ALL Nuclear Physics Explained SIMPLY
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 25 มิ.ย. 2024
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CHAPTERS:
0:00 Become dangerously interesting
1:29 Atomic components & Forces
3:55 What is an isotopes
4:10 What is Nuclear Decay
5:45 What is Radioactivity - Alpha Decay
6:31 Natural radioactivity - Beta & Gamma decay
9:03 What is half-life?
9:41 Nuclear fission
10:48 Nuclear fusion
SUMMARY
In this video, I summarize All Nuclear Physics in about 10 minutes. Atoms are made of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The nuclei of atoms are made up of protons and neutrons. These are called nucleons. Because all protons have the same charge, they repel. And force can be calculated using coulombs law. Two protons separated by the width of a neutron repel with a force of 60 Newtons, or 12 lbs!
But what keeps them from flying apart is an even stronger force the strong nuclear force. It's about 100X stronger than electromagnetism. But this force only operates at very small distances, about the width of a proton. And it only operates within and between nucleons. Electrons, photons, and neutrinos are not affected by it. It's like Velcro. Nucleon stick together when really close, but have no affect when far apart.
The number of protons in an element is solely responsible for its chemical and physical properties. A given element or atom can have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons. These are called isotopes of the element. They have exactly the same chemical properties and differ only in mass.
Stable nuclei consist of roughly the same number of protons and neutrons. The neutrons serve to provide additional strong force needed to keep the nucleus stable. Without neutrons, not even two protons can be held together against their repulsion.
Free protons are stable, but free neutrons are not stable. Lone neutrons decay into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino within 15 minutes. But inside a nucleus they remain stable because it is energetically unfavorable for them to decay.
If a nucleus is very large, or has an excess number of protons or neutrons, this causes alpha decay, which is a helium nucleus consisting of 2 protons and two neutrons. This is what we call radioactivity.
There are three forms of natural radioactivity, alpha, beta and gamma-decay. A beta-particle is a high-energy electron. This occurs in very large nuclei when a neutron decays even though it is in the presence of protons. This gives off an electron and an antineutrino. This electron is the beta-particle.
A gamma-particle is a high-energy photon. Gamma-rays are usually emitted by excited nuclei that have been created after either an alpha or beta decay. These nuclear processes release high energy photons is because they involve the strong force with is very energetic.
Alpha-particles can be stopped by a thin piece of paper. Beta-particles can penetrate your skin, but can be stopped by a sheet of aluminum foil. But gamma-rays can penetrate through an inch of lead.
A radioactive nucleus is characterized by its “half-life.” What this means is that if I have a 16 atoms, with a half-life of 1 week, then one week later I will have ½ or 8 atoms remaining. In 2 weeks, I will have 4 and so on. The half-life is a statistical concept, and we can't predict in advance which specific atoms will decay.
If a large nucleus, like some isotopes of uranium is hit by a particle, usually a neutron, then it will split into two smaller nuclei. This is called nuclear fission. If the total mass of the two smaller nuclei is less than that of the uranium before it was hit, the missing mass is turned into energy via E = mc2. This is called fission.
If there is enough fissionable nuclei in high enough concentration, then it is possible for the thrown off neutrons to, in turn, fission more nuclei, creating a chain reaction. This is the mechanism behind an atomic bomb.
#nuclearphysics
Fusion happens when two small nuclei such as hydrogen, which consists of only a single proton, can be brought close enough together that they fuse into a single nucleus. Fusion is very difficult to achieve, because the protons strongly repel each other. Only gases heated to millions of degrees Celsius have atoms moving fast enough to fuse. In the sun this process is easier because of the assistance of gravitational pressure in the core. Quantum tunneling also plays a role. - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
Arvin is a brilliant teacher, we need more like him to teach and explain mathematics, science and engineering, with the hope the many young (and not so young) decide to study these subjects.
Thank you, Sir.
My revolution in physics has been irrefutably valid for 28 years. Light years and the big bang never happened. We live in the parallel universe. Explorers of extraterrestrials and contact holders of star spaceships since 01/17/95. Johann Zdebor
im the outlier bruh im 13
I spent 7 years in the nuclear industry and it doesn't make parties interesting. It just means people who think they know more than you try to convince you your safety work is all mistaken. And that's after a week of work when you want some time off.
