Scorpio-N vs XUV-700 - Body on ladder vs Monocoque | என்ன வித்தியாசம்? எது சிறந்தது ? | Birla

แชร์
ฝัง
  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 17 ต.ค. 2024
  • Scorpio-N vs XUV-700, Body on ladder vs Monocoque, Types of car chassis, types of car chassis pdf, types of electric car chassis, what is chassis and its types, how many types of chassis, what are the parts of a car chassis, what are the different types of vehicle, what is a car chassis, how does a car chassis work, how to make a car chassis, chassis, types of chassis, automobile chassis, conventional chassis, ladder frame, automobile, chassis frame, body on frame, monocoque chassis, chassis types, car chassis design, different types of chassis, monocoque, ladder, unibody, car frame, explain automobile chassis, conventional chassis layout
    In this video a detailed discussion about Body on Ladder and Monocoque chassis build in car.
    Enjoy the Video till end.
    Do Subscribe, Share, Like and comment.
    / birlasparvai
    Contact us : birlasparvai@gmail.com
    #Scorpio-NvsXUV-700 #bodyonladder #monocoque #carshassis #bodyonladdervsmonocoque #carsafty #birlasparvai #Birlasparvaicarreview #Birla #birlasparvaicardriving

ความคิดเห็น • 293

  • @kalaimadhavan
    @kalaimadhavan 2 ปีที่แล้ว +45

    Monocoque - for performance, acceleration ,handling, comfort - used in sports cars, hatchbacks , sedans.
    Body on ladder - for ruggedness, towing, load bearing and off-road purpose . Used in real SUVs, trucks

    • @pravinranjith2841
      @pravinranjith2841 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Body on ladder gives you good ride pleasures

  • @rajaneyveli2242
    @rajaneyveli2242 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    பிர்லா, எனக்கு தெரிந்து இது வரை யாரும் இவ்வாறு மிக தெளிவாக விளக்கம் கொடுத்தது இல்லை. மிக சிறப்பு தொடரட்டும் தங்கள் பணி

  • @sankaranarayanan4792
    @sankaranarayanan4792 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    மிக தெளிவாக புரியவைத்துள்ளீர்கள்.நன்றி.

  • @vssunilkumar
    @vssunilkumar 2 ปีที่แล้ว +64

    You are evolving as one of the best automotive expert. Appreciate your hard work and dedication for bringing quality content 👌

    • @karanam52
      @karanam52 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      No doubt, an automobile engineer, with considerable industry experience💐

    • @arulprakash6180
      @arulprakash6180 ปีที่แล้ว

      Sir you told monocoque is safety build, but body on ladder Scorpio N safety rating is 5.

  • @tM-ws2rf
    @tM-ws2rf 2 ปีที่แล้ว +14

    Super. This is what Birla’s speciality.. Love the way he explains.. Very crystal clear.. People seeing this video can remember the concept for their lifetime.. 👏🏼👏🏼👏🏼

  • @narayanagnanashekar8207
    @narayanagnanashekar8207 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    No one can explain better than this👌birla rocks👌

  • @Airwarriortheindian
    @Airwarriortheindian 2 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    Thank you Birla Thambi for your detailed explanation of monocoque and body on frame structures. You are the only Tamil U tuber to explain the Physics of automobiles. Nanri. Vaazhga Valamudan. Vaazhga Bharatham. I am your subscriber since the start of pandemic. Vaazhga Valamudan.

  • @ssundi
    @ssundi 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    மிக மிக அருமையான தொகுப்பு. இந்த அளவிற்கு எளிமையான முறையில் இந்த இரண்டு அமைப்புகளை விளக்குவது எல்லோராலும் முடியாது. வாழ்க வளமுடன்

  • @nikhilsundar1574
    @nikhilsundar1574 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Yaarunga neenga naa oru 2 days back thaa itha pathi net la surf panitu irthan neenga clear ah solitinga neenga oru
    legendngaa😚

  • @richardajith9825
    @richardajith9825 2 ปีที่แล้ว +13

    Bro on road pathi konja detailed ah explaination video kudunga bro and extended warranty, accessory kit,etc... entha price lam unnecessary ethalam avoid panalam nu solunga bro

    • @manoj.g
      @manoj.g 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I'm also waiting for this video

  • @sudhakarthnagapandian2281
    @sudhakarthnagapandian2281 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    It’s too technical subject, but you explained very well so even normal layman can easily digest this!! Much appreciated!! 👏👏👏

  • @babusundararaman3310
    @babusundararaman3310 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Sir also explain
    1. Front wheel drive
    2. Rear wheel drive
    3. All wheel drive

    • @Mine4943
      @Mine4943 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Please also add 4 wheel drive which is way different from All Wheel Drive

  • @tks5210
    @tks5210 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    How is the safety of Bolero neo as it is a body on frame vehicle ??

