Battle Stack: The Battle Of Hastings tactics

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 4 ม.ค. 2025

ความคิดเห็น • 88

  • @SleepDaMouse-xd8dn
    @SleepDaMouse-xd8dn 7 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    Your channel is what I have been looking for for so long. Love it!

  • @Kohl423
    @Kohl423 7 ปีที่แล้ว +12

    One additional but important factor was that Harold and the available army he had with him had just returned by forced marches from the North of England where he had defeated King Harald of Norway. A substantial number of Harold's Lords and soldiers remained in the north and only belatedly moved slowly south to rejoin Harold. By that time however it was too late for the Battle which had nevertheless been in the balance until some of Harold's men convinced the Norman's where retreating broke ranks to pursue. The Norman tactic worked and they turned around and butchered the loose run soldiers. This left Harold with just his HouseCarls ( his dedicated bodyguard. Very tough but small in numbers) to contest the remainder of the battle which as we know William won. There were some conflicts after this but no large scale organised army to fight against William.

    • @max-mu6ir
      @max-mu6ir 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      One important aspect you may have overlooked is that after Stamford Bridge is that when Harold went to York he decided not to share out the Norse spoils of war with his men.This in fact caused a lot of his followers to resent him,many who were from the North went home and never ventured south at all,Edwin and Morcar for instance,who were now by this time family as Harold had married their sister,this in fact caused a bigger rift than is given credit for,however Harold had enough troops who he could call on within the southern shires,Harolds biggest enemy wasn't really William ,but the papal bull or banner,which in fact broke his will at Hastings,and yet again this was the weapon that defeated him on that day, William did play a part though.See M.K.Lawson,Jim Bradbury andone of the best books on the subject by John Grehan and Martin Mace, Hastings the uncomfortable truth a fantastic read on the subject

    • @kevincasey5035
      @kevincasey5035 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Huscarls rode horses, only the Fyrd marched and they were only recruited locally.

  • @deejj9766
    @deejj9766 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    awesome vid my friend. my new fav channel

  • @grahamdalbymusic
    @grahamdalbymusic 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    All very good but for the fact that William almost certainly didn't land at Pevensey Bay and the Battle itself almost certainly didn't happen on the gentle slope of Senlac but far more likely the fierce ridge of Caldbec Hill 700m above sea-level and the cross-roads where Harold's army met at the Hoar Apple Tree. The other theory which is sound is that the last stand was at Crowhurst by the stone wall and the 2000-year-old yew tree which is featured in the Bayeaux Tapestry with a hole in it. In addition, it has the forest path where the Saxons escaped and mounted a fierce ambush at the Malfosse, a concealed old Roman parapet with a terrifying drop of some forty feet into which some 200 Norman knights plunged to their deaths in the Autumnal gloom. My book 'Huscarl' covers both this battle and Stamford Bridge but I do stress it is a well-researched Historical Fiction. Available next year.

  • @sallybushell8896
    @sallybushell8896 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Really helped my son with his homework very good deatailed amount :)

  • @retro1937
    @retro1937 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great summary,
    Thanks

  • @iisoljaiiftw282
    @iisoljaiiftw282 7 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Really helpful needed for an essay

  • @sofiacaupers3086
    @sofiacaupers3086 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    THANK YOU SO MUCH!!! You helped a lot with my history homework :D

  • @markgarin6355
    @markgarin6355 5 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    They don't know where they landed, not sure where they fought, but we KNOW their strategy. Nice.

    • @randomguyontheinternet8345
      @randomguyontheinternet8345 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Because we have eyewitness accounts and supporting documents. But the actual location has been forgotten.

  • @zoetropo1
    @zoetropo1 6 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    A neat summary. A little too neat. The written accounts and the Bayeux Tapestry add many details skipped here.
    For example, Harold was cut down by Flemish knights, so he had moved eastward due to his western shield wall being the section most compromised.
    The BT has several scenes dedicated to the minutes when William nearly lost. It is politic and doesn’t reveal him unhorsed and prone, but it does show the Bretons performing a Rearguard action as the Normans waver.
    The action was wildly successful: the Bretons are depicted cutting down both Earls Leofwine and Gyrth as well as killing most of the veteran thegns and huscarls.
    We know from Domesday Book that some of the thegns we have names for were captured, because they were serving for example the Breton leader, Alan Rufus, by 1086.
    The Bretons are interesting because several of their officers were part-English and others such as Alan were living in England during King Edward’s reign.
    There’s strong evidence that the BT is primarily a Breton perspective, which would explain why it’s more even- handed than the Norman and Flemish accounts and less fatalistic than the English ones.
    Alan Rufus is a very interesting person: for instance he was related to King Edward and had English sympathies that are evident in his choice of tenants and in the love for him by Harold’s daughter. In 1088 he allied with the English to quash a Norman baronial rebellion, and in 1091 launched a (very popular) invasion of Normandy by a predominantly English army. The French king called in the Pope to negotiate - I suppose lest the army march on Paris and liberate France from the Capets!

  • @zaidattaful
    @zaidattaful 6 ปีที่แล้ว +24

    Hey
    Who else is here to complete a worksheet about the battle of Hastings
    History homework

    • @leesnyder9144
      @leesnyder9144 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      english homework ;)

    • @Mina-dv3ry
      @Mina-dv3ry 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      𝕆𝕞𝕘 𝕤𝕒𝕞𝕖𝕖𝕖𝕖 (っ·̀ω·́)っ✎⁾⁾

    • @gavlargriffiths7556
      @gavlargriffiths7556 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      Yep... lol

    • @maybella7976
      @maybella7976 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      OMG THATS ACTUALLY SCARY HOW DID U KNOW!!!!!!!

    • @Mina-dv3ry
      @Mina-dv3ry 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      maybella ikr 😂😂😂

  • @clinthodo
    @clinthodo 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This would be better if the music were absent or if the volume were decreased. The music competes with the voice.

  • @highonimmi
    @highonