Every Time Things Have Evolved Into Crocodiles
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 19 พ.ค. 2024
- Convergent evolution has resulted in all sorts of creatures that look very similar to one another. One of the most interesting examples is the case of the repeatedly evolving crocodiles, with various animals that lived millions of years apart all evolving this body plan.
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Sources:
docs.google.com/document/d/1o...
0:00 - Introduction
2:03 - Crocodilian Evolution
11:35 - Amphibians (Temnospondyls)
18:38 - Embolomeres
20:21 - Phytosaurs
24:34 - Choristodera
30:57 - Whales (Ambulocetus)
33:41 - Spinosaurs
36:56 - Conclusion
The holy trinity of evolution goals:
Crab, Whale and Crocodile
Don't forget turtle
@@altithoraxperotorum5133 And mole
What about worms?
And echolocation
Crab isn’t really a thing outside of crustaceans, and all the different crab groups are so closely related that their common ancestor was probably halfway there to begin with.
Every time things have evolved into big cats. There are so many mammalian apex predators that have fallen into a similar body plan.
I mean that's just the default body plan of every carnivoran
To be honest some of them aren’t catlike as they relied entirely on their jaws to kill stuff (mesonychians, big hyaenodonts, etc)
And also synapsids and sebecosuchians.
Ooh! Good one. Thylacosmilus, thylacoleo, and, arguably, fossa and maybe gorgonopsians.
@@__-be1gkyou have a point, but there are still a few cases of objectively cat-like cats. Thylacosmilus from the sparassodont marsupials and Thylacoleo from the wombat family are great examples.
I think a good generalization of what OP might mean is either 1)an Apex predator mammal that used strong forelimbs to hold prey still before delivering a single killing bite to the throat, spine, or skull. (Not sure if either of my examples fit, tbh)
2) a large mammallian predator that had a relatively short snout but had stabbing teeth rather than slicing or crushing
I’d like to put forward “Every time creatures have evolved into snakes”. It hasn’t happened a ton but it’s very weird that creatures have evolved to lose all of their limbs more than once.
It has happened a ton = Caecilians, aistopods, Lysorophia, adelospondyls, sirens, amphisbaenians, anguines, cordylids, pygopods, dibamids, anniellids, Ophiodes, gymnophthalmids, Scincidae (leglessness independently evolved in at least 11 skink genera) and actual snakes. You could even include certain fish like Morays and rice eels which regularly make short forays onto land.
@@Ozraptor4I didn’t realize the extent of convergent snake makery
Snakes technically were one of the last occurrences of leglessness lol, pretty interesting
Limblessness _is_ a weird trait to keep evolving.
Every time a plant evolved to trees. Trees are the super-crabs of plants.
If i remember correctly, first tree like plants are from early carboniferous, super old body plan!
And so many noon-trees are confused with trees...
“Trees” go back to at least the Middle Devonian with Wattiezia.
Tree format must have arisen independently over and over just in the angiosperms. There were also those strange extremely tall Palaeozoic columnar things that were fungi, although I've wondered whether they were some kind of lichen-like symbiosis with algae.
@@b.a.erlebacher1139 I'm the same. I opt for lichen like symbiosis. I hope we will find out for sure one day (in our lifetime). And that's the earliest 'tree type life' AFAIK.
The first “trees” weren’t even plants. They were fungi
@@mercuryatamolos3687 kind of my point. Show me a fungus, lichen or plant crab! There are none.
Trees >>> Crabs
First Crabs, then turtles, now everything is evolving into CROCS?!?!?
and moles. Everything evolves into moles in the end.
You also got crocs that evolve into mammals
😂😂😂
😂 🐊🐊🐊
If it works, it works.
Crocodyles probably have the most confusing taxonomy of all groups. We basically saw Crocodiles today and were like "okay these are crocodiles. Alligators, Caimans and Gharials? Not crocodiles, but they're all Crocodilians. What's this skeleton here? Sarcosuchus? Looks like a crocodilian, but nah it's not a crocodilian, but it is a Crocodylomorph, it looks like a crocodilian but it's not, but we're gonna say it's crocodile-like and just name that the wider group. What's this guy with a funny snout, Proterosuchus? Looks like a croc a bit, but the snout is weird, shall we call it a crocodylomorph? Nah... this is something else, you're just an archosaur... What are all these other animals that look like crocs but have long legs? Y'all are pseudo-crocs...."