  • @jaiganesh3988
    @jaiganesh3988 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    எல்லோருக்கும் புரியும் வகையில் அருமையான பதிவு வாழ்த்துக்கள்

  • @elangovanramalingam9084
    @elangovanramalingam9084 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Please it is very much technical ,though explanation is ok but automobile engineer is the best person to explain.

  • @senthilprabhumk
    @senthilprabhumk 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Concept is too @Brila we need more like this.. People should understand the crumble zone is for our safety.
    If car damages till crumble zone we should think as benefit..

  • @rajasekaranmam
    @rajasekaranmam 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I just read an article about these two body types from Mahindra Bose money control article, and your explanation added more clarity on top of it.

  • @Surya.
    @Surya. 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir one doubt. Body on layder car ra namma modify Panna mudiuma. Chassis mattum vachitu Panna mudiuma sir...

  • @elan2288
    @elan2288 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Last night I had the same doubt to choose XUV or Scorpio.. finally went for XUV.. practical and Space effective

    • @emeraldbay2475
      @emeraldbay2475 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Good luck. You'll get the car next year

    • @elan2288
      @elan2288 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      @@emeraldbay2475 Yes actual date is 2023...but I did multiple bookings in different places..will get it in 3 months

  • @arunthangarasu
    @arunthangarasu 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Bro... Just a small correction. Torsional rigidity is higher in ladder on frame which is correct. But it is something which doesn't allow the frame to bend where monocoque has less torsional rigidity and can be bent easier than ladder on frame. That's the reason for suvs still using ladder on frame. And also for thier higher ground clearance. Hope this is clear 🙂

    • @ajithkr1795
      @ajithkr1795 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Correct! Torsional rigidity / stiffness means how much torque required to twist the body. More rigid structure means more predictable suspension and more control of the vehicle. Earlier it was difficult to build monocoques with high torsional rigidity. That's why trucks and SUVs were built using ladder frame techniques. Recent advances show OEMs can build monocoque with high torsional rigidity. Example: Ford Maverick, Land Rover Defender, Innova Hycross etc.

    • @darshanh5045
      @darshanh5045 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks i was looking for this info.. torsional rigidity and suspension working explanation from Birla sir was slightly misleading from what i have understood

  • @vetrivelmuruganv3953
    @vetrivelmuruganv3953 2 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    I have this question in my mind for a long time. Thanks for clarifying.
    One additional info: Monocoque is Front wheel drive and Body on ladder is Rear wheel drive.In general BoL will have more body roll.

    • @mohammedakbar7942
      @mohammedakbar7942 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Not all Body on Ladder wil have Body roll, only Indian Off roaders have it...

    • @mohanmohan-qz1hv
      @mohanmohan-qz1hv 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Ji,some time monocoque also being adopted real wheel system, example maruti omni, maruthi eecho, tempo travellor

  • @siva03986
    @siva03986 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi bro,
    Any technical update for new car buyers,
    I have booked Grand Vitara (Alpha AT), Can you please advise, comparatively scorpio N or Grand vitara, which one is best

  • @arunraja9002
    @arunraja9002 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Gradually from driving tips you have elevated yourself to an automobile expertise. Congrats brother. Simplicity is the core. Continue your service. 👍

  • @Gokul_1727
    @Gokul_1727 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Car oda chasics la evolo information irukunu epo tha sir enaku tharum💯❤️

  • @KrishnaKumar-qn4er
    @KrishnaKumar-qn4er 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    After watching Mahindra RND head Mr velisamy scorpio N testing video.. I wanted to know this d different between body on ladder and monocoque build. . Thank you for
    Well explained..

  • @sivasargunam1512
    @sivasargunam1512 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Excellent narration about the body types.... This is called as expert view... Thanks a lot bro🙏

  • @holyshift5041
    @holyshift5041 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    You made complex subject so easy,.If you were my physics teacher, I would have become astrophysicist instead of a computer engineer.

  • @HariHaran-cm9qk
    @HariHaran-cm9qk 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi sir..kindly put a video regarding fire handling in car,what should be done in case of fire 🔥 🤔, can we keep small fire extinguisher inside the car , how can we prevent fire in car.....

