Lex Fridman Podcast full episode: th-cam.com/video/AzzE7GOvYz8/w-d-xo.html Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: lexfridman.com/sponsors/cv8037-sa See below for guest bio, links, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *GUEST BIO:* Ed Barnhart is an archaeologist and explorer specializing in ancient civilizations of the Americas. He is the Director of the Maya Exploration Center, host of the ArchaeoEd Podcast, and lecturer on the ancient history of North, Central, and South America. Ed is in part known for his groundbreaking work on ancient astronomy, mathematics, and calendar systems. *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Ed's TH-cam: youtube.com/@archaeoedpodcast Ed's Website: archaeoed.com/ Maya Exploration Center: mayaexploration.org Ed's Lectures on The Great Courses: thegreatcoursesplus.com/edwin-barnhart Ed's Lectures on Audible: adbl.co/4dBavTZ 2025 Mayan Calendar: mayan-calendar.com/ *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *MasterClass:* Online classes from world-class experts. Go to lexfridman.com/s/masterclass-cv8037-sa *Shopify:* Sell stuff online. Go to lexfridman.com/s/shopify-cv8037-sa *NetSuite:* Business management software. Go to lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-cv8037-sa *AG1:* All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to lexfridman.com/s/ag1-cv8037-sa *Notion:* Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to lexfridman.com/s/notion-cv8037-sa *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: th-cam.com/play/PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4.html - Clips Channel: th-cam.com/users/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: reddit.com/r/lexfridman
The Aztecs used to have this talent show, where dancers from different regions would perform for the emperor. The winning squad would become his butt boys and gain favour for their region, amassing popularity and fortune for themselves. There's a book about it called the Fifth Sun.
Xipe Totec-the Aztec practice of skinning a person alive and wearing originated in Arizona around 1050 AD around Tucson among the Hohokam people. We have absolute evidence of human sacrifice in the US Southwest now
It’s kinda necessary, the Aztecs were a VERY young civilization that only lasted 200 years. You need to conquer, or establish treaties to secure land for an empire. Their method was more so war than peace but it was not entirely true how they are depicted. They also had established huge trade lines, there’s evidence of Indigenous tribes as far as Canada and Alaska who had at one time received items from the Aztec. Whether that was directly or indirectly, we can’t say in every instance. But there is evidence of them having a trade system at least directly up to the Navajo Nation.
@@MrZachgonz we have very little evidence of any kind of trade network, we find shells from different coast, artisantry and such, we know the Inca knew of the Aztec and that they found them barbaric. But in the Americas you wouldn’t need large commerce because the environment of these civilizations are fertile all year round.
As I see it, Catholics and Protestants on those days were not perfect but this insanity has to be stopped. Spanish men were not "kind" they were soldiers and explorer looking for a better life with some religious principals but not at all monks.
They killed criminals and war criminals from other tribes. But yes definitely not perfect. Catholic Church funded hunting groups for Jews well into the 18th century.
Yh what happened to the Taino of Cuba, Jamaica and the rest of the Greater Antilles? Weren’t they so docile and subservient in Columbus’ eyes that he wrote back to Spain they’d make great slaves? And then Europeans proceeded to enslave them to mine gold and committee genocide and caused disease that eventually wiped them out?
@S_C_ is was a practices in Christian Europe that you can only make slaves of non Christians. Also the Tainos were not that docile,but they were not even close to be like the Aztecs they were hit by diseases, and hard work.....but you want to know something Spanish catholics priest stand for the natives and also they did not have the racial segregation experience in France and England when many converted the were interracial marriages all over also The slavery system that Spain enacted was a patriarchal one.
Not to be that guy but the Protestants didn't really have any traction during the time of the Aztec conquests. The 95 Theses was posted in 1517 a mere four years before the Aztecs were vanquished.