You get the idea. There are literally crocs, kinda crocs, croc-likes, proto-crocs, fake crocs etc... All of them described in relationship to how much they look like proper modern day Croc crocs, which are only crocs if they look a really specific way.
Great analogy !
Hate to nitpick here but Proterosuchus isn't an archosaur. Your analogy hits the mark none the less.
Basically, every time a group had diversified and reached the old semi-aquatic prototype, there was an extinction event and only THAT group remained, to diversify again...
Take it like a very classic car-line! ;)
@@calebsmith2362 ah yes I see my error. They're not Archosaurs, but rather "Archosauromorphs", so basically "Archosaur look-a-likes"... Damn, I cut my little rant short of that one...
Imagine how confusing the term "bird" would be if some non-avian paravians survived to the present day.
This is great, but I think what’s left out of these discussions is the concepts of phylogenetic inertia and pre adaptation. Like the various stem-turtles evolved into turtle-like things because they already had the non-undulatory oar-like locomotion/swimming bauplan, so adding a shell just fit. Not to mention the existence of genetic networks- dolphins re-evolved dorsal fins to look like sharks, but did you know the genetic pathway to making dorsal fins still exists in tetrapods? As fin development has been modified to produce limbs, this is why you can get cows with an extra leg growing out of their back.
Excellent point about genetic pathways. We see a lot of this in embryology. Proterostomes vs deuterostomes classifies based on whether the blastopore turns into the mouth or the anus.
Excellent as ever, thanks for all the hard work. Warm regards Joseph
Time for the ultimate chimera Whale-Croc-Crab.
The victory of natural selection
That's just a big sea turtle
how about worms?
There's also the Crocoduck 😛
That sounds like a good idea for a kaiju.
"I am not a croc"
- Richardosaurus Nixoni
*nixoni, no caps
@@cristhianmlr no 🧢
@@swalihmm clever girl
@@cristhianmlr thank you mi'lady.
@@swalihmm *m'entity
So on other planets, we can expect:
Streamlined aquatic organisms
Flat, crablike organisms
Semi-aquatic, sprawling organisms
Don’t forget long legless organism
Large swimming organisms filter feeding.
Small blunt oval organisms with proportionally large front limbs used for digging.
Flora with a stiff vertical main body that terminates with energy collecting body parts that maximise surface area.
Arthropods evolving into crabs: "Finally, a worthy opponent. Our battle will be legendary!"
*gets eaten by croc*
Croc get crushed by whales
Question: Is there a site we can go to where we can look up all sorts of paoleoartists all in one place? Or do we have to individually look up each one independently? I love that people work on visual depictions of creatures and I hope there is a collective library of this quality work. It's a fascinating blend of science, biology, mechanical engineering and creativity
I don't know about any comprehensive libraries, but I've seen a lot of paleoart on DeviantArt
I‘m commenting to hopefully see some good tips where to look for cool paleo art.
@@einindividuum5428look up joschua knüppe
Here is a random off topic question, would Koolasuchus be able to survive in the Amazon rain forest?
Large amphibians don't generally do well in this current environment. Anything it would be trying to do it would have to compete with Caimans for the niche and I don't think that's a battle its winning
@@samwill7259 True
The climate of the Amazon is really different to the cool temperate habitats it originally lived in, so perhaps not. They might fare better in, say, the Yellow River.
If you dropped a few into a logging camp at night, probably pretty well 🤷♂️
New Zealand or Southern Australia on the other hand...
man, I love crocs and croc-like animals. as you said creatures the Choristoderans are truly remarkable, and I hope they get more attention than they already get.
One important group of invertebrates that has been neglected in treatments of this sort is the brachiopods, which show convergence with bivalve molluscs. They were one of the commonest groups of marine fauna in the Paleozoic, alongside the trilobites. But whereas the trilobites get a lot of attention, the brachiopods hardly get a mention, even though they have continued in reduced numbers up to the present day. They superficially resemble clams, but a clam has a left and a right shell, while brachiopods have a top and a bottom shell. The internal organs are completely different, too. Take a look and see if you find them as interesting as I do.