_Obviously_ a layman who's watched a TH-cam vid or two knows more than you, silly professional!
I work in IT. I feel your pain.
Many people are intimidated by someone who is much smarter than they are when it is made obvious.
I suspect that it's an ego thing.
Just 7 years - you had barely started.
You sound like a barrel of laughs at parties. You always so fun?
I spent more than 40 years in the industry. I learned in grad school that the general population consists of four groups of people. The first is a relatively small group in the "Amen Choir", and they are with you on philosophical grounds. A second, larger group is opposed on philosophical grounds, and nothing you say will change their minds. The third and largest group do not think much, do not care much, and if they are swayed at all, it is by whatever they last heard that they can remember. The last and smallest group contain people who know how to think critically and care enough to try to separate fact from fiction. This last group is the only one worth engaging with. You are wasting your time with the rest.
I've known all of these things since I was in high school essentially (thirty years ago) but I still watch channels like yours because I can still always learn something or get some nuance. And this time was no different, I never completely grasped why the Strong force is eventually overcome in large nuclei by the EM force, I never caught on to the additive effect of the repulsion of the EM charge of the protons. Once again, you've taught me something and made it very much worth my while to tune in, thanks :)
Colin Boyle
I genuinely love this channel. I love your no BS and non-pop-sci approach to teaching these complex topics. I love to see the maths and theories behind the principles you teach. Please keep making this great content!
Thanks (again) Arvin for another excellent video, explained clearly. Love the Velcro example for the SNF - I have seen it demonstrated once before, with Velcro glued onto 2 bar magnets, then the two same poles being forced together. Please keep them coming. Best wishes from West Wales, UK.
This video is amazing! To be conveniently ushered through all nuclear physics in such an educational and entertaining way, was quite impressive. I'm really grateful for you, producing always such enthralling content. On top you are such a kind and likeable person in my opinion, thanks a lot for all your effort!
You give some of the very best scientific explanations out there! This relatively short video explained a ton and was super-entertaining as well! Keep up the great work!
Thank you Arvin... thoroughly enjoyed this.☺️
The video was very informative and explained some concepts that needed explaining so understanding could take place. Much of what was said was taken for granted like it needed no explanation but Arvin Ash drilled down into the details missing from any physic lesson I have ever attended. The funny part is I did not even realize the details needed further explanation!!!
I love your videos. I barely have a high school education but find it tremendously interesting. You present things to very well. Thank you so much!
Glad you like them!
Thanks! I can now add Nuclear Physicist to my resume. 😶
Wow. . this is hands down the best explanations I've seen. Thanks for expanding my understanding!
The breadth of your value as a teacher can not be overstated. Whether I’m revisiting things that are familiar, or those that I am still learning, you are the pulsing magnetar from which the field of information propagates into minds such as mine which, as nature would have it, responds to the field in a different way than the preponderance of others.
So on behalf of all of those like myself, thank you for your unique attributes that bestow the force carriers of the field such that our minds may be bombarded by the quantum effects of the Arvinton field.
Loved the video Arvin, best utilisation of 12 minutes I’ve experienced all week. Thanks
"Dangerously interesting at your next dinner party." Niiiiiiiice
Beautiful, you have answered questions that I have had for years.
This is a treasure trove of a video, thank you!
Great episode Arvin 👍
Clear precise and informative. If quantum mechanics was as easy to understand, I'd be a physicist 🤣😜
A great video, colleague!
Thanks for yet another educational video Arvin.
I wish you would have touched upon how a Neutron bomb works. In many ways that'd be the deadliest type of Nuclear Bomb. Most people have never heard of it. Yet it is more likely to be used than any other type of Nuclear Bomb if it's being used strategically.
I find a good way to describe how ridiculously more powerful thermonuclear bombs are (hydrogen bombs) by pointing out, as Arvin says at 11:19, that a hydrogen bomb uses a fission bomb (i.e. the type of bombs used in WWII) as its TRIGGER. Imagine how much force it takes to squeeze the trigger of a gun vs how much damage a gun can do. That’s the kind of separation between the energy output of an atomic bomb vs a hydrogen bomb. Always awe inspiring and terrifying to think about.
I’ve been going on an information-binging spree concerning atomic energy, and this is the best and most conclusive video I’ve seen. Super cool stuff. Super interesting
This was the best explanation of the subject, thank you.
Love this channel! Wish it was around when I was studying university level physics in the 90s
Amazing and brilliant.. You really explain difficult concepts so simply and make them look easy... Kudos 👏 💐
Wow! Dr. Ash, I have some conceptual understanding of the information you've presented here. As I watch your video (repeatedly), I'm awed by the flow and completeness of the information.
For background, I've been fascinated by nuclear and quantum physics for years -- lots of classes and reading on these subjects. (I'm certainly not expert)
I'm wondering what someone with little prior knowledge would find in this video? Wondering if many of your viewers would find a little pre-work useful before becoming seriously interesting people? 🌞
Never knew that gamma radiation is the byproduct of the protons and neutron realigning itself in the nucleus. Another great video where I learn just a couple new things. Thank you for breaking it down for me.
wow fantastic video. great pace.
Arvin has always been a top tier science educator, but his latest content has been knocking it out of the ball park, and this particular video goes as far as knocking it into another league, simply outstanding work my friend o7
Modern science isn't correct.....
All energy and matter in one simple explanation.... here goes...
First we have a radio wave all the way to gamma waves which in turn create hydrogen then from there everything is basically a compound of hydrogen and will decay back to hydrogen before turning back to gamma waves.....
There are no free moving electrons within matter....
I use this analogy to simplify it in my mind..... imagine a line of people standing a mile long (each person represents a copper atom in a wire) the first person starts a Mexican wave at one end ( the source ) , as the information propagates along the line ( by exciting each atoms magnetic field ) you would see an continuous wave of the peoples arms transferring the charge/information back and forth but the atoms and electrons don't actually move at all.....
Think about it, from the source where electricity is "generated" to the ultimate end use, there's various breaks in chain of that electricity, it goes through controllers, transformers, all sort of components.... the transmission happens because of the magnetic field strength of the atoms in the wire being increased and decreased, not because of an actual "electron" flowing anywhere....
You explain difficult topics in such an easy way. Hat's off to you 🤠
This is amazing, with these concepts I finally have a grasp of how nuclear fission works and how this generates energy
I cant tnx u enough for this amazing video , tnx man , i wish bests for you
All concepts were explained so clearly I don’t have any questions, just a certain smugness due to new knowledge.
Arvin, this video answers so many questions, and it is so clear and concise. I just want to laminate it in gold and hang it on my wall. Amazing job. Thank you!
I learned so much from this video. Thank you!!
Excellent tutorial, Arvin. Will share with my Physics students. Well done!
That's wonderful! Thanks for spreading scientific knowledge.
It's a good, quick rundown.
I absolutely love your channel, I rather enjoy educational content, and I find myself binge watching your videos. Thank you for all of the enlightenment!🧠
Dangerously interesting is a phrase I have never heard before. I love it
Truly outstanding video!
Great knowledgable man.
really nice graphics and explanation, sir.
Amazing Videos. You are really great
great episode!
Simple yet outstanding!
Just brilliant, our honored scientist, Dr. Ash! 💖
Awesome video !
6:35 - for easier memory, alpha particles/decay are emissions of helium nuclei, beta particles are electrons released from neutron decay into protons, and gamma particles are mass-less, high energy photons.
Liked this video before I even started watching it because I know it’s going to magnificent.
Thanks for the video and title. I will try to use my knowledge for good but no promises.
Excelent video. It's almost impossible to explain it better
Always brilliant, but this time you really managed to put scary technical terms into simple birds-eye explanations. A great thank you, for dumbing it down enough to be pleasant for those 99% of us who are a little bit phobic of complicated words and math! Learning should be pleasant, not scary!
Exactly my sentiments! Glad you enjoyed it.
you have a special talent
Why doesn't the fission chain reaction continue forever? Are lighter elements not destabilized by the neutrons entering their nucleus?
Ok I'm late. Everyone is saying all the sappy accolades I was thinking anyway so I'll just drop this here and add to the algorithm. Damn, Arvin, you're good.
great content
Great video Arvin, Through I did have to go digging to find this content. TH-cam Algorithm not so perfect after all.