There has been considerable speculation that the cannibalism among the Aztecs in the capitol may have been a matter of necessity as well. They had turkeys and deer which were farmed and raised in paddocks, they hunted tapir and monkeys for meat, they understood the process of nixtamilization for corn which provided much needed B3 and formed complete protein when combined with beans and the warriors consumed chia seeds which were reserved for them. Given the sheer size of the population concentrated in the Valley Of Mexico at the time the consumption of human flesh may have been a way to satisfy protein requirement. Bernal Diaz Del Castillo noted in his memoirs that upon entering Tenochtitlan with Cortez that he observed butcher shops with human arms and lower legs hanging up for sale. Interesting sidenote: the main market in Tenochtitlan is now part of the Zocalo in Mexico City. At one point about 20 years ago it was estimated that about half of the pirated software in the world was sold in that market.
I highly doubt it, if it were true that they would eat humans for the sake of protein consumption, then they wouldn't have had to be so brutal with killing humans. They slaughtered them while still alive. This was merely for sport and ritualistic purposes.
@@erenjaeger1738very, however it’s heavily watched by Mexicans because it’s high production and actually showcases the Nahuatl language. In that it’s genuine and the soundtrack has a lot of music that is kept alive in Mexico today.
@@TrevorCockerson His song Cortez the Killer paints the Spanish as psychopathic barbarians and the Aztecs as peace-loving hippies. He probably still believes that to this day. Boomer lefties are so dumb. Great song though ;)
@@TrevorCockerson His song Cortez the Killer paints the Spanish as ruthless barbarians and the Aztecs as enlightened peace-loving hippies. I’m sure he still believes that. Boomer leftists are so dumb. Great song though ;)
Eso mejor les mentís inventando historias y le hechais toda la culpa a los españoles , espera un momento si eso es lo que habéis hecho desde la independencia 😮
@@martinsanchez4827 And you're not just aztecs, more likely mexicans descend mostly from the other cultures that were victims of the Aztecs. so defending the aztec legacy doesn't even make sense.
Yeah it's all good. They ate plants and commune with the spirit of nature 24/7. Every week a beautiful rainbow would descend from the sky to the steps of the main temple and grains would be deposited there by the gods - everybody lived happily ever after 👍
Its strange how this practice of sacrifice (particularly of children) exists to this day. Dig deep enough and you will find there are sects of socierty that worship Moloch and Baal
It actually does, but not in the way you’re implying. The US has the most benign hegemony in history. As one very high-ranking Singaporean official said to me, “We don’t like you much. But we KNOW that we like you more than the Chinese.” By failing to have a comparative international framework, “hate America first” people miss what virtually everyone else knows. ☮️
*(1)* He seems levelheaded. I’m sure he’d agree w you. *(2)* What is this guttural jumping every time a culture is brought up people need to immediately whatabout the US. *(3)* And it’s only in reference to the neocoIoniaI component of krrptń, never the fact we ALL suffer as gIyfozate/pIastic/fiIIed/deb/zIāvėz/wh0/give/a/Qtr/0f/their/erningz/t0/benkerz/where/it/0nIy/touches/the/int/0n/the/deb.
Yeah, everyone obviously agrees it does. This guttural jumping to whataboutism w the US-matter the subject-is a direct product of Ezt/a/bI/mt/Prpgnder.
First off USA is not a ethnicity of people. Was the USA abducting children from neighboring groups and eating them? Lol you left wing woke fools make me laugh
And they say some cultures aren’t better than others? Saying this as an American, whose ancestors were barbarians. Christianity and the idea of it, will always win.
@@articexplorerIdk, uniting all the oppressed tribes against their slavers and overthrowing them? pretty based. going on to import millions of slaves to those places to replace the locals who are all dead from disease? not so good. But, its definitely superior to kidnapping children just to cut the hearts out of their bodies whilst they watch, and you saying the opposite makes you a complete and utter psyschopath
No dejes impusado por emocion y conceptos del CwItwraI/Mrxzm y EI/Frenkfrt/EscueIa. He was fair in his presentation, & said nothing overly biased or incorrect. Solamente la verdad y realidad.
The "creator god" of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Inca's was Kukulkan aka Quetzalcoatl aka Viracocha who was also known as the 'Morning Star' which is of course the epithet of Lucif*r aka Ba'al aka Moloch aka the Shining One. Many ancient cultures around the world were unwittingly manipulated by the 'great deceiver' and his children into worshiping them as false "gods" and performing human sacrifices and cannibalism in their name including the Mayans, Aztecs, and Inca's...
