATOM,NATURE etc.come from,are they chosen by chance ore is there an intrinsic value that expresses these conceptions. Fortunately recent studies are sheding light on etymolgy and etruscology.
It’s how humanity evolves, a natural process. If we had to keep all the ways humans have used to communicate with each other, communication wouldn’t be possible anymore (too many codes) and we would lose the essence of a language: communicate
only language? and heritage of any nation or tribe its not? do you cried about europen pagan heritage? whole europe was made in one shape and lost their past!
Extraordinary content. Witty animations. Education at its best.
This is cool. One word sounded like Ligurian. My grandparents came from the part of Liguria that borders Tuscany and I grew up hearing the Ligurian language.
how to speak etruscan
source : trust me fam
Lool
Hahaha 😆 But is it not accurate? What kind source does one need to proof sounds? He gave a decent history, thats enough I think.
P.s. I know it was a joke and its fucking hilarious
I am no hook, Imean crook.
Btw wheres the dinnin room
Etruscan : Hermial kapzna slman sekhis kapzna. Old Turkish: Hermesin kapısına salman saghis kapısına. English: Don't attack Hermes's door, the door of the other world
My first foray into ancient Italy that's not about Latin. Apart from the obligatory Roman cameos.
Altaic Language Family please!!!!
Wait wait wait... Aiser? Eiser? What is their connection to the Norse, really? Because both calling their gods Aesir is kind of certainly not a coincidence.
+MadnerKami
I'm typed this in another comment, but here it is: '[aiser is] perhaps related to Germ. _Ehre_ (Goth. *_aiza_ ), and to Goth. _aistan_ 'revere', L[atin]. _aestimō_ ...'. from A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian by Buck (1904). This means that it may have a relationship to Germanic.
Well, you certainly did your dues to make sure etruscan seemed a indo-european language.
you are talking about how etruscan sounded like while you don't know how greek are sound like.. the island is leemnos (Λήμνος) not lemnos (Λέμνος). you fall on the trap of reading mis-transliterated greek words.
So glad I found this channel. I've been binging it for the last few days. Any information on linguistic cross-pollenation between Etruscan and Germanic people? I'm curious because of the eiser word you mentioned
You would have to ask the honey bee on the Honey Nut Cheerios box cuz only he would know about cross pollination!
Mad fun! Engaging and intriguing!! THANKS!!!
"clan" means "son" in Etruscan
It's strangely very similar to Irish "clann" which means "child"
I thought it meant ”family” in Irish according to this video by NativLang:
th-cam.com/video/87v_WHA5KQs/w-d-xo.html
But still, pretty close.
I came here looking for someone else who noticed the resemblance to Celtic languages
@@selkiesmusings2717 Etruscans are often shown with red hair....make of that what you will.
@@camthesaxman3387
Etruscan is not lndo-European.
@@camthesaxman3387
He even says in the video that Etruscan is a Language lsolate.
That means it stands alone & is in no known Family.
Look at the numerals, for example.
Not like any lndo-European language.
lts thought to be a language that existed in Europe before the lndo-Europeans arrived.
As is Basque, although they are not related either.
No-one really knows.
They did do DNA tests on the present population of Tuscany & their cattle.
Both indicated that they came from present day Turkey.
However the Etruscan language is nothing like modern Turkish.
There is quite a lot of very interesting information about the Etruscans on the lnternet.
But we unfortunately do not have all the answers.
5:14 "The word for the Gods was Aiser"
[Norse has entered the chat]
also name of odin meaning in turkish FIRE DOWNLOADER(LİGHTNİNG) ALSO name of his tribe is TİRKİ name of his old home(at mitology odin came later to the norks lads with him tribe) TURKLAND also name of rome in turkish language RUM last one etrüks and turkish language have common grammer rulles, (TURKS ENTERED THE CHAT)
@@senseypires8817 go away
@Polonium Wings of Thermonuclear Hell I dont agree, The aryans were an indo european tribe like the other one's mentioned who travelled to India, taking the language, Gods and other stuff. Then they got assimilated with the natives there. Thats why there language is an indo european language, and their Gods are described with light features.