  • @kumarp1923
    @kumarp1923 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sir,
    Very good explanation.
    But one small correction, Ambassador car is a monocoque type only not a ladder type chassis..please verify sir.

  • @sanjeevpm.mr.galaxy
    @sanjeevpm.mr.galaxy 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Well explained video....but u have to know one thing sir ....body roll will be happen in ladder on chasis modal cars ...

  • @prakashj2603
    @prakashj2603 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sir I am going to buy mahandra N.. i have a confusion which model is best diesel or petrol.. tell us the advantage and disadvantage of both

  • @syednazar4770
    @syednazar4770 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hyindai i10 automatic is suitable for CNG? 12 years vehicle

  • @agkalyan
    @agkalyan 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Birla Sir,
    Your are real master in explaining complex concepts into simpler form.
    Your video help me to understand automobiles very easily.
    Request to make video on Car insurance

  • @raja-skywalk2885
    @raja-skywalk2885 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    பின்னிட்டீங்க பிர்லா..🤩🤩🤩. Scorpio n book பண்ணலாம்னு இருக்கேன் டீசல் mileage & பெட்ரோல் mileage test பண்ணி சொல்லுங்க.. பிர்லா.

  • @shankarp.s5923
    @shankarp.s5923 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sir, Hereafter when you say about mileage, in your review or user reviews, please let us know the mileage
    1. within the city with AC
    2. within the city without AC
    3. In Highway with AC
    4. In High way without A/C
    Thank you

  • @manickamjayakumar3749
    @manickamjayakumar3749 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    அருமையான பதிவும் விளக்கமும்.
    பிரம்மாதம் பிர்லா.

  • @SudheerKumar-zh3ii
    @SudheerKumar-zh3ii 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hello sir! I have a few questions: 1. tortional rigidity konjam kammiya irudhan ride quality improve aaguma? 2. appadi kammiya irundhu chasis adikkadi twist aana breakage chances adhigama irukadha?

  • @puviyarasup3377
    @puviyarasup3377 ปีที่แล้ว

    Due to torsional rigidity passenger could experience more rolling(centripetal force) in ladder on frame,,,,,, ?

  • @kannadasan1765
    @kannadasan1765 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very nice explanation Birla sir.
    Kia Carens comes in Monocoque or Body on ladder chassis?

  • @vinodhdrp1275
    @vinodhdrp1275 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Boss, which build is fuel efficient?

  • @mrala2860
    @mrala2860 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    நம்ம ஊர்ல ஹைவே தவிர மற்ற ரோடெல்லாம் ஆஃப் வேயா தானே இருக்கிறது .ஒரு 20km கூட டென்சன் இல்லாம போக முடியல அண்ணா !

  • @parthibanr6361
    @parthibanr6361 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    @ Birla. I heard Ambassador is coming. Are they in process of resurrecting Hindustan Motors?

  • @ceciladrian9783
    @ceciladrian9783 ปีที่แล้ว

    Are ladder frame vehicles heavier than monocoque vehicles ??

  • @karthickeshu1985
    @karthickeshu1985 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi bro .... Hyundai i10 petrol and Ford old Figo diesel.... Ethu vangalam.... Unga choice ethu.... Ennaku small car na ithu ரெண்டு தான்.... பெட்ரோல் and diesel

  • @easwarv2308
    @easwarv2308 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Even if there are 100s of video update in my youtube in a day, I will see your video first. This is because of your topic selection and its presentation sir.. 👏 Keep continuing the good work. 👍

  • @vykn80s
    @vykn80s 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    always watching ur video at 1.75x speed - it suits me better and saves times ..good graphics and examples

  • @kumarancvk
    @kumarancvk 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Toyota land cruiser junior madree iruku pudhu Scorpio.. nice update for new gen.. tatavum konjo 20l kulaa budget 7seater vandi kondu varanum.. $afaree rombo costly..

  • @agilamcorporation5171
    @agilamcorporation5171 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    மிகவும் எழிமையாக புறியும்படி சலிக்கவிடாமல் கூறியதர்க்கு நன்றி

  • @nagendra3254
    @nagendra3254 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Actually u are good at giving the explanation,much applause from south india

  • @gobblethem1031
    @gobblethem1031 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you so much Anna.. when asir Anna says monocoque I don't know what that is. This is the exact vedio I was searching for. 🔥

  • @RajKumar-kt3el
    @RajKumar-kt3el 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Big engineering concepts are explained very simply!