"It was mostly heart extraction.....while the person was alive.....and they ate people as well.....and this really upset the Spanish!" You have got to be shitting me.....this guy blames the Spanish guy for starting a particular killing spree!
no calm down. he was fair on both sides and I descend from the iberians. There's plenty of angry mexican people in this comment section angry at him for saying facts only to be repudiated by other more reasonable mexicans. So I feel compelled to do the same on our side of the fence. He said nothing wrong and did his best to not be biased against either side. he just described what happened. But i know where you're coming from. I'm sick of having europe blamed for everything too, but don't get too sensitive.
I met a latino historian in Mexico and he told me that the Aztec ruling class studied science and astronomy, and knew the drought cycles. They knew the sacrifices weren’t appeasement.
@@teacuppermike2568 so they were doing it for fun? If so why are there piles of baby carcasses with their chests opened next to their shrines? Im just curious what the alternate history is on that one lol.
Bro there are gangs in Mexico that to this day require cannibalism to reach their highest ranks. Dead ass I had a friend that was “involved” and deported. When I see him in Mexico after a few years he told me some psychotic stories about what people in Mexico believe about the cartel leaders. He believes that certain famous cartel leaders have eaten the hearts of their enemies children. Idk if he was trolling me or if obviously he’s falling for myth. But it scared me.
Several indigenous tribes in what is now Mexico helped the Spanish overthrow the Aztecs. Like Mr. Barnhart said. everybody hated the Aztecs. Ironically, the descendants of the tribes that helped the Spanish in Mexico get hate from the rest of Mexico, which is ridiculous to me.
@fabian4023 It's because back then, indigenous Americans didn't understand the concept of "race," so those tribes who helped the spanish conquistadors didn't know it would be the turning point of their civilization. You gotta remember it's not Indigenous Americans were like racist but very diverse tribes with different beliefs and systems.
Nothing wrong with Indigenous People day. The fact that some of them had gruesome practices does not mean that what was done to them was somehow “just”
Lex Fridman Podcast full episode: th-cam.com/video/AzzE7GOvYz8/w-d-xo.html
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: lexfridman.com/sponsors/cv8037-sa
See below for guest bio, links, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.
*GUEST BIO:*
Ed Barnhart is an archaeologist and explorer specializing in ancient civilizations of the Americas. He is the Director of the Maya Exploration Center, host of the ArchaeoEd Podcast, and lecturer on the ancient history of North, Central, and South America. Ed is in part known for his groundbreaking work on ancient astronomy, mathematics, and calendar systems.
*CONTACT LEX:*
*Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: lexfridman.com/survey
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*Hiring* - join our team: lexfridman.com/hiring
*Other* - other ways to get in touch: lexfridman.com/contact
*EPISODE LINKS:*
Ed's TH-cam: youtube.com/@archaeoedpodcast
Ed's Website: archaeoed.com/
Maya Exploration Center: mayaexploration.org
Ed's Lectures on The Great Courses: thegreatcoursesplus.com/edwin-barnhart
Ed's Lectures on Audible: adbl.co/4dBavTZ
2025 Mayan Calendar: mayan-calendar.com/
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“The elites get butts” Montezuma Diddy, 1599
The Aztecs used to have this talent show, where dancers from different regions would perform for the emperor. The winning squad would become his butt boys and gain favour for their region, amassing popularity and fortune for themselves. There's a book about it called the Fifth Sun.
😂😂😂😂🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣😲😂😂😂😂😂😂😂
I love this dude, and people like this dude. Super smart, and engaging.
Xipe Totec-the Aztec practice of skinning a person alive and wearing originated in Arizona around 1050 AD around Tucson among the Hohokam people. We have absolute evidence of human sacrifice in the US Southwest now
The Aztecs originally migrated from the southwest. This is the homeland of Mexicans
And xipe totec was a god not a practice get your facts right colonizer
Xipe tótec is the name of the god
Should it stay this way or is it better that someone stepped in?