I think that they could be the proto Turks. The Italian and American researches stated that the Etruscan and Turkic DNA is 97% similar. Also the Turkic and Etruscan alphabet are too similar to each other. Also prof. Mario Alinei stated that you need to use 3 Turkic languages to understand Etruscan. So it could be possible that these people were the proto-Turks. But why are they hiding this in sources in Wikipedia or here in the video?
@Jan Klaas Because its not true. Well, they had those studies, but they've been rejected for not being accurate. The etruscans are not proto turks because proto turks don't exist. The etruscan language is a proto indo european language. There is no way, that the turks got of had language similarities with the norse,and the etruscans have that. There word for 'Gods' plural is of the same root. aisar, Aesir, Aos Si. Pretty similar right? anyway, I didn't no about that till somebody told me to search it. I remember seeing those Etruscan mosaics and they showed darkish people, but others had blondes (wtf?) So anyway, I read on wikipedia that we don't know the DNA of the Etruscans.
A couple common Etruscan phrases were, "Corn Pop was a bad dude" and, "I had hairy legs".
Very fascinating! Thank you!
Look into the Vinča culture. Older writing and similar to Etruscan, infact one of the oldest writings.
Also, there were tribes that called themselves Rasi/Rasani in the Balkans :)
Funny how the Balkans Region, between the Romans, and ancient Greeks is just a black hole in history, even though so much has played out and was found there.
Orthodox priest Bilbia was able to read and understand this texts using azbuka leters and Vinca letters.
Rasenic tribes and culture still lives on Balkan.
Almost intentional "black hole", isn't it? One can hardly believe that the discoveries in the last decades in the Black Sea shelf are not shaking, or rather putting in place the questions of origins of the civilization. Varna, Vinča, Karanovo cultures - all part of the Black Sea civilization - everything started there. After the great disaster that happened around 6000 BC, all these people spread out in all directions. No wonder alphabet, words (evolved over centuries of isolation) share the same roots. Time to shed light on the true origins of the civilization as we know it today.
@@brankozivkovic1900 I really don't think that the preast called Bilibia is able to read it. I know the guy personally. It was his uncle who tried to decode the Etrurscan alphabet and make a comparison with the Serbian one.
@@trtmrt2203
I was talking about unkle of the person you mentioned.
Lepenski vir is the oldest..
Millenia aftee we got Vinca, Starcevo ...
I've always found Etruscan and Minoan history fascinating. This was cool.
If interested......according to Ellis (1861) through language analysis we observe that under the names of Phrygians, Thracians,Pelasgians and Etruscans spread westward from Armenia to Italy and Elis claimed that the closest affinities of the Aryan element are the Armenians ..other historians that agree are..Hellenthal, Busgy, Brand, Wilson, Myers and Falush...let me quote Merrick (2012) All religions are descended from and ancient Vedic cosmology described in the Rib - Veda, originating in Armenia near Mt. Ararat at least 6800 ys ago and the basic concepts of a transcendental mountain extending into space and populated planet Star-gods were developed...he further says...This Astrotheology then migrated with Armenian Aryans to found the Sumerian Ethiopian/Egyptian and Indian civilizations and religions...from Language as a fingerprint Setyan...
Would you mind elaborating? I’ve seen people mention this a few times but I don’t know where the information is coming from
@@allenwilson3329 Lol
@@hikeoganessian9729 Srila Prabhupada and a couple other Indian historians and spiritualists admit that the Noble caste of Vedic society left India and became some of the people we call Europeans of today
@@hikeoganessian9729 If you want to bring Abrahamic religion into it, which of course is significant in history as well, and has tons of symbology from this "nayrA" mystery theology religion, it honestly seems like there is some very long lasting religious battle between Semitic and Japhetic (nayrA) people, though at some point there seemed to be an intertwining of them to where you had Semitic people who were still considered "nayrA" and parts of each have merged
Vraiment très intéressant !
The Hungarian author, Antal Szerb (1901-45), in his splendid novel "Journey by Moonlight", describes viewing Etruscan artifacts in the Villa Giulia museum in Rome. He cites an inscription on a drinking bowl: "Foied vino pipafo cra carefo", with its translation, "I drink wine today: tomorrow there shall be none" -- a clear reference to the transitory nature of earthly existence, and one that becomes a leitmotif of the novel. The inscription, though written in the Etruscan alphabet (and from right to left), is actually in Faliscan, an Italic language that went extinct in about 150 BCE; Faliscan is close enough to Latin (e.g.: foied = hodie = today) to allow the translation. Just a small tidbit from the Hungarian fascination with all things nominally Etruscan.
