How computers understand programs: From transistors to a CPU (1/3)
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 6 เม.ย. 2019
- In the first episode of this three-part long series about computers, we will take a look at the construction and functionality of a computer. We will start our journey at the transistor scale and move up to higher levels of abstractions until we built a whole CPU. On our journey, we will meet logic gates and see how they work. With their help, we will be able to make circuits, which can calculate for us. We will meet a few of them, but eventually, we will unite them in an ALU. We will learn to speak with our ALU in its unique language. Then we will pair off our ALU with registers, a control unit, and RAM. This fellowship of computer parts can work off our programs. Because this fellowship of computer parts is ingenious, it is called "CPU". Sadly, it can only speak in 0's and 1's, so we have to learn its language to write our programs.
I've hidden some easter eggs, so pause the video sometimes, if you have nothing better to do with your life.
Be the first one to find one of my three favorite music artists I hid in the video. The first person who writes a comment on them gets a heart.
Programs I used:
Audacity - audio editing
DaVinci Resolve - video editing
Inkscape - Vector graphics
All sound effects are creative commons 0 from fresound.org. Vector graphics, animation, and voice-over are all done by myself. - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
I'm so sad you never finished the series. There's clearly abundant demand for it!
yeah :(
Maybe something must have happened with him.
I'm 4years late. As and EEE student, i have to say, this is one of the best digital electronics, microprocessor and computer engineering video I've ever come across. please finish the series.
3:38 the third value should be true
5:58 says “or” instead of “and”
I don’t think this will trip anyone up but I’m putting this here jic
Perfect explanation, I’ll be saving this one to help explain stuff to people - I tutor this subject and this is by far the best explanation I’ve seen, since it balances detail, humor, and attention perfectly. Absolute masterpiece.
great content, but not enough viewers. I was so curious about the next video :/
Damn, sucks to know there's not another video to follow this
@@coldeeshiashi5922 if you are interested try looking up "crash course computer science" and watch episodes from at least 1 to 7. It was enough for me to make a CPU from logic gates only on a simulation.
@@coldeeshiashi5922 nvm I just watched the end of the video and he was inspired from exactly that source 😂.
YES LOOK UP CRASH COURSE COMPUTER SCIENCE I HAVE WATCHED IT LIKE 4 TIMES
There are obviously mistakes
Bro come on continue the series I'm not lying but nobody was able to explain all of these fundamental computer science science concepts in a fast easy way like you , please continue it
I've been looking for this detail, the physics plus abstraction for years! Not that I fully understand this, but I will watch multiple times. I also love the humor and graphics. Thank you thank you!
the clearest video from transistors to machine code ive ever seen
This video is so insanely well made. Thank you very much, it cleared many loose ends.
I saw that your channel is inactive, but wanted to thank and congratulate anyway, also, will certainly recommend many people in the area to watch it. Hope you continue the series somehow, in the future.
Man, you are criminally underrated. Great content! Keep it coming
The fact that this video series is already dead is heartbreaking. The video was genuinely fenomenal and I was looking forward to see the coming parts.
Very good video! Please leave this in the archives of the internet forever!
this dude just did most the proffesors cant and dissapeared.So much respect my man
i just love your sense of humor. amazing video.
good job, you really go fast deep, without confusing too much.
excellent explanation! i always had a hard time understanding how we go from state machines to CPUs.
Finally a good series to answer my all curiousity
It was so good. Waiting for the next episode 👍
vax killed him 😢
I hope not
Excellent explanation! Thank you. I'm waiting for more. :)
Perfect movie. Easy to understand the hierarchy of the computer from transistor to machine language.
I like the muscle analogy, great stuff can be done with thousands of transistors.
Very best tutorial! Too much thanks.
Very clear explained. Thank you.
Excellent, vraiment. Le mieux que j'ai vu, by far. Merci, continu ❤
perfectly explained. i found it hard to understand it but you broke it down very good! Nice animations too :)
Well explained. Thank you for such a wonderful video. Simple animation - that do not distract the learner - is really good.