There were also the Rostroconchs
One suggestion I have for a future video is the evolution of rhino/rhino-like body plans.
That would be a very short video. The rhino bodyplan is pretty much just an upscaled version of the ancestral Perissodactyl body plan with maybe an added horn or two.
So brontotheres, rhinos and Elasmotherines all inherited this bodyplan from a common ancestor and didn't evolve it independently.
Embrithopods, Dinoceratans Toxodonts and Hippos may seem rhino like at first glance but functioned completely differently both anatomically and ecologically.
And a definition of rhino-like that could include them, would also include basal elephants, larger bovines, diprotodontids, Ceratopsians, Pareiasaurs and some Oreodonts.
It could be simplified into animals with forward facing horns on their head
Rhino/hippo like body shapes have appeared many times! Good idea
That's Battle Unicorn, to you, sir!
Brontotheriums are actually closer to horses or eques than Rhinos. Rhinos and Tapirs are actually closer in relation than horses and Rhinos.
If I'm not mistaken Calicotheres are closer to horses too. Very interesting group. Let's not even get started with the whole Meridiungulatas which have all the Notougulatas. I think they're persidactyls too.
The proboscises idea sounds fun
Also, 8:40
The sussysuchids
like i knew that crocs are reptiles.
and i knew that birds are basically the remaining dinosaurs
but the idea that birds and crocs are both the """same family"" of reptile blew my mind. i had no idea, or at least hadnt ever digested that fact until you put it so plainly.
Same clade, as they have a common archosaur ancestor
Yes that blew my mind too when I found this out. Crocodiles are closer genetically/ evolutionarily to birds than they are to snakes and lizards. So the word "reptile" is no longer a very meaningful word scientifically unless birds are included in the group.
Every time Eyes (definition: a sense organ using parts of the electromagnetic spectrum) have evolved would be a good one. I know ancestral snakes lost their eyes and then re-evolved them as just one example. It is honestly surprising how many time eyes have evolved.
Also multicellularity, trunks, "going back to the water" (times groups having evolved to live on land have members evolve to live it water again) and flight (powered and gliding).
One that would really interest me is the thumb (an opposable digit) and hands in general.
Excellent video. Thank you.
Blood would be a good one. Its evolution separately at least 3 times.
Some people obsess over carcinization. I'm more of a suchization guy myself tbh.
The Gharial at 11:17 had me dead 😂
Glad I wasn't the only one to laugh at such a strange and goofy looking little guy 😂
They can grow *upto* 20ft (2nd largest *crocodilian* after Saltwater Crocodile) & can easily drag a person under water.
Semi aquatic otter-beaver shaped synapsids would be interesting to look at. There are therocephalians like Procynosuchus, not to mention many different mammaliaforms and other mammal-adjacents, and afrotheres, hyaenodonts, carnivorans, ungulates, and many others just in crown mammals.
I think you missed the Chronosuchia which are another clade of Reptilomorphs that converged on crocodillians
Also the proterochampsids, some diadectomorphs such as Limnoscelis, some stem-tetrapods and some other temnospondyls
Man if there’s one modern lineage I wish had their prehistoric diversity it would have to be Crocodilians. Such an unbelievably diverse and interesting set of reptiles. Great video!!
I wish all of archosauria still had their diversity. Damn that meteor.
Yesss, another video about convergent evolution I absolutely love this videos, AND it’s a long one, AND about my favourite reptiles; now I have the perfect video to watch while I eat, haha. Thank you! ❤
Your idea for a video about evolution of trunks is pretty neat!
Here I present some ideas for another videos like that:
1- Everytime things evolved into "theropods".
We know that some pseudosuchians have presented bipedal predator bodyplans, also herrerasaurids and cariamas and secretary birds (those even redeveloped the claw in the foot).
2- Everytime things evolved into "fishes".
It's well known that ichthyosaurs and cetaceans have convergently achieved a fish-like body plan. But some invertebrates (sea-slugs and cephalochordates) have done it so.