The Romans picked up gladiatorial games from the Etruscans, so the word gladius (sword) is probably an Etruscan word originally. The name Claudius, if you assume that g (really a palatial c) and c could be interchanged going from Etruscan to Latin, could have been originally Etruscan Glaudius, which might have motivated the emperor Claudius to learn Etruscan.
i dont know what r u talking about but i can tell u for sure claudius is original latin word and it mean claudicante in eng it can be translated with limping a men with issue about walking cos skeletons musculars issue.
No idea what you just said. PALEO-European is the term used on wikipedia. It refers to languages pre-Indoeuropean invasion (pre-6000 BC). Etruscan was paleo. Basque is the only Paleo language that still exists
.
@@electrictroy2010 Yeah; though, there’s also Uralic languages that aren’t Indo-European; such as: Finnish (my native language), Estonian, Hungarian, the Sámi languages, and many more; as well as Turkic languages (Turkish & Gagauz), and even a Mongolic language (Kalmyk); spoken in Europe; and, depending on your definition of the European borders, Kartvelian and other Caucasian languages 🇫🇮🇪🇪🇭🇺🇹🇷🇲🇳🇬🇪.
@@PC_Simo The Uralic people arrived AFTER the Indoeuropeans
@@stratonikisporcia8630 So, when did the Indo-Europeans arrive? The 2000-year-old split between Finnish and Estonian, for example, seems to suggest that the Uralic peoples have been here for millennia (or, at least, some have; Hungarians, apparently, arrived around the year 892), and Sámi people are even older, than Finns and Estonians. That being said, though, Kalmyk definitely didn’t become a thing before Indo-Europeans.
lol, the wikipedia article for "Combinatorial method (linguistics)" has this at the end:
"While mainstream specialists in Etruscology have long since abandoned the etymological method in favour of the slow, rigorous work of the combinatorial method, the etymological method is still popular with *amateurs and cranks wishing to prove a relationship between ancient texts and their favourite language.[citation needed]* "
yeah, "citation needed" is right...
reading the comment section, I think i see who these amateurs and cranks are, lol
Pepe Lives On fr, it's pathetic how little you have to be proud of that you feel the need to plagiarise others history and culture
Just cite the comment sections for TH-cam videos discussing the Etruscans.
holy shit proffs an cranks steal sam-arry-tan sunshy'ama2'looky hell-o-sign'man dig'no sound,queen?..'naww...liz10mate get2werk...job-un by-bill 2mass'prezents...santa sed luzifer no do'owe...god..good-news bomb went2moon&back due ring horizon'swalls'/at-moss/cosmos,woop ear er gsus'app-all-in-cents'descryption paisley ob ano-dom seville slave pick copywrite guido fawkes tux peng sinco-synz'y-dot'/www/-styl'punch-drunk'/opal-spainish-main'esperanto'news-noose'telly-sphinx'imposter'fool-o-ordaa..'diktate/orwell/collins/encyclopedia cannabalizm'rolla-costa'fonzy-pirate'urner mash gen-iz-yooz'rob-en-paypets'strin-ghoule-une'fackita'keypar-smokes'ortarz'yesssaa'yankeeeyan'bads'/unsound/capitle/queen,o/..zero'buy-o-log'read-in'bill-heaveds'/sec/'laafoutelowed'floats?
I don't get it......
I love your work ❤
This video wsas so good, thanks
Wow, I didn't realize the word "blah" went back so far.
p, t, c = A bostonian saying "park the car"
Joseph Alexander
The “f” was left out.
Oh shit thats funny!
Best-comment-EVER
I am SO stealing this: I work for Parametric Technology Corporation. Guess where they are based and what their abbreviation is ;)
I even read it loudly haha, thank you
Everyone Look at the Göktürks 🇹🇷And Etruscans🇹🇷 Alfhabet Similarities
You are Shocked :)
Turkish people came to Anatolia millennia after these civilizations were extinct.
Imagine unwrapping that linen so delicately to realize it was a book! How fabulous!
European traveller who bought the mummy with the longest Etruscan inscription was Croatian Mihael Barić. The mummy is in Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Croatia.