  • @miracle9522
    @miracle9522 ปีที่แล้ว

    வேற லெவல் explain... பிர்லா ❤❤

  • @கோவில்சொத்துகுலநாசம்

    அருமை
    தெளிவான விளக்கம்

  • @basheerahamed7248
    @basheerahamed7248 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    அருமையான விளக்கம். பாராட்டுக்கள்...

  • @vikeshkris8625
    @vikeshkris8625 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Bro, unibody and monocoque are not exactly same. Unibody has separate body panels, which doesn't provide any strength to the chassis. Monocoque chassis gets strength from the external skin too. They both have similar methods for engine mounts and suspension mounts but not exactly the same. XUV700 monocoque nu mention pannanum nu avasiyame illaye if its the same as other cars. Otherwise great explanation by you Birla sir

  • @vinayomkaran7861
    @vinayomkaran7861 ปีที่แล้ว

    Really a beautiful way of explaining. Thank you.

  • @kmrtpaulraj
    @kmrtpaulraj 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hello Sir, can you tell me a good seven seater with carrier option

  • @Er.Mohanbharathi1997
    @Er.Mohanbharathi1997 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Super sir ! Perfectly sounds like a mechanical engineer

  • @oracr.sathishkumar3641
    @oracr.sathishkumar3641 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very good explanation in simple words... As usual thumbs-up.... Your explanation makes physics so easy to understand... Super ji..

  • @rwnin
    @rwnin 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Super sir...,need these type of videos. Very informative.... While buying a car we can make proper decision.

  • @vinosurya02
    @vinosurya02 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Bro oru new car vaagumbothu until first service evalo speed la drive pananum

  • @sivaraj226
    @sivaraj226 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Master class of explanation on the subject 👌, please keep it up further 👍 Birlaji.

  • @kumaranvelu6242
    @kumaranvelu6242 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Bro I have booked ScorpioN today , can we do a joint test drive , how to approach you ?

  • @bluemount03
    @bluemount03 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    மோனாகாக் பில்டில் தயாரிக்க பட்ட கார்களில் முதன்முதலில் தயாரான கார் டிரம்ப் ஹெரால்ட் ஆகும். இந்த புரட்சி யை கொண்டு வந்த கார் இந்தியாவில் ஸ்டாண்டர் ஹெரால்ட் கார் ஆகும். இது மிகவும் பிரபலம் ஆகவில்லை. காரணம் இரண்டு கதவுகளையே கொண்டு இருந்த படியால்

  • @anuputra
    @anuputra 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Excellent presentation with detailed information and put it in a simple understandable way.Congrats Birla.

  • @kannanmatrimony9337
    @kannanmatrimony9337 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Stability control WORKING PRINCIPAL?

  • @Anand-rt1cn
    @Anand-rt1cn 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    1. Ya I agree, but during accidents the damage caused to human inside is almost equivalent in both of them. Wearing seat belts helps us in any kind of car. BODY ON FRAME vehicles have longer life since the wear and tear is much lesser compared to the monocoque cars.
    2. Body on frame cars are moving towards extinction, since most of the consumers focus only on mileage rather than comfort and reliability.

  • @lordkrishnaorukkamalai1456
    @lordkrishnaorukkamalai1456 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Superb,romba helpfulla irukkidu. sir

  • @karunatndgl1980
    @karunatndgl1980 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    அருமையான விளக்கம்.

  • @chandirancr7686
    @chandirancr7686 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Abs spoiler Kum normal spoiler Kum enna vithyasam?

  • @karthikeyansiva8366
    @karthikeyansiva8366 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Please make a video for the difference between 4WD and AWD.

  • @thamizhamuthan9728
    @thamizhamuthan9728 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent presentation with detailed information and put it in a simple understandable way.Congrats

  • @prakashprakash-uo6gi
    @prakashprakash-uo6gi 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi sir🖐️ Naan unga video's la patthu than sir naan driving katthukitan. Neenga menual gear car's videos than anna poduringa please AMT veriant car's maintenance patthi podung anna ( car budget 7 to 9.5 L)

  • @robertravinath6365
    @robertravinath6365 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    After quite a while this is proper Birlas Video
    👏👏👏

  • @sabarisarasharan
    @sabarisarasharan 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Super👌👌👌 Master.
    Scorpio Big Dady Of All SUV's.
    Thank you🙏🙏🙏 Birla🤓🤓🤓 Master.

