Forging 101: The Forging Process & Open Die Forgings

Forging is the process of forming and shaping metals through the use of hammering, pressing or rolling. The process begins with starting stock, usually, a cast ingot (or a "cogged" billet which has already been forged from a cast ingot), which is heated to its plastic deformation temperature, then upset or "kneaded" between dies to the desired shape and size.

[@wrenchguy]

Wondering how 531lb. wrench was handled and made 140 years ago?
I assume it was open die made as only 1 was needed for a steel mill steam engine.
If you want to help me understand, please visit my "Pennsylvania Steel Co. videos.
Thanks, wrenchguy.