Thank you for that information - I was looking for that very item!.
Štošta ste vi tuđeg "kupili". A dobro znaš da je Svetislav Bulbija, protumačio etrursko pismo pomoću Srbice, tj. vinčanice, a ne sad nekog tzv. podunavskog, bivšeg indoevropskog pisma. Etrurci su Raseni, a Ruma je u Sremu. I kako se na engleskom kaže podrum? Ili značenje reči šestar? Čak je i book od bukvice, 2. slova azbuke, buki, jer je prvo slovo as, ili az - Bog: ja sam koji jesam!
Etrurci ~ Raseni ~SRBI
@@jovanalilic9765 Ma tko je tebe išta pitao
Etruscans were also mentioned in the history of the so called Sea People that invaded Egypt
In Tuscany, especially in the upper part arounf Florence, Pisa, Livorno and Lucca, we still pronounce the pha-tha-cha while speaking common italian. To be true we are use to emphatize those sounds even much.
Completely wrong. Those are fricative realizations of the stops not aspirates.
@Terry Summers excuse me what?
If interested...according to Ellis (1861) through language analysis we observe that under the names of Phrygians, Thracians,Pelasgians and Etruscans spread westward from Armenia to Italy and Elis claimed that the closest affinities of the Aryan element are the Armenians ..other historians that agree are..Hellenthal, Busgy, Brand, Wilson, Myers and Falush...let me quote Merrick (2012) All religions are descended from and ancient Vedic cosmology described in the Rib - Veda, originating in Armenia near Mt. Ararat at least 6800 ys ago and the basic concepts of a transcendental mountain extending into space and populated planet Star-gods were developed...he further says...This Astrotheology then migrated with Armenian Aryans to found the Sumerian Ethiopian/Egyptian and Indian civilizations and religions...from Language as a fingerprint Setyan...
In 3:52 you might notice that lumpy thing on the right full of letters, divided in sections.
That is the "Fegato di Piacenza" (the Liver of Piacenza), called like so for the area it was found, around Piacenza.
It's the reproduction in bronze of a sheep liver, something used in divinatory arts by etruscan oracles, the haruspices, who "read" animal entrails to foresee the future.
Basically that lumpy bronze liver was a "cheat sheet" for etruscan oracles and, according to the area it was found, it has been theorized it was lost while the roman legions passed through Piacenza.
Etruscan were an advanced society for the time, even improving on the concept of burial (the Necropolis of Cerveteri is an example) to resemble our own.
Yet, if you ask any modern Tuscan about what is the best achievement they reached, they will say "We invented the italian language with Dante" which is a blatant lie: vulgar latin was spoken way before Dante's time and way far from Tuscany.
Fascinating, thank you.
The cool thing is that in Tuscany nowdays we tend to usually pronounce "T" as the english "TH".
The hard "C" (your "K") is most of the time aspirated turning it in a "H". And sometimes we tend to pronounce the letter "P" as if we are almost blowing while saying it.
They told me in history class that it derivates from the ancient Etruscans, and this video just proves that.
Can you name specific words?
@@dorakemba2899 people from other parts of Italy usually mock them by saying :"voglio una hoha hola hon la hannuccia horta horta" meaning :"I want a Coca cola with a very short straw", but instead of saying the hard c's they say an h
Dora Këmba sorry that you will have your ancestors home taken away by refugees. In 35 years you’re bloodline will be a minority in you own home country
@@Slap7481 Pls explain...?
@@Bolognabeef Lol... you guys are horrible 😂😂😂😂
Interesting - in Irish Gaelic, "children" is "clann" and "give" is "tabhair" which is in some dialects pronounced [tu:r] like in Etruscan (apparently).
Well, north Italy before the Roman conquest of it was split between Etruscans, Celtic people and some other locals of unknown origin. So the Etruscans are not unlikely to have had a Sprachbund with some version of celtic languages. Still we know it isn't indo-european and thus not related to Celtic except by sideways adoptions.
Etruscan is pretty much a dialect of Welsh, an English guy translated lots of Etruscan "speaking objects" in the 80s and found cups that hsd jokes written on them, but according to the professionals cited in this video it's just people's names.
