Introduction to Biological Molecules: Monomers & Polymers | A-level Biology | OCR, AQA, Edexcel
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 14 ก.พ. 2019
- Introduction to Biological Molecules: Monomers & Polymers in a Snap! Unlock the full A-level Biology course at bit.ly/2V1ctUT created by Adam Tisldey biology expert at SnapRevise and current student at Cambridge University studying Biomediacal & Biological Sciences.
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The key points covered in this video include:
1. The Biochemical Basis of Life
2. Biological Molecules
3. Monomers and Polymers
4. Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions
The Biochemical Basis of Life
When we look at the natural world, we can see that there is an incredible variety of life. Despite this enormous diversity, all life on earth depends on the same biochemical basis of life - this is carbon chemistry. This is because all life is descended from one common ancestor which also used carbon chemistry. Carbon is special because it has the ability to form four bonds. This allows many carbon atoms to be bonded together to form more complex molecules. Carbon therefore acts as a backbone for organic (carbon-containing) molecules that are found in all living organisms.
Biological Molecules
There are four main types of biological molecule which are found in all organisms: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Although based on carbon, these key biological molecules also contain a small number of other chemical elements: Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, lipids mainly contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulphur, nucleic acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. These biological molecules contain a very large number of atoms, so they are also known as macromolecules.
Monomers and Polymers
Many biological macromolecules are polymers which are built up from repeating smaller building blocks called monomers. Monomers are individual molecules that make up a polymer. Polymers are long chains that are composed of many individual monomers that have been bonded together in a repeating pattern. In carbohydrates, the monomers are called monosaccharides and the polymers are called polysaccharides. In proteins, the monomers are called amino acids and the polymers are called polypeptides. In nucleic acids, the monomers are called nucleotides and the polymers are called polynucleotides. Lipids are unusual as these are macromolecules that are not polymers - they are not composed of smaller repeating monomers. Lipids are instead made up of a number of different base units which are joined together in a non-repeating pattern.
Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions
Polymers are formed from monomers by condensation reactions. Condensation reactions involve the bonding of one monomer to another, forming a molecule of water. Water is formed through the grouping of a hydroxyl (-OH) from one monomer and a hydrogen (H) from another monomer. A condensation reaction is a reaction that occurs when two molecules combine to form a more complex molecule with the removal of water.Polymers are broken down into individual monomers by hydrolysis reactions. Hydrolysis reactions require water in order to break the bond between the monomers. A hydrolysis reaction is a reaction that occurs when larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules with the addition of water. Condensation and hydrolysis reactions are used to build up and break down all biological macromolecules. Condensation and hydrolysis reactions are reactions that take place within an organism - so they are examples of metabolic reactions.
Summary
All living organisms have the same biochemical basis of life - biological molecules are all organic (carbon-containing)
Many biological macromolecules are polymers, including carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids
Polymers are long chains that are composed of many individual monomers that have been bonded together in a repeating pattern
Monomers are individual molecules that make up a polymer
Not all macromolecules are polymers e.g. lipids
Condensation reactions are used to build up polymers and hydrolysis reactions are used to break down polymers
A condensation reaction is a reaction that occurs when two molecules combine to form a more complex molecule with the removal of water
A hydrolysis reaction is a reaction that occurs when larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules with the addition of wate
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Gcse have finished revising for a levels now this helps so much thank you
lol, and i thought i was the only person doing this
Jallow Head we’re all in the same boat😂😂😂
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when year 11 finishes early so you start to revise for a levels, same
courtney x 😂😂😂😂Great minds think alike😉
I thought I was the only one for a moment lmao
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Same life’s crap rn
and that moment when you realise freesciencelessons doesnt make a level vids :(
Finally! someone explaining these small basic terms before jumping into broader complex topics that include these terms. Thank you so much!!
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Don’t worry! I’m finding it very overwhelming as well but the more we listen and get familiar with the A-level concepts, the more we will understand!
Eloise Fay generally the syllabus is hard so it’s gonna take a while to understand and I did and still facing the same exact thing but I hope we’ll get it :-))
Thank god I'm not the only one
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same
literally
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Hey dude I’ve been studying a level biology as of recent and have been struggling. But these videos I feel as if they’re really helping! Keep up the amazing work!
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Very useful and brief explanations. Thank You!!!