  • @sara_shopping_official
    @sara_shopping_official 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Pls explain body build for ertiga

  • @prashantraj2410
    @prashantraj2410 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Birla bro nenga ena sonalum puriyudhee thalaivareee nenga mass nenga pesama mechanical engineering department ku professor ah pohalam ✌🏻✌🏻✌🏻💪🏻💪🏻💪🏻💪🏻💪🏻

  • @rajajisubramaniyan6282
    @rajajisubramaniyan6282 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great ! Excellent. As usual you did very well job on this video..Very much useful for car lovers... Thanks lot! Al the best

  • @sathiyaseelan4434
    @sathiyaseelan4434 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Excellent differentiation.Thank you.

  • @arun62146
    @arun62146 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Bro, sent an email to check if 1.2l k12 engine is better or if 1.2l vvl engine is better, please respond. Also need to know if tiago nrg's engine is good

  • @p.nandhakumarkumar8146
    @p.nandhakumarkumar8146 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    அருமையான விளக்கம்...

  • @sriharig2205
    @sriharig2205 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Very useful and most wanted explanation.. Hats off Birla bro..✌

  • @prasannavenkatesan4214
    @prasannavenkatesan4214 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Your examples give us clear understanding sir

  • @mr_muthukumaran
    @mr_muthukumaran 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    We own a toyota qualis a long time ago . We met with an accident , the body of the car was totally collapsed . So we bought a used car's body and fixed it in our car's chassis .

  • @learningnewthings6467
    @learningnewthings6467 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    My budget 7 laksh intha budget la ena car edukalam sollunga sir

  • @VinodkumarChandran-ol2ok
    @VinodkumarChandran-ol2ok ปีที่แล้ว

    Hello, Is XUV700 is Body on ladder or Monocoque build? Thanks.

  • @ranjithsekar9043
    @ranjithsekar9043 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    5 yearsku aprm tyre use pannalama 30000 km odiruku

  • @7hills351
    @7hills351 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi Birla,
    Thanks for the explanation,
    I heard ambassador gives best safety for passengers, I thought it's monocoque, but actually it's ladderon frame, but you say monocoque is best in safety for passengers, ladder on frame is best for Vehicle safety than passenger safety.
    Keep aside vehicle safety, which structure is more safety for passengers?
    Because passenger safety is important than anything else.

    • @Mine4943
      @Mine4943 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Your understanding is actually right, Monocoque has better safety for the passengers due to the way it's built and defines the reason as well. The overall structural rigidity of the passenger cabin is better due to which it is considered to be safe even when the vehicle rolls over. In the event of crash the engines is designed to drop down without entering the passenger cabin. Whereas the structure built on the ladder frame is usually tinny and easily collapses during crash but the chassis will remain intact. I tried to explain as much possible, not sure if I am clear though!

  • @harishraghu501
    @harishraghu501 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thanks for a crystal clear explanation

  • @ramasanjayaneam5421
    @ramasanjayaneam5421 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Good explain THANK YOU

  • @gunaseelankannappan2473
    @gunaseelankannappan2473 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Bro but body on ladder has 1 disadvantage I think - it has more body roll and has a change of toppling when turning the vehicle at a high speed.

    • @vineethprabhu8560
      @vineethprabhu8560 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      New ScorpioN la body roll rmba kammi panirukanga previous gen compare panumbodhu...Enna na features konjam kammi XUV700 oda compare panomna.. e.g. only 8 inch infotainment, no ADAS feature compared to new XUV.

  • @sampathraj8782
    @sampathraj8782 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    சிறப்பான விளக்கம் 👌👌👌

  • @sajitkumar3612
    @sajitkumar3612 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    this type of videos are the showing uniqnes to other channels, super bro keep it up

  • @jagadeeshkumarvc
    @jagadeeshkumarvc 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you professor for the information. Thank you again for the class.

  • @rajukarthikeyan4065
    @rajukarthikeyan4065 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Nala explained about the chassis, sir. Super!!!!

  • @adhivaragan435
    @adhivaragan435 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Was searching for this video in tamil. There I got it today

  • @madhusudhan2780
    @madhusudhan2780 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Such a wonderful video sir..
    I was waiting for this topic..
    The way of your explanation is very easy to understand..& nalla clarity ah iruku sir ..
    Thanks for the information.. 👍🏼

  • @jaisankar6311
    @jaisankar6311 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Clear and clean explain professor sir superb

  • @skp8345
    @skp8345 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Clarity in explanation 👍

  • @venkatesans7796
    @venkatesans7796 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    அருமை சகோ வாழ்க வளமுடன் நன்றி🙏💕