Yes, I agree with you. It's dangerous, even insane interesting. When first time heard this info about fission, fusion, radioactivity, decay and quantum things i can't sleep few months. Thinking and looking more info about that. More, MORE and *MORE!* That's how I find yours channel 😁 you have explained almost everything in those videos. Now I can sleep well 😁 thank you 🎉
Many thanks
Thanks to Arvin, and other physics UTubers, I am already a DINPA.
Thanks!
many thanks!
@3:42 I'm so glad that you consider Bismuth as unstable and thus radioactive. Many do not agree on this, including ChatGPT (and of course they are wrong 😁)
It is pretty stable, but not completely, as you know. Half life is pretty long.
Great! Love it! ❤ 😅
Finally I will no longer be single now that I'm armed with dangerously interesting knowledge. Thank you
I envision girls flocking to you already!
Did it happen???
Love your work Arvin. I put you right there with Sabine, Nick(Science Asylum) and Brian Greene as my favourite science communicators.
I feel smarter for having watched any of your videos.
How can you compare him with Sabine????? You obviously have a lot to learn.
Ah, the "learning" dopamine just keeps coming. Thanks, Professor Ash!
I noticed the nuclei seem to have random nucleons positioned throughout, but I wonder, are they in superposition while floating around the nucleus, rather than the little balls that we perceive?
I would guess yes. The “balls” are just for visual representation
As a nuclear physicist, ash lied. Nuclear physicist is sooooooo fun 😂😂😂😂😂 great video!
I completely agree with you! But I stand by my statement, haha.
brilliant
😁 dangerously interested 😁
How small could you make a Fusion Bomb? Could you make one small enough that you could harness the energy?
100+ million degrees Celsius needs a lot of energy to be achieved. This is why powerful lasers are used in current fusion experiments. I am not sure how small a hydrogen bomb can go, but without lasers, I don't think you can achieve those temperatures without exploding a fission bomb.
@@ArvinAsh No, I mean keep the fission bomb, just contain it.
@@connecticutaggie There is a limit, how small you can make a fission bomb.
You need a critical mass of radioactive material (for example ~ 50 kg uran or ~10 kg plutonium).
Even the smallest atom bomb is still about the half of the power of the hiroshima bomb.
Good luck by trying to contain this :P
شكرا ❤
I will apply this knowledge to some Unobtainium whenever I get some. André
you made my college physics course to go to dust ! Honestly i wasted 2 years and dint understand. After watching your video multiple time I am happy now
Very good
Finally! How has it taken tho long to get this lesson?
Every time I re-watch it a little more clicks thanks
I salute to you my brilliant respected sir
that was fun :)
9:25
So what you're saying is to *prepare for unforseen consequences λ*
Belle conclusion Arvin. Peux-tu maintenant me dire quelle est l energie totale maximale que je pourrai restituer à l’univers ? Energie potentielle, ... ? Merci
aplaus for explanation of unstability of havier elements, many thx! 10:02 but what energy is released? i mean, it could not be that of strong force; even fissioned nucleons are still carriers of the same amount of strong force and are perfectly capable of fusion into havier elements again...
1:36 - The nuclei of atoms are made up of protons and neutrons - The way i see it is that neutrons are as well protons and electrons - neutrons should be found at the equator or disc of any system(atoms, planets, stars etc) so there are protons working as neutrons and electrons working as well like neutrons.
Likeor same charges repeal and as well cancel each other - any system or part with same charges wont be found.
Every undergraduate student in Physics should get a series of mandatory Arvin Ash classes at some point :D
Thanks for making me more dangerous 😈
Curious are we sure that neutrons in the nucleus remain stable and dont just decay then the electron is immediately captured by a proton which would produce an neutrino which would annihilate with the antineutrino originially produced thus making it appear as if nothing changed.
What I keep failing to understand is when and what in the real world causes atoms/particles to behave in all the different ways described. It's almost always about how they behave. But where and when is a neutron alone for 15 minutes in the real world, and why. What causes particles to split or become something else? And why? I hope my questions make sense 👍 Thanks a lot for sharing 😊
The simplest way to think of why a neutron decays is because it is heavier than a proton. This means it has more energy than a proton, and thus it is energetically favorable for it to decay.