Yea it’s believed that the Aztec(Mexica) came from Aztlan, which is believed to be in the southwest of the US(Arizona in particular).
The aztec not only took from the tlaxcaltecas, they took from every community around them
That’s what every nation does
It’s kinda necessary, the Aztecs were a VERY young civilization that only lasted 200 years. You need to conquer, or establish treaties to secure land for an empire. Their method was more so war than peace but it was not entirely true how they are depicted. They also had established huge trade lines, there’s evidence of Indigenous tribes as far as Canada and Alaska who had at one time received items from the Aztec. Whether that was directly or indirectly, we can’t say in every instance. But there is evidence of them having a trade system at least directly up to the Navajo Nation.
@@MrZachgonz we have very little evidence of any kind of trade network, we find shells from different coast, artisantry and such, we know the Inca knew of the Aztec and that they found them barbaric. But in the Americas you wouldn’t need large commerce because the environment of these civilizations are fertile all year round.
As I see it, Catholics and Protestants on those days were not perfect but this insanity has to be stopped. Spanish men were not "kind" they were soldiers and explorer looking for a better life with some religious principals but not at all monks.
They killed criminals and war criminals from other tribes. But yes definitely not perfect. Catholic Church funded hunting groups for Jews well into the 18th century.
Yh what happened to the Taino of Cuba, Jamaica and the rest of the Greater Antilles? Weren’t they so docile and subservient in Columbus’ eyes that he wrote back to Spain they’d make great slaves? And then Europeans proceeded to enslave them to mine gold and committee genocide and caused disease that eventually wiped them out?
@S_C_ is was a practices in Christian Europe that you can only make slaves of non Christians. Also the Tainos were not that docile,but they were not even close to be like the Aztecs they were hit by diseases, and hard work.....but you want to know something Spanish catholics priest stand for the natives and also they did not have the racial segregation experience in France and England when many converted the were interracial marriages all over also The slavery system that Spain enacted was a patriarchal one.
@@agustintadeo TH-cam is deleting my comments 🤡
Not to be that guy but the Protestants didn't really have any traction during the time of the Aztec conquests. The 95 Theses was posted in 1517 a mere four years before the Aztecs were vanquished.
There has been considerable speculation that the cannibalism among the Aztecs in the capitol may have been a matter of necessity as well. They had turkeys and deer which were farmed and raised in paddocks, they hunted tapir and monkeys for meat, they understood the process of nixtamilization for corn which provided much needed B3 and formed complete protein when combined with beans and the warriors consumed chia seeds which were reserved for them. Given the sheer size of the population concentrated in the Valley Of Mexico at the time the consumption of human flesh may have been a way to satisfy protein requirement.
Bernal Diaz Del Castillo noted in his memoirs that upon entering Tenochtitlan with Cortez that he observed butcher shops with human arms and lower legs hanging up for sale. Interesting sidenote: the main market in Tenochtitlan is now part of the Zocalo in Mexico City. At one point about 20 years ago it was estimated that about half of the pirated software in the world was sold in that market.
I highly doubt it, if it were true that they would eat humans for the sake of protein consumption, then they wouldn't have had to be so brutal with killing humans. They slaughtered them while still alive. This was merely for sport and ritualistic purposes.
I would freak out too if I was tricked into eating human
We probably taste like chicken.
i hope you wouldn't be stupid enough to the justify killing women and children in response and think that somehow that is ok
@@laylen245 I’d just finish my drumstick and go home.
It's close
@@laylen245 Well don’t test me and you won’t need to find out
Reminds me of the movie Apocalypto
Great movie
"Ruling by force" sounds familiar...
Those symbolic ritual battles were called Flower Wars, which is pretty cute
Apocalypto
Inaccurate flim
@@erenjaeger1738 never said it was mate
@@erenjaeger1738very, however it’s heavily watched by Mexicans because it’s high production and actually showcases the Nahuatl language. In that it’s genuine and the soundtrack has a lot of music that is kept alive in Mexico today.
@@c3ramics not Nahuatl. Yucatec Mayan.