3- Everytime things evolved into "anteaters".
Here we have anteaters, aardwolves, aardvarks, pangolins, that marsupial thing in Australia, that silly dinosaur with just one claw in it's hand...
4- Everytime things evolved gliding.
This one would be a mess...
''that marsupial thing in Australia'' is called a numbat
''that silly dinosaur with just one claw in its hand'' is called Mononykus (and other members of their family, the Alvarezsauridae)
@@Masklord303 Thanks! I just couldn't find their names in my head! 😂
Now do when everything evolved into "Not a Dinosaur"(it was especially common in the Triassic)! And don't forget there's Mammals that have too(Pangolins) and likely others too. Still Great Job on The Video! :)
I especially love those amphibians like the Mastodonsaurus you mentioned, with tusks on their lower jaws and weird holes in their upper jaws near the nostrils. I love how when they closed their mouths, the tops of their tusks poked out the tops of those holes. 🥰
I love cases of convergent evolution, they are so fascinating! Please do more!
I like that this video is also "Every Time a Crocodyliform Evolved into Something Other Than a Crocodile." Its really interesting how diverse these animals were!
You are doing a fine job of this series and I am certainly enjoying it. There is such a range of things you can do regarding convergent evolution. Flying is a convergent aspect that I for one am particularly interested in.
I’m really glad this video exists for personal reasons, as I’m currently working on a crocodilian paper that I hope to one day publish.
I say this because, along with the observation of convergent evolution between river dolphins and crocodilians, both in terms of the elongated snout and homodont dentition, by complete coincidence, I ended up stumbling upon both a heterodont crocodilian and odontocete (toothed whale) that were contemporaries and lived in the same formation, meaning there could’ve been an overlap in available prey. These are the crocodilian Thecachampsa sericodon (the genus of which is the focus of this paper), and odontocete genus Squalodon. The latter genus is significant in that it is either a Platanistoid, the same superfamily as the south Asian river dolphins, or is at least closely related to Platanistoids.
I just find it pretty funny that a ‘river dolphin’ and a crocodilian both evolved a different diet compared to other members of their respective clades, yet still ended up competing with each other.
Honestly, a video about the convergent evolution with Odontocetes alone would be very interesting, as the taxonomic relation of many extinct genera remains divisive.
Great video, but there were two other groups that weren't mentioned. The Proterochampsia were archosauromorphs who also converged on the crocodile body plan including armor, but they may have been more terrestrial than aquatic. The other were the Proterosuchidae with their hooked jaws which appeared at the end of Walking With Monsters.
Fascinatingly informative and well presented 👍👍
Another awesome installment guys! Love these longer videos!!😉👍
Oh, and I almost forgot……
That shirt tho😅👌
Fascinating - there's a few here I've never heard of before. Thank you.
Thoroughly researched, good pace, well articulated speech, copious iconography, clear credits to the illustrations... A fine production.
Very nice, please continue this series. These are very interesting so Cheers to you, Los Angeles
great informative video!!! also that shirt is cool
i'd love to see Every Time Things Have Evolved Into Rhinos, as well. its strange how often mammals have evolved heavily built, low browsing/grasing herbivorous forms with (or without) nasal horns or similar features: rhinos, titanotheres, uintatheres, arsinoiitheres, some toxodonts etc. plus you can expand that to include ceratopsians and some wierd dinocephlaians like struthiocephalus
Convergent evolution is my favorite aspect of the whole science.
Returning to water is my favorite of those. But, I'm very fascinated by the various suchids. Would love even more.
Oh awesome, I love convergence on crocodylian affinities, I also love convergent piscivory, as seen in the skull morphology of Unenlagiinelid and Spinosaurid theropods ❤❤
very in-depth and interesting kept my attention for 37 minutes which is not easy now days
This and "Clint's Reptiles" is a good example of convergence. I watch both.
I watch Clint too. I like his knowledge and enthusiasm.
@@johngavin1175 Clint is not only very smart but a hoot to watch.