English isn't my mother tongue but your explanations are very clear, you helped me a lot! Thank you
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the study grind!
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By far the best explanation on this!
Thank you so much sir.
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these videos are amazing :) everything explained in detail and interesting too definitely going to recommend to anyone who needs help revising. Hopefully going to help me pass the exams in a month for a one year a level course wish me luck!
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this is very helpful but i think there is a mistake at 11:29 doesn't hydrolysis need to be "polymers broken apart" instead of "monomers broken apart" because monomers are the building blocks and polymers are the long chains, right?
Thank you so much, this was explained so well :)
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Thank you! This helps a lot.
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YOU ARE A LEGEDNA AND NEED MORE NTOICE! JUST THIS VIDEO HAS MADE ME DECIDE TO DO BIO
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Good teaching, easy to understand.
Thank you for the feedback! 😊
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Thank you for this video.
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fav vid ever THANK U
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thanks a lot.
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Thank you so much
Thank you so much for this!
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Im really getting help thanks a lot esp in the covid 19 pandemic
Thank will explained
Thanks so much..I have an exam tomorrow and this was my first time studying biological molecules and I got the whole concept in less than 30mins
Best of luck! We hope you got a 💯 on your exams!
Is there a way to download these notes that he is teaching over? Amazing content by the way.
Thanks for this video!
Glad it was helpful! 👍
Hey mate, really appreciate the work you do in summarising all this in a relatively short period of time, sorry for nitpicking but the molecule for which you labelled "lipid" is actually a phospholipid isn't it? Cuz the circle represents the phosphate head?
Gcse nearly finished might as well get a head start and start revising for A levels before I even get my gcse grades.
Was bored asf so started to revise a levels #Quarantine damnnnnn 🥶
Good explanation
Did I just write this whole thing down and school do cancelled? Yes
Thanks a lot.
I don’t get why it says that the condensation reaction is the removal of water when you are literally making water? Can anyone please help? 13:34
THANK YOU
Thank You so so so much for explaining everything from the start and explaining it in such an easy way. I understood everything for the first time!!!! Thank u so so much sir!
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In the summary table near the end, for hydrolysis should it be ‘polymers broken apart’ or what it says (monomers broken apart).
I think it means monomers broken apart from other monomers. Polymers broken apart would mean the same thing.
Legendary video
In quarantine I love that I can learn
Bless you and Freesciencelessons
Thank you! 😊
On lipids: If the fatty acids are identical monomers then how come they are 'non-repeating'? Do they not repeat thrice?
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Very informative 👏
Is it suitable for igcse biology AS
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Thank you very much for this
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Well explained
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what a legend
4:55 which is it formula ? Lipid or type of sugar
Sorry I'm new here, are these for Cambridge A/Ls
Does your playlist cover both year 1 and year 2?
Our playlist on TH-cam only covers a portion of the course, we cover the full course in over 300+ videos on our website snaprevise.co.uk as well as many other features like revision guides, quizzes and a lot more to help you nail A-level Biology! 💯
Since lipids are not composed of same repeating unit ,they are not polymers like other biological molecules but they are just macromolecules right?
may I have a material you use in the video? if you can I want to be allowed to share it !
Best video ever.
Thank you very much! 💯
One question plz .... why all the organic molecules do not form polymers?
I think it’s because the bonding of the organic molecules? And the organic molecules are polymers?
can someone tell me the difference between aqa and ocr ?
they're two different exam boards
Thank u you helped me
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Wow thanks youu
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thannks g
You're welcome! 😊
lets gooo finally found A level version of freesciencelessons
You can also check our website to see more free videos and other resources like revision guides, and quizzes that you can use! Just visit snaprevise.co.uk to know more! 👍
Are these videos also good for Oxford AQA 9610?
Yes it helps alot!
First thank you
I would be appriciate if you helpe me the soft of the lesson word form or pdf whatever is
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Can anyone help me i am confused whether i should study from with this channel or ms coopers biology??
adifferentillusion just watch both for revision or stick with the one that helps you understand better
3:03
Legend
does anyone have insight on wether what kind of grades these videos get you?
grade 11 and 12 AS and A Levels
nice vids
Thanks! Glad you like them! 👍
I love science
Science loves you too 💖
Just a tip, play these videos on x2 playback speed
Just finished year 11... I wanted start studying for A levels early but this is just too information all at once lol
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im glad i didnt die
I am in 8th grade and studying more and more to be ahead of my classes.