@@MrGoocherson one of the regions of Italy where Etruscans originated is called Umbria (where I'm from). actually you have northern Umbria in England. coincidence?
In Gaelic
Beir = to carry
Abair = to speak
Tabhair = to give
Beir = hold/carry
Adh Beir = to not carry
Tú Beir = you carry
Gaelic etymology has been messed up since the 1960s
@Divna Vuković thank you so much, i will try and read those books and compare them with old Irish and welsh!
Good presentation. Perfeto!
It's interesting to see what an influence this had on the Cyrillic alphabet as well.
I was wondering if there would be "aspirated" C, P, T. Because a characteristic of the accent of people in Tuscany nowadays is that the hard C tends to be quite aspirated (the rest of Italy is forever teasing us, claiming we say "hoha hola" instead of "coca cola", for example), and in some areas also P and T have some aspiration in the pronunciation.
To the best of my (very limited) knowledge on the history of this, there isn't a definite reason, but one theory is that it might be a "leftover" from the way Etruscans used to pronounce these letters. I am not sure if something like this can happen, and if a local way of pronouncing some consonants can survive even in a whole new language.
This really is a thing :-) The "leftover" you mention is called a "substrate" or a "substratum influence" = the influence of the language of the nation that used to live in the territory (or still lives there as a small minority).
It is hard to define, so serious linguists are cautious when discussing it, but they agree that it exists. Sometimes in the pronunciation, sometimes in the preference for certain prepositions or verb forms, sometimes in the way some words are coined, sometimes in the number of exceptions to grammar rules...
It seems fantastic, but local communities do retain a certain way of thinking and speaking over millennia, even when they use a completely different language.
For example, several European languages have a Celtic substrate because Celts used to live / live in those territories. For example, the Celtic substrate explains why the "(he) is doing" present tense is so widely used in English. It is not common in other Germanic languages, but a similar form is common in Welsh: "(he) in doing" ("Sioned yn siarad" = "Sioned in speaking", i.e. "Sioned is speaking").
A Ugro-Finnic substrate in Latvian might explain why Latvian does not have the word "into". And I could go on and on... :-)
So you see, you might be right :-)
@@martaevabetakova483 that's really interesting :) Thank you for your reply!
@@martaevabetakova483 I should imagine the ways English is spoken in the British Isles, is a good way of detecting substratum influence. Ways of expression can differ within a few miles. If you're looking for evidence it's fascinating.
Certo che è possibile... Si tratta di sostrato etrusco!
Well, The Etruscan substrate hypothesis about "Gorgia" (i.e. today's Tuscan P-T-K weakening) has been rejected with many evidences. Also, Tuscan /p t k/ pronunciations as in "la hoha hola" are not aspirated consonants; they're fricatives
Learned something new today! I'll be 50 in a few months, and the older I get, the more I love learning about history. As the old saying goes, the more I learn, the more I realize what I don't know.....Thanks for taking the time to make this video.
Dunning Krueger effect I agree :)
The qupte heavily reminds me of Socrates :)
52 now and what have you learned?
@NativLang The Irish Gaelic word for "Give" is Tabhar, pronounced Tur, identical to Etruscan. Also, the Turkish word for "Up" is Sus. The Irish word for Up is Suas, pronounced almost identically to the Turkish "Soos". Tiramisu, the Italian dessert means Pick/Tira/Mi/Su/Up.. Again the Su = Up in three languages.
shut up is "sus" in Türkish
IT'S been a long time since I've read Robert Graves's book, over 40 years ago, about Greek Myths's, but I think the Etruscans are mentioned briefly in there. The background context seems to be with religious rites.
SO many linguistic & historical puzzles, still, to be solved!
Oh more NativLang videos, I've missed them so much. Keep making them, you're the best language geek channel on TH-cam!
You can see these bandages in the Archeological Museum in Zagreb.
for realz?
@@cecilianagy3562 en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Linteus
Merci!
Fascinating!
It would be interesting to see someone overlay the development (expansion) and shortening (contraction) of language against the rise and fall of civilization.
I'd be curious if there is a relationship between the complexity of written/spoken language to the advancement/decline of the civilization to which it belonged.