@@ArvinAsh To me if an electron alone decay is due that some how it was teared apart from its partner or from the whole groupe - they belong in pairs and all pairs interconect at the center of such system.
السلام عليكم
(أو خلقا مما يكبر في صدوركم فسيقولون من يعيدنا قل الذي فطركم أول مرة فسينغضون إليك رءوسهم ويقولون متى هو قل عسى أن يكون قريبا ﴾ [ الإسراء: 51]
الصدور تعني النواة
وغيرة هناك في المدارات شيء ايضا
استاذي الكريم شكرا لك
It might have been good to explain beta+ decay too for completeness.
Gotta rewatch this right before watching Oppenheimer
Nice, some questions:
What happens to the Alpha particle hitting e.g. the paper (or any other object)?
What happens to the Beta particle hitting e.g. the aluminium foil (or any other object)?
What happens to the gamma radiation hitting some other object?
Will the object hit by Alpha, Beta particles or gamma radiation also get "radioactive"?
Great question! Alpha particle in a typical nuclear decay does not have a whole lot of energy, and since it's heavy, it has a short range. It may ionize atoms as it passes by them by ripping their electrons away. And it will then typically bounce off an object, much the same way that a helium atom would. A beta particle will simply lose its energy in the atomic structure of the object that it hits, contributing a little bit to the thermal energy of the object. A gamma particle would need to pretty much hit the nucleus of an atom to be stopped, that's why it penetrates so deeply.
Ultimatelly, the alpha particle becomes a helium-4 after sufficiently slowing down and getting 2 electron for itself. (this process provides the current helium-4 stock of Earth) The beta particle is just an electron and after losing its kinetic energy due to scattering or bremsthrelung it just hangs around depending on what absorbed it mostly as the part of the enviroment as an ion or in a metal just as member of the electron sea.
Gamma radiation may cause a photo electric effect with an atom's electron (kicking it out of the atom) participate in pair production (when it interacts with a nucleus but this require certain high energy levels) also may Compton scatters from an electron and lose energy to it. A sufficiently high energy gamma ray can also induce photo fission in a suitable nucleus. Now as I think about it really depends on the gamma energy level and the material it meets, it even can cause neutron emission when it radiates Be-9.
Thanks, you brought me one step closer to becoming a mad scientist. Lol
قريبا سوف انشر هنا على صفحت تعليقات هذا الفديو
كل مايحتاجه التاس لتطهير جسيماتهم
هناك معادلات وايضا. تعليمات مهمه
للحصول على اكبر طاقة لعملية التصادمات
انت استاذي بدات فأكمل. هذه العملية لانتوقف
حتى الوصول الى طاقة الصفر المطلق.
هي الحقيقة لا اكثر ولا اقل الحقيقة
لا تنسى العمل الخيري والالتزام بالاخلاق وغفر لكل من اخطئ في حقك
This was an excellent primer video, but at its end you forgot to mention the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's recent fusion breakthrough using lasers. For the first time in human history, scientists achieved net energy gain from nuclear fusion without using a hydrogen bomb.
We have achieved fusion using lasers before, the breakthrough appears to be that in the LLB experiment, there was net positive energy created. This, however, needs to be verified.
@@ArvinAsh Yes, thank you for clarifying that the breakthrough appears to be in the experiment’s net energy gain. To be sure as you’ve mentioned, independent verification remains essential for this (and, for that matter, every) scientific breakthrough.
I love all this stuff ,so I’ve been dangerously interesting for years . But I never get that feedback at parties or amongst my friends 😢
So particles decay and decay and decay. Does decay equal entropy? That would made black holes black helium holes?
Greatest physics teacher in the world
All nuclear bonds are due to speed and spin of electrons. They bind them with a fast strings positive and negative forces. The are also responsible for chemical bonds and polarity. The chemical bonds are because of directions change. Neutrons are required only for balance of protons.
Now I am become (an aficionado of) death, the destroyer of worlds.
Really terrific explanations. I've read a fair amount about radiation, but never realized that beta particles come from the decay of a neutron into a proton. I definitely learned a few things today. Thanks for the video!
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👽
As always your work is impeccable.