Damn, this is amazing work so many concepts given in amazing time
This is some top tier content
Great video, hope you will finish the series one day.
You deserve more subs. I love how your videos summarizes my questions in a very fun and presentable way. I'll check your other videos out. Thank you!
You wont get a better video explaining this core concept.
Love your work!!!
Your accent is what I liked the most about this video 😅
I found what I looked for plus the humor to keep me engaged!
Would have been great to see this whole series
you sum up my whole first year of engineering in this video
the first genius i found on youtyube since 2005
Very beautiful explanation ..I was so curious..
This video is made of gold
Oh, you pulled the old favourite. Not uploading the next video XD
Love the content, watched it with my son.
Beautifully done
Great explanation. Congrats!
Great visualization of how the computers actually works😮😮
Outstanding video !!!
Perfect Explanation.
So good 🎉 Wish you'd continue the series
Please continue your series
this is what i am looking for 😀😀🤩outstanding explaination.
Amazin! Congrats!
Great video!
How do you not have more subs? well done.
works, keep up the good work man
Amazing video❤ love this
Wow such a great way to explain the computer, still waiting the other 2 videos Q.Q
U deserve more views bro or just don't look views just look about the change u bought to a persons thinking. Ur videos are great. U should do more videos
Very good video thanks for sharing
Very good video, hope release the next video soon
Best explanation
Beautifully explained thanks
What a narration!
Keep this up , Great video
Nice video, thanks :)
You accent sounds like you say zewo instead of zero and that is just adorably stereotypical and i think it is epic❤
Very good concise explanation. Most videos with the same pase are 1 to 2 hours long 😅 and even though your pase was so fast you still included many information i sometimes miss when someone else explains it because sometimes they never even talk about opt codes even though they speek about ALUS 😅😅😅😢
it has passed 4 years and video series still 1/3 .. i think maker doesn't want to mess with it anymore..
ti (the instrunt into the channel rack) and then it crashes the soft soft... Can soone help please?
Thank you sir
Ty I got my first divine because of you
Nice 👍
Stay tuned
I WANT THE WHOLE SERIES 😭😭😭
thanks god it has subtitles
Very nice. Please do the next videos.
Good Job
this is too good, great job, too bad you didn't follow the series, but great explanation
Yes
you said an or gate and not a and gate at 5:56, just look, I love this video!
Good job
Long life and prosperity
Great video ! Thanks but I need to know how the Control Unit works, how the instructions are hard coded in the hardware
This type of CPU works in steps, load stuff in the alu, open x register, write to y register, etc. mostly in 7 of them.
To do instructions, it decodes the instruction number with a decimal decoder (search the circuit) and if it's X instruction AND Y step, it will do W thing (what it's meant to do in that instruction at that step) I recommend searching a PDF for the scott cpu book "but how do it know?"
@@giovannicesaramorim9adigan961 thank you very much for your explanations ! I downloaded the PDF!
@@charliebrownn6622 It will have all the things explained in the video in logic gate's level of detail, good read!
It requires good knowledge of physics, mathematics and electronics to understand the hardware and system operating software, and how assembly programming language can have an insight of the hardware and influence on the hardware performances, and that's why you guys must have at least good knowledge of computer science at university levels to do so
I like it, thank you I remember alot of my schooling I for got how is the course recognized, well thanks if any books I would be interested
Teach us with doing simple project like gates building with transistors and c programming the microcontroller etc
Sir please make more videos on isa instructions set architecture
a genius with a German (I think) accent teaches you how to build a computer... I crave more knowledge!
fantastic video, sad there is only one video
Lets see the next video!
Sir please make more videos on software and hardware interface
Suuuuupppppper explianation
Fantastic video, if only too fast sometimes. I wish there was a German version, too :)
Is that a Madeon logo I see on that monitor?! You've got good taste..
Brain combines ALU, ram, cache; control unit is more like old cortex with all vegetative functions.