Interesting. I’m not a linguist but a Philosophy major and I’ve asked myself the same questions. Way before the fall of the roman empire in the 5th century latin was spoken/written in many forms: latin (literary latin) spoken and written by the ruling class, poets and writers and colloquial or vulgar latin (italian, spanish, french, portuguese and romanian are derived from vulgar latin) and this form was spoken by the common populace and its structure/grammar/words was in the majority of cases a contraction of literary latin. There was a politician called Appius Claudius, known solely as Claudius he changed his name to “Clodius’ (a contraction from Claudius) in order to be more popular amongst the plebeians and the commoners.
@@princessirulancorrino4695 th-cam.com/video/Jvy2W-QvYDU/w-d-xo.html
we still pronounce p, t, c as ph, th, (c)h in Tuscany as opposed to the rest of Italy
Ma che cazzo stai a dì ahahahahahah
@@giontesla2311 se tu' sei di una zona toscana dove si parla più grezzo di noi, un vo' miha dire che un sia vero, fava!
@@kme3894 io sono di Perugia, dove è documentata una delle uniche rimanenze di un dialetto etrusco del II secolo a.C., ossia la caduta della vocale sulla penultima sillaba e la caduta della vocale prima di una seconda parola che inizia per consonante (Tòrclo, fritdepesce, zampdegallína, eccetera). L'unica delle dodecapoli che vanta una situazione simile è Cerveteri nonostante la fortissima dominazione romana.
Fenomeno molto diffuso anche nelle parlate del nord Italia, soprattutto in emiliano e romagnolo, es. "tler" = telaio, "stimana" = settimana, "dla" = della etc.
A friend from Serbia gifted me a book that translates roughly as Serbo-Serbian dictionary. Supposedly there was a Serbian priest/archeologist that deciphered Etruscan some 60-70 years ago by using Serbian. Wont go much in details, i found it online that his work is controversial in the sense that it wasn't disproved because there is no better model but was also not accepted by the greater scientist community. The fact is that Etruscan can be read but it cant be understood leaves room for debate.
"Oookay, embalming done. Where's the wrapping cloth?"
"Uuuh... well..."
"Goddamit Geoffrey, you forgot the cloth again didn't you?"
"Well, we could just use this dumb book I got from my uncle in Italy instead"
and that's how it got to Egypt
*100% Historically Accurate*
The drawings are great!
Beautiful language, I hope more steps will be made for his comprehension. I love to search on central Italy maps and find small villages with an Etruscan name
Search for Sutri.
There are many etruscan structures there.
The old village was built over an etruscan one.
You can see the Etruscan blocks on the bottom, followed by Roman, Mideval, up to modern times.
There's a necropolis there. The tombs were emptied centuries ago.
There's also an amphitheatre cut into the tufa rock.
Wow I happened on this randomly and then was completely taken aback. A fascinating, informative and entertaining story. Great video. Thanks alot.
I'm so happy I found this video! I come from Perugia, in Umbria and I've been fascinated by this language since primary school, but not much information was available at the time, at least not to us young students. I think I'm going to add Italian subtitles right away. Thanks!
Case endings in Turkish are very similar. We have a towarding state of nouns using "-e". For example, "Merdiven-e" which means "to the ladder". Turke should not be a coincidence while there is a word of 'Ata'lanta, either. The same vowel Drop situation is present in Turkish. 'Boyun' changes to 'Boyn-u'. When it comes to "sh", we use "ş"
The fact that you fools can't translate a single etruscan text is also not a coincidence 😊
Türk oğlu Türkler 🇹🇷❣️
Kabullenemiyor gavurlar 😂
@@wankawanka3053 It sounds like a racist idiot has translated a lot of texts, but we idiots are busy deciphering the Carian language right now! Beef barbarian.
@@wankawanka3053 Can you? FOOL BABY DOLL 🤣🙃
Don't worry dude, they cannot disclose Etruscan connection to Turanian, the mother of the languages from Tartary!. They really cannot understand even the name of their neigboring "Tyrrhenian sea, which reads "Turanian" ;-). @@volkanerkan3910
i love learning about etruscan this really helped yay
Haha that's so cool how in old Norse Aesir also means gods.
and theiir letters looks kind of like runes
obaolori ik its pretty cool to see how languages connect
in sanskrit 'ishwar' means god. sounds very similar
obaolori I think that the runes are decended from Etruscan. Hold on, I'll just consult Wikipedia...