Another good topic would be all the times mammals have evolved to be otters- the ancestors of seals looked like otters (and for some reason the otter-like forms didn't persist), some related stem-pinnipeds looked like otters (also didn't persist), and of course otters themselves; then there are the Mesozoic docodonts; and maybe the water opossum? It's kind of odd that the whales never looked very otter-like- again an interesting entree into phylogenetic constraint in creating 'convergent' evolution!
Well done as usual. It might be also be emphasised that convergent evolution exists at many levels of genetic difference. A close one that comes to mind is ducks and grebes. Both birds, but not especially close within _Aves,_ who evolved a very similar aquatic lifestyle, but with rather different paddling feet.
Keep up the good work. Cheers from sunny Vienna, Scott
There will be a feture length worm week special for this series, right?
Having seen crocodiles feeding & hunting in wildlife documentaries so many times & featured in alot of _"creature feature"_ films i used to watch on TV since i was little. They have always been my favorite group of living reptiles (apart from birds & squamates).
Just the sheer diversity & resilience of this group of having to survive multiple mass extinction events is also truly an outstanding & remarkable feat!
Wow! Such a great video!
Please do the Phylliroe, one of the most amazing examples of convergent evolution and there isn't a lot of info about it out there. Keep up the good work 👍
Convergent with what? Do you mean all the various animals that have separately evolved to be transparent/ translucent?
Convergent evolution towards ground sloths: chalicotheres, gorillas, gigantopithecus, pandas, therizinosaurs, giant sloth lemur, more?
don't forget sloth Man
Awesome vid, i’m subbed👍
finally you talked about Temnospondyls! (especially the trematosaurs; those are so cool and unique!)
Love the shirt this week! It goes great with the podcasts on maritime animals and their environment. Hint: Expand your store and design shirts, with printed family trees, the eras in grunge Flintstones' fonts or convergent species and school bags related to the content. Then merch them within the presentation, especially on children's sizes. Re video, you and the team produce better content than absolutely anything on mass produced for TV that are 75% fluff stories and TV personality fillers.
So, another title for this could be "Every time something evolved to be like a fish and regretted it"
Kind of debating whether Spinosaurus counts or not...
I really enjoyed this video, and I thank you for creating it! I also cannot resist mentioning a speculative class of animals that MAY exist today, in the lakes of British Columbia. There are many reports, past and present, of huge, salamander-like animals living in several cold, northern lake environments in this province. I do not know, of course, how true said reports may be, but it delights me to think that, just possibly, we may share the earth with giant amphibians! From the reports I've read these north-American salamanders dwarf the huge giant salamanders of Japan and China, reaching lengths of well over ten feet. It's an exciting topic to contemplate, don't you think?
All the best to you, N.
Yay! Amazon River Dolphins are 1 of my 4 favorite animals. I'm glad they were mentioned! X3
Very nice video. Good job!
8:41 That group seems a bit...sus...
On a more serious note, another interesting one would be "Every time things have evolved into macro-theropods". The earlier mentioned Popsaurids and Planocraniids, and multiple species of Phorusrhacids for instance all seem to have ended up with this similar body-plan.
this video just made me remember probably my favorite reptile family; erythrosuchidae. They are just lovely croc-shaped reptiles with heads largely disproportionate to their body hhh. Really a delight to look at. I have such a hard time finding information on them and i would love to have them talked about in a video some day!
Maybe they are too adorable-looking to qualify as croc-mimics!
Thanks for sharing this video with us. I always found the Crocodilians and the other Croc-like species that inhabited our planet. While our world is a paradise, giving so many different species the ability to thrive, and evolve, we also are reminded of how it's geological instability and its ever changing axis and orbit around the Sun,has led to so many environmental changes which challenges all species to find ways to adapt to these changes, or perish as over 99% of all life that has ever existed throughout Earth's 5 billion years.
What about Proterosuchidae? Can they also be considered convergent to crocodiles?
Crocodile drinking game. Take a drink every time the word Suchia is said.
“U-THICK-A-DON” 😂
Sussysuchids
Crabs and "crabs" - *FINALLY. A WORTHY OPPONENT. OUR BATTLE WILL BE LEGENDARY.*
Been waiting for the "croc niche" vid for a while, now it's here!