Hope Neil Young watches this.
😂😂😂😂😂😂😂 that made my day.
I live under a rock, why’s that?
@@TrevorCockerson His song Cortez the Killer paints the Spanish as psychopathic barbarians and the Aztecs as peace-loving hippies. He probably still believes that to this day. Boomer lefties are so dumb. Great song though ;)
@@TrevorCockerson His song Cortez the Killer paints the Spanish as ruthless barbarians and the Aztecs as enlightened peace-loving hippies. I’m sure he still believes that. Boomer leftists are so dumb. Great song though ;)
I really hope our Mexican children dont believe this poison. Our ancestors have an immense of great qualities yet to be told😮
Eso mejor les mentís inventando historias y le hechais toda la culpa a los españoles , espera un momento si eso es lo que habéis hecho desde la independencia 😮
I am Portuguese American Catholic. If someone, this very day, told me I ate a human without my consent, there would be blood and absolute disgust.
I'm pretty sure my two sketchy little cats are plotting on sacrificing me
"Only a fool would let his enemy teach his children" -Malcolm X🇲🇽✊🏼
What of all the things he said was a lie?
Bruh he's telling the truth😂 just because it doesn't fit your agenda of what our people did, doesn't mean he was wrong
@@martinsanchez4827 And you're not just aztecs, more likely mexicans descend mostly from the other cultures that were victims of the Aztecs. so defending the aztec legacy doesn't even make sense.
its called archeology.
Yeah it's all good. They ate plants and commune with the spirit of nature 24/7. Every week a beautiful rainbow would descend from the sky to the steps of the main temple and grains would be deposited there by the gods - everybody lived happily ever after 👍
Its strange how this practice of sacrifice (particularly of children) exists to this day. Dig deep enough and you will find there are sects of socierty that worship Moloch and Baal
Hollywood, baby
if lex grew a chin strap beard he could join Khabibs crew.
LOL. Seeing as how Nurmagomedov is Avar and Lex is Jewish I don't see that being an option. They're kind of dicks like that.
Tlaxcalan were an Aztec people. The Mexica were the empire.
No they were the Nahua people who spoke the Nahuatl language
Everybody hated them and they were ruling by force - and that can only go on so long. Does that apply to the USA as well?
It actually does, but not in the way you’re implying. The US has the most benign hegemony in history. As one very high-ranking Singaporean official said to me, “We don’t like you much. But we KNOW that we like you more than the Chinese.” By failing to have a comparative international framework, “hate America first” people miss what virtually everyone else knows. ☮️
Does that mean you value Aztec rule more than American ? You want tongue buffets again ?
*(1)* He seems levelheaded. I’m sure he’d agree w you.
*(2)* What is this guttural jumping every time a culture is brought up people need to immediately whatabout the US.
*(3)* And it’s only in reference to the neocoIoniaI component of krrptń, never the fact we ALL suffer as gIyfozate/pIastic/fiIIed/deb/zIāvėz/wh0/give/a/Qtr/0f/their/erningz/t0/benkerz/where/it/0nIy/touches/the/int/0n/the/deb.
Yeah, everyone obviously agrees it does.
This guttural jumping to whataboutism w the US-matter the subject-is a direct product of Ezt/a/bI/mt/Prpgnder.
First off USA is not a ethnicity of people. Was the USA abducting children from neighboring groups and eating them? Lol you left wing woke fools make me laugh
And they say some cultures aren’t better than others? Saying this as an American, whose ancestors were barbarians. Christianity and the idea of it, will always win.
Amen. And Christians did win.
You speak of superiority from a place of ignorance.
Our history of colonization is not superior sorry to burst ur bubble
@@articexplorerIdk, uniting all the oppressed tribes against their slavers and overthrowing them? pretty based. going on to import millions of slaves to those places to replace the locals who are all dead from disease? not so good.
But, its definitely superior to kidnapping children just to cut the hearts out of their bodies whilst they watch, and you saying the opposite makes you a complete and utter psyschopath
Slavery and Genocide(ongoing as we speak)
“We get in the butts” Diddy Chronicles
Jezus. Western colonialism might not have been the worst thing for those places 😅 makes you wonder if it would persist if they were left alone.