Yes they are...
yo I just sat down in linguistics class and checked my phone and this came up. I think I'm gonna just watch this instead of paying attention in class.
You made the correct choice.
Which did you learn more, the one you're paying for, or the free one?
Hank Scorpio is "wikipedia" an acceptable answer to that?
Dont ask which you learn more from ask which gives you better grade!
PS* share the video with your professor, its super effective!
Why not both?
Great job!
One of the most fascinating videos I've seen in a long while. So glad the almighty algorithm recommended it to me.
its pretty crazy how letters and words travel around the world, loads of the etruscan letters look identical to cyrillic (russian script) but with different sounds
Cyrillic pulls a lot of influence from Greek and the preceding Glagolitic script - it's name is actually in honour of Saint Cyril, one of the originators of Glagolitic script.
"Russian script" oh, I guess I and tens of millions of people who write their languages in Cyrillic are suddenly Russians
Serve Father Russia or have Putin run tanks into your country!
LOL
@@wtc5198 I think the idea was to anchor the term ”Cyrillic” into something that the majority of people would recognize 🤔.
@@ValleysOfRain Yes! So many people get that wrong; even Josh (the host of NativLang), apparently 🤔.
But "aiser" for gods? are they someway related to norse (aesir)?
Probably
We tend to see Europe as many isolated sub-states until the 17th century, but it wasn’t like that. The world always had interconnections, and probably the Germanic (later to become theNorse peoples) learnt a thing or two with every major civilization at their time. So it’s plausible that this word came from the Etruscans.
Sanskrit for God is Iswar
if i had to guess it has something to do with the Proto-Indo-Europeans, from what i understand Etruscan is a rather unique language with little relation to the Indo-European Language Family, but its possible that when the PIEs migrated into Europe the Old European ancestors of the Etruscans picked up some words from the PIE tribes Migrating into the region
Indo European. I’m sure they are related some how I don’t think in this case it is an etymologically Misconstrued word we only think is related.
"Aiser" its todays Kaiser or Cesar ,Tsar
This is brilliant. I love ancient civilizations so this channel is a dream.
Check out Atlantian Gardens and Melissa Free Range Psychic. She does past lives of politicians...Reincarnation is Real. That's probably why you love Anc. Civ. You were there.
@@carolsaia7401 Keep your insanity away from me please. I have enough insane people in my life.
@@PS4sos21 whatever.
@@carolsaia7401 Yes, whatever indeed..
Now I know more than ever about the Etruscans and their language. Thank you.
Fascinating. I love languages, especially ancient ones. It's like doing a jigsaw or making a quilt piecing together these fragments to make a whole.
Please piece together Galilean Aramaic for the masses!
Isn’t Aramaic already well known? People have made Jesus movies with nothing but Aramaic
A really interesting channel, thank you for your
effort!
There were many languages that got lost - Dacian (a Thracian language), which, just as Etruscan, had a dictionary made by Trajans doctor.
PALEO-European is the term used on wikipedia. It refers to languages pre-Indoeuropean invasion (pre-6000 BC). Etruscan was paleo. Basque is the only Paleo language that still exists
.
@@electrictroy2010 How do we know Etruscan was a paleo-language and not IE?
Thanks Claudius!
I'd love for you to do a video on the Gothic language. It's one of my favorite dead languages.
Yea, although I'm terribly interested in Germanic languages, Gothic is still very cool!
Missing a "not" there? :-P
fishlove69 it’s amazing how it was spoken in Crimea still in historic times.
Gothic was wasted potential.
Many scholars now believe that Gothic was the lingua franca of eastern Europe from around 300 to circa 700 CE. Its importance cannot be underestimated.
Wow, I LOVE this video (I also love languages myself)! You are doing a great job, Sir! Thank you for that glimpse into the past ....
It really makes one think about how many languages, especially ones with no written system, have been lost forever. Tamil and Sanskrit are considered the oldest languages, but they do not go back that far when you consider how far back people go, and that ancient people were limited and isolated by geography, which would allow for many local languages to exist.
I studied both Homeric Greek & Latin in high school, so I found this fascinating! The truth is we do not know for certain what many languages sounded like, we can only make educated guesses. Languages are constantly evolving. The Canterbury Tales are only about 700 years old, but most English speakers can't understand them w/o learning Middle English.
Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote,
The droghte of March hath perced to the roote,
And bathed every veyne in swich licóur
Of which vertú engendred is the flour;
Whan Zephirus eek with his swete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth
The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
Hath in the Ram his halfe cours y-ronne,
You have studied the way you were taught! You had learned, not studied !
Histories were falsefied after printers were made.
The first printer was made in Germany in 1450.
Iliad is an Ode about Iliria, not Greece!
Tell me where was the word Greek or Greece mentioned in Illiad?!
Do you remember when Akiles said to a Troyan worrior he was a Dardan?
Dardanians were a large Ilirian tribe!
@@etnalutt3492 The Iliad & Odyssey are works of fiction, not history books. There are some elements of historical events in them, but they are fiction with made up characters. People were making up stories long before Gutenberg LOL! A printing press does not make up or edit the story, it only reproduces it. Anyone can pass along an account of some event orally or in writing and it may be 100% fiction, based somewhat on actual facts, largely on facts or a 100% correct factual account. No printing press will change that fact.
@@etnalutt3492 "Greeks" ("Graeci") is the name by which romans called "Hellenes". Even today Greece is Hellas in Greek. Obviously "Greek" isn't used in Iliad because Homer wasn't roman. Homer used the words "Hellenes", "Panhellenes", "Achaioi", "Danaioi", "Argives" to refer to the army of Agammenon.
Romans used "Greeks", because it is the name of an hellenic tribe living in Beotia (a region of Greece). They called all hellens with the name of the first tribe they came in contact with.
In the catalog of the ships, Homer in the book 2 of the Iliad, lists the hellens in the Trojan war and he says a contingent of acheans came from "Graia", a city in Beotia. The hellen tribe called graeci lived in Graia.
@@malarobo Rromak, not Romans! Anyway, Rromaks are the Troyan Descendents, so they could have not been mentioned in the Illiad!
Read, "Aeneide", by Virgile! It's the continuation of the Troyans in case you had wondered to know what had happened with the Troyans!
@@heartwings2517 You pay no attention to the issue so I won't bother explaining!
This language is really cool, it sounds like italian/nordic
@Zamolxis no way this is dacian, dacian language was spoken in a different area, in current day romania
Serbian
The linen book is called Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis, it's kept in Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Croatia. One of the theories is that there was a small Etruscan community of refugees that lived in Alexandria around 390 BC and incorporated some Egyptian customs, like mummifying.
Etruscans were not an Indo-European people.
Karaus Ok, but I'm not claiming that they were
The comparative method is quite an interesting way to decipher Etruscan. Maybe a future video on the minoan language? I know the script isnt desiphered but maybe some ideas o how to unlock meaning from them.
Ęÿūį Æßñ It may even turn out that Minoan and Etruscan are related and are examples of some pre Indo-European language family in Europe.
The trouble is that so little is known about Minoan that there's almost nothing to say. I suppose he could discuss the various hypotheses, but since none of them are widely accepted it could mislead a lay audience into believing one or more of them are more plausible than most linguists in fact find them to be.
We also don't have very much of it. The entire extant Linear A corpus consists of about 1,430 examples, many fragmentary, and most inscriptions are extremely brief with an average length of just over 5 signs. This makes decipherment exceptionally difficult.
Or Harrapan!
The problems of deciphering Linear A are multiplied 10x with Harappan. And in both cases, unlike Etruscan, we would be entirely guessing about the values of the signs. At least with Etruscan we know what its parent alphabet (Greek) and its child alphabet (Latin) sounded like, so we could figure it out.
Herodotus wrote that the Etruscans did in fact come from the Aegean, hence the Lemnian connection.
I was born and raised in the area of Italy where etruscans lived. I'm so glad someone is talking about etruscans to an international audiencd
Well , few years back I read somewhere that in fact that writings were decoded in those times using the székely Hungarian runnic script -still popular in that time in Transilvania ! And they got sentenced with meaning in a proto hungarian language so they realized that Etruscan is a proto hungarian languages . But when they realized this that said this must be kept in very secret. Later even an Italian linguist got out and said Etruscan is a proto hungarian language and he also proved this with inscriptions found on pottery.
But long live official academics! And truth is only what is proclaimed by them .