Nice
There are lots of sectets that can enhance a computer or a micro sd card, all these simple tricks are kept secret. Usually the secret has to be done only once after a computer is bought. Some of these: Diablo Strength, magic, dextetity, agility, defense, intelligence, luck, all these enhance the cpu by residing inside the internal cache. The cache is kept alive with an infinite circuit of caoacitors, you can erase it using your fingers or pliers. Legal Windows goes even further, it takes care of the external cache, depending on how you use the computer. The speed boost is amazing, 1 ghz is enough for everything today.
Only 3000 views? What??
I've been 'programing' computers since 1991 and this is seriously the first time ive actually understood wtf is going on in there 😂
Even tho i am still an 8 y.o. I never wondered how i could move because i knew the answer the entire time!!!
Awesome ... Found another bottom up learner !
tell me about others if u know
part 2?
okay so one question I have... is cache, ram, and registers the same in the silicon (hardware) layer or is there a unique difference between them that give them different names?
Hope you have a great day & Safe Travels!
RAM is a large array of many registers. When you take the value of the RAM at an address, you access the register at that location. A cache is just an additional register that allows you to speed some operations up. For example you could store a calculated value in the cache so you dont have to load it from ram later. Physically, they are all flipflop latches
@@lennarth.6214 thanks for the info! it is also explained as I found out with CPU and Caches video later in this series. Thanks for telling me. [EDIT: as I later found out]
Hope you have a great day & Safe Travels!
@@lennarth.6214 If you have a CPU that uses DRAM (i.e. DDR4/DDR5), your cache and RAM are not physically the same (although I see your point that they are just used to store addressable ones and zeros). Additionally, just to clarify, "flipflop latches" aren't real; and flip-flops and latches are not the same thing. Latches are asynchronous memory devices and flip flops are synchronous (rely off clock signal for state changes)
TL;DR registers exist on the CPU, cache likely exists on the CPU and RAM will likely exist outside the CPU (there are architectures where CPUs get dedicated blocks of SRAM, but we can ignore this for now)
There are unique differences between registers, cache, and RAM: proximity to the processor and the way the processor interfaces with them. CPU registers are are the fastest memory on your CPU. They're physically stored together in something called a "register file," and exist in close proximity to the CPU. There are different hardware architectures for how the register file exists in silicon and operates, but its purpose is to provide the CPU a program counter and to be used for CPU operations. Moving out in the memory hierarchy, there is L1 cache. The L1 just indicates it's the first level (level-one) of cache beyond the CPU registers. It's used to store copies of instructions/data from RAM so that they're closer to the CPU (faster to use). For example, if your CPU has an instruction to grab data from RAM, your CPU may check L1 cache and see if the data is there and valid (which is another conversation). If the cache looks good, then you saved time by not fetching it from higher levels of cache... or worse, RAM. There are methods for speeding your system up, like hardware/software prefetching (either hardware predicting CPU actions and grabbing potentially useful instructions/data from RAM, or having a compiler insert instructions to have cache prefetch instructions/data from RAM)
The register file will exist inside the CPU. L1 cache is likely designed to be baked into the processor itself as well. Any level of cache may be baked into the processor--but it doesn't have to be the case. You could even have a processor with no cache. On top of that, not all caches are the same (i.e. one CPU's L1 cache may be designed differently than another CPU's L1 cache). Cache controllers may also use different algorithms for deciding the best way to use the cache itself (i.e. what/when to overwrite in cache). It's also common to have shared cache between CPU cores.
It starts with some instructions in slow memory at address xy and a block of these instruction is going in the first level cache so the next instruction is loaded for execution from the cache. And a lot instruction use register as a source and/or a target operand without a memory access and without to touch the cashe again. Only if we read/write into the memory we use the cashe again, or if the next instruction is not in the cache. The cache is used for code in slow memory and for data from and to slow memory.
@@Opuskiller1 very good
Continue your next video ... please....
That escalated pretty quickly...
😄 I WANT HIM AS MY TEACHER
Wheres the rest