Nuclear Transmutation Class 12 Physics|| Alpha, Beta and Gamma Decay

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being ejected from the reaction. The product nucleus was identified as oxygen-17 in 1925 by Patrick Blackett.
To reach the kinetic energies necessary to produce transmutation reactions, devices called particle accelerators are used. These devices use magnetic and electric fields to increase the speeds of nuclear particles. In all accelerators, the particles move in a vacuum to avoid collisions with gas molecules. When neutrons are required for transmutation reactions, they are usually obtained from radioactive decay reactions or from various nuclear reactions occurring in nuclear reactors.
Many artificial elements have been synthesized and isolated, including several on a large scale via transmutation reactions. The elements beyond element 92 (uranium) are called transuranium elements. These elements were all discovered via transmutation reactions, although elements 93 and 94, neptunium and plutonium, were subsequently found in nature as uranium decay products.
Neptunium-239 was created by bombarding uranium-238 with neutrons. The reaction creates unstable uranium-239, with a half-life of 23.5 minutes, which then decays into neptunium-239. Neptunium-239 is also radioactive, with a half-life of 2.36 days, and it decays into plutonium-239.
Plutonium is now mostly formed in nuclear reactors as a byproduct during the decay of uranium. Some of the neutrons that are released during U-235 decay combine with U-238 nuclei to form uranium-239; this undergoes β− decay to form neptunium-239, which in turn undergoes β− decay to form plutonium-239.
Nuclear medicine has developed from the ability to convert atoms of one type into other types of atoms. Radioactive isotopes of several dozen elements are currently used for medical applications. The radiation produced by their decay is used to image or treat various organs or portions of the body, among other uses
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Sir you make things easier and clear...You are the best physics teacher on TH-cam I really appreciate your hardwork 😊

[@Wollongong.]

One of the best lecture sir 😀

[@sabahurrehman2358]

Thank u sir

[@zainpaji6772]

sir nucleus sirf alpha decay me excite ho ga ya beta me bhi???
please answer. baki sab ek dam makhan samaj aya. love you sir

[@ibrahimsultan9863]

Dono mayn hota hay

[@ranaakhan7471]

Sir, in beta decay we say that neutron changes to proton.but wher does that nutron gets the positive charge from?
Sir, please explain...

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Thank you so very much sir it helped alot🌸

[@sabahurrehman2358]

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thank you so much it is really helpfull i have studied my whole book from ur channel
plz discuss nmdcat important mcqs from all the chapters🙏

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Love from India🇮🇳

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Thanuk so much!

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Sir ap please quantum mechanics ki classes bhi liya karen

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Assalam o alaikum sir g ye topic complete h koi derivation nhi h???

[@shinningstar2753]

Sir whiteboard is not clear due to soo much light...

[@hira_110]

Sir why a neutrino is emitted in beta decay?

[@saddyycricket]

Photone means

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sir kindly hr lecture pe number mention kia karei like part 1,part 2...

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Voice should be more clear and louder
By the way thanks for lectures
Good way of teaching

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Thanku so much. Sir g..........
Sir g kia hamary papaers mcqs type to ni ho gy.

[@TheBaseAcademy999]

Abhi confirm ni huwa

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Proton jo energy absorb krta ha wo energy kaha sy milti ha?

[@mariamaria5845]

Sir ak unstable parent nuclide stable daughter nuclide mein change hota hai radiation ko emit kr k .tou phr is universe mein sary unstable elements ee after emitting radiation stable mein change ho jayein??

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Sir g nuclear physics waly chapter k short question py ek lecture upload kren plzz

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A.o.a sir nuclear transmutation mai element ky ander electrons bhi hoty hai agr kisi element my sy alpha particles nikly gay to us per nefative charge a jae ga is ki hum ku nhi discuss krty

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beta main b neutron proton 2no hoty hain to wo nucleon kyn nahi hain

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[@ahmedkhan9669]

Sir (السلام علیکم)
Sir Apne kaha positive beta decay endothermic reaction hai tu Sir ic reaction ne energy (heat) kahan se li
Btw love you Sir 😍

[@TheBaseAcademy999]

From heat or any other source

[@ahmedkhan9669]

@@TheBaseAcademy999 Sir where does energy and heat come from?

[@ahmedkhan9669]

@@TheBaseAcademy999 Sir?

[@forsageteamwarrior3784]

In gamma decay eletron excited and de-excited or whole nucleus excited or de-excited?

[@najlawafa7300]

In gamma decay, it's the nucleus that gets excited and de-excited, not the electrons. When an unstable nucleus undergoes gamma decay, it emits a gamma ray photon to transition from a higher energy state to a lower energy state. This emission occurs within the nucleus itself and doesn't involve the electrons in the atom. So, it's the nucleus that undergoes the excitation and de-excitation process, releasing gamma radiation in the form of photons.

[@mahnoorshah9100]

Sir is ko thora or explain kr k bta den k nucleus mein negative particles tou hotay hi nhi Hein phir beta kese emit hota he!???

[@physicswithranamuzaffar8426]

Dear if Newtron converd in to proton so Emission Negative Beta particle

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Pls sir ye ache se nazre nai aata

[@tallatnazir9455]

Sir g go excite state han vo stable hoti han ya unstable please baty ga

[@TheBaseAcademy999]

Excited states are unstable

[@hoorainkhan4559]

Sir jb ek element unstable hota hai to us say radiation niklte hai alpha beta... Radiation nikalny k bad to usko stable Hona chahiye naa.... Lekin ap nai kaha k alpha beta radiation nikalny k bad nucleus excite hojata hai yani uski energy barh jati hai to wo gama radiation emit krta hai .. sir ye Kya logic hai es ki samajh nahi arahi....

[@physicswithranamuzaffar8426]

Dear Jab tak Ap ka nucleus stable nhi ho jab tak energy emmit ho ge

[@hoorainkhan4559]

@@physicswithranamuzaffar8426 ok sir... Thnk u

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@@hoorainkhan4559 Welcome
My youtube channel Physics with Rana Muzaffar

[@oxmphysics4950]

Lecture behtar hai lekin ap ne ye nhi btaya alpha beta decay k liy kitni energy required hoti hai

[@TheBaseAcademy999]

This lecture is according to the syllabus of intermediate

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Good job sir, Allah apko mazid trukki atta kare

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sir ya beta decay ka koi reaction nahi

[@Striker_Xpert]

Hai.. Carbon 6 ka reaction search kr lein😊

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Sir jab aap white board par likna band kardaity ho to plz side po hojaya kary k hum video ko pause karkay note karsaky this will hellp allot of students ❤🖤.

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Okay 🥰

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Heart

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Na hi ho.....

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Kash me dekny se pehle ye video mar jatii kon dekhe ga clear he nhi aaraha board per ufffff

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Nice SIR g

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First✌

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