These human sacrifices are because they were in contact and communication with evil entities that requested it.
Sheesh.. not much has changed
⚡️⚡️⚡️🩸🩸🩸🇲🇽🩸🩸🩸⚡️⚡️⚡️
How can this guy know the specificity of this stufff... hmmm?
They massacred women and children because they "tricked him into eating human " ?! Sounds like they needed a pretext or an excuse.
There's some Hatred for Latino/SANGRE that this little Dude portray....
Lol, tranquilo mano no pasa nada. Eso es lo que saca esto?
He’s speaking honestly & plainly.
And you’re jumping to the ad hominem.
No dejes impusado por emocion y conceptos del CwItwraI/Mrxzm y EI/Frenkfrt/EscueIa.
He was fair in his presentation, & said nothing overly biased or incorrect.
Solamente la verdad y realidad.
Que chingon.
The "creator god" of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Inca's was Kukulkan aka Quetzalcoatl aka Viracocha who was also known as the 'Morning Star' which is of course the epithet of Lucif*r aka Ba'al aka Moloch aka the Shining One. Many ancient cultures around the world were unwittingly manipulated by the 'great deceiver' and his children into worshiping them as false "gods" and performing human sacrifices and cannibalism in their name including the Mayans, Aztecs, and Inca's...
🙏✝️🤴
For whatever reason, I don't believe this guy, lol!
Pedro Alvorado did nothing wrong
"It was mostly heart extraction.....while the person was alive.....and they ate people as well.....and this really upset the Spanish!"
You have got to be shitting me.....this guy blames the Spanish guy for starting a particular killing spree!
no calm down. he was fair on both sides and I descend from the iberians. There's plenty of angry mexican people in this comment section angry at him for saying facts only to be repudiated by other more reasonable mexicans. So I feel compelled to do the same on our side of the fence. He said nothing wrong and did his best to not be biased against either side. he just described what happened. But i know where you're coming from. I'm sick of having europe blamed for everything too, but don't get too sensitive.
Savages!
Yup just like the Europeans who massacred/sacrificed thousands more for religion.
hilarious!
This man has like 30% of his facts correct. The rest is inaccurate!
This dude is full of shit I can’t believe why people still have the nerve to come out and tell such lies.
What exactly?
I met a latino historian in Mexico and he told me that the Aztec ruling class studied science and astronomy, and knew the drought cycles. They knew the sacrifices weren’t appeasement.
@@teacuppermike2568 so they were doing it for fun? If so why are there piles of baby carcasses with their chests opened next to their shrines? Im just curious what the alternate history is on that one lol.
All these stories are bull shii
Bro there are gangs in Mexico that to this day require cannibalism to reach their highest ranks.
Dead ass I had a friend that was “involved” and deported. When I see him in Mexico after a few years he told me some psychotic stories about what people in Mexico believe about the cartel leaders.
He believes that certain famous cartel leaders have eaten the hearts of their enemies children. Idk if he was trolling me or if obviously he’s falling for myth.
But it scared me.
So if it’s BS, there is worse BS being told in Mexico to this day.
I don't like history, so its BS 😭😭
Indigenous peoples day lol
Several indigenous tribes in what is now Mexico helped the Spanish overthrow the Aztecs. Like Mr. Barnhart said. everybody hated the Aztecs. Ironically, the descendants of the tribes that helped the Spanish in Mexico get hate from the rest of Mexico, which is ridiculous to me.
😂
@@fabian4023 yeah the aztecs were just one of the tribes around that they were somewhat ruling over and somewhat in confederation with
@fabian4023 It's because back then, indigenous Americans didn't understand the concept of "race," so those tribes who helped the spanish conquistadors didn't know it would be the turning point of their civilization. You gotta remember it's not Indigenous Americans were like racist but very diverse tribes with different beliefs and systems.
Nothing wrong with Indigenous People day. The fact that some of them had gruesome practices does not mean that what was done to them was somehow “just”