Such resilience and academic prowess, I salute your efforts!
@@adailyfact I've learnt more about history these past few months.
I can share my entire description of World War 2 but it is actually accurate and not just some simple google research thing that takes 5 minutes. Also I meant to say 7th grade, idfk how I've only just touched onto this mistake I made almost technically a year ago.
World War 2 was the most brutal and foul war in history yet, it began on September 1 1939, the day when Nazi Germany invaded Poland, just 2 days later Great Britain and France declared war on Nazi Germany for their actions, Hitler never expected a war, although his plans were to rid the world of Jews and other minorities he deemed guilty of causing the collapse of his beautiful Germany after WW1 and because he believed that those such as Polish people were responsible for it. Although the shelling of a Polish garrison at Westerplatte, is believed to be the first shots fired of WW2. There were many leaders. Allies: Winston Churchill (Former Prime Minister of England) Franklin D.Roosevert (32nd president of the USA), and Joseph Stalin (Dictator of the Soviet Union) Axis Powers: Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini and Hirohito. (Nazi Germany, Imperalism Japan and Fascist Italy)
They all fought against each other for all these 6 years of terror, dread, pain, suffering and agony. Major events such as Pearl Harbour bombing on December 7 1941, and soon later on in 1945, the USA finally got their desired revenge and bombed Hiroshima, Japan around 2 times on August 6 1945, D-Day was the LARGEST and most brutal battle in history, involving the British, French, Germans, Americans etc. It was all a brutal fate they met for their own sacrifices, not to mention the infamous date April 30 1945, Adolf Hitler had finally accepted defeat and committed suicide or probably fled to somewhere to live out the rest of his days until he died due to the SovIet Union having stormed Germany, Berlin. He couldn't take it, so Germany restored back to its original state after a few years. Although with the 2 Joseph Stalin and Franklin.D Roosevert, Captalism vs Communism was becoming major, and which lead to the Cold War.
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Why does this feel like chemistry
DBV loca because A level Biology also has bits of chemistry involved
For real
They kind of overlap alot
who else watched on 1.5x speed
Don’t know why I’m here since I’m doing maths, further maths, physics and computing, but who cares?
No common ancestors.
Talking ffffffffffooooooo
All living things were created as they are. With all due respect, no such thing as a common ancestor. Living things are so phenomenally intellectual deigns and combinations of scientific and mathematical facts that it is absolutely impossible for such a diversity to come to existence simply by random, unsupervised, wilful, out of no where, overtime, I feel like it kinda change.
I really wish intelligent people like scientists wouldn't be so oblivious of this basic concept. I really wish the government and other platforms would stop brainwashing everyone about this in their text just as an agenda to popularise atheism. I really wish this idea is not endorsed.
Great video, but the idea of the unknown common ancestor is such an unreasonable idea to popularise and endorse.
of course this is a huge agenda funded by the government like how they're desperately trying to brainwash everyone into thinking how miserable Russia has made Ukraine as if there is nothing else of similar or larger scale going on in this world for years on end and endlessly which they are purposely as usual acting oblivious to. intelligent people with a bit of self respect really need to stop saying such absurd things and A level biology will still be just as good.
Your concept of all beings were created as they were creates large plot wholes not just in biolagy but in similar branches aswell all beings have a similar relaitonship and was created from several (or more) branches ahead of what we called the common ansestor its basic evoulotion wich is found in molecular biolagy "all living organisms were desended from a common ancestor" the presumed last common ancestor of eukaryotes branched of the presumed last common ancestor of all extant organism's the last common ancestor of all extant organism's branched of into Bacteria Thermus, cyanobacteria, Thermotogales and much more even organells wich were in the cell mitochondria and chloroplasts the presumed last common ancestor of eukaryotes branched off into Archaea and Eukaryotas crenarchaeota, korachaeota and much more the thereoy of evoulotion states that us animal, plants and fungi branched of by the first organisms wich were existint on earth (after its own creation from materials rovolving around the sun) the chemoatotrophs the first organism then branched into are known cellular organisms wich then formed into humans this means all living beings have a similar relaitonship and common ansestors exist by the stand of are knowledge i hope you understand
Jesus is the Creator. Adam and Eve are our common ancestor