"There are always crocodiles" Terry Pratchett The Long Earth series
Very detailed exploration of the taxon. 🤙
Flightless seafaring birds
Great Auk
Hesperornithes
Plotopteridae
Sphenisciformes
Eyes! Eyes have evolved independently so many times!
Do the evolution of hands next!
Convergent evolution seems to crop up a lot in nature. A video I'd be interested in is creatures/body features that only evolved once.
The Tully Monster. Tullimonstrum. Known from the Pennsylvanian, so pretty late in the Paleozoic, yet nobody can even figure out what the heck group it belongs in or if it was a sole surviving holdover from some unknown Cambrian Explosion basal group.
Thanks for this fascinating series on convergent evolution. Here's an interesting question: what does the phenomenon of convergent evolution mean for our expectations of complex extraterrestrial organisms?
Everything evolving into crocs, crabs, and snakes:
I dont see much media covering insects, so maybe some examples from them would be cool. I dont have many examples (hummingbirds and bees??) since i just dont know much about them but it would be super cool to learn
Please do a "everytime things have evolved wings", including both gliding and actual powered flight.
Or, if thats too much maybe a "everytime things evolved into flying squirrels" would be a good substitute
Also Saberteeth would be cool as well as it's fairly common in the past but not in the present. :)
I love these kinds of videos!!!!!🔥
I like how you included the 2016 paper on Ambulocetus. I remember some guy getting angry on your cetacean video about it 😂😂😂
Do 'everytime an animal evolved a beak or bill'! Always wondered about this!
I've always thought that Crocodylomorph and Proboscidean evolution mirrored each other in the fact that the fossils are so different seeming, and yet the extant forms are more basic.
Triassic animals just would not stop evolving into crocs would they.
anyway this is an official temnospondyl appreciation post.
Would be interesting to get one on the evolution of all the highly varied, unrelated marsupials.
Thanks!
A comment about Prionosuchus. So far as I can see, the 10 meter claims are a bit weird, because the largest inferred skull we have of Prionosuchus would have been about 1.6 meters in length, so in order for the 10 meter estimates to be valid (which by the way I wasn't personally able to find a properly scientific source for, but regardless) they would have to have had a head to body length ratio that was pretty wildly greater than other temnospondyls. Most illustrations of the creature. More realistic estimates sit at around 5.5 to maybe like 7 meters when you rummage through most of the paleo art for the animal and compare it with other animals like it.
Oh and I would go so far as to call Pliosaurs an example of nature recreating crocs, giant pliosaur skulls are so crocodile-like.
I really enjoy the emphasis on your words. 😌
I love your shirt! Could you put it, or something similar, in your shop?
How about a lesson on meteorites, they definitely have influenced the direction of life on earth many many times? Thank you for your expert paleontological history lessons. I studied paleontology in college, but ended up as an aerospace engineer and go out fossil hunting.
It might be interesting to cover "Everytime Bloodsucking has evolved"
The extinction of the mekosuchines is a damn shame. Mekosuchus inexpectus would have been way too cute and quinkana fortistrum would be too cool. I would so much love to see one in the wild. Even if the chance of losing a limb whilst bush walking is increased exspentually.
Guy swimming: *GASP* A crocodile
Creature: Don't worry, I'm a temnyspondil.
**CHOMP**
Next suggestion. Arboreal leaf eater body plan convergent evolution (sloths, coalas etc).
Phytosaurs mentioned 🔥🔥🔥🔥
Convergent Evolution is the OG of "If it ain't broke, don't fix it."
Was waiting for the spinosaurus controversy 😂
Would love to see one on spikes! Hedgehogs, porcupines, etc.
Fasinating stuff how does a young guy like you know so much about this subject
Ben is a postgraduate student in paleontology.
I would love to see a video on the evolution of decomposers of trees. I have heard from a few sources that for a very long time trees existed but decomposers of dead trees hadn’t yet evolved. If that is true it must have looked crazy for millions of years with dead trees littering the ground and nothing existed that fed on them.
It seems to be a pretty univesal anatomical form factor going: Mouth > Head > Body > Tail
You definitely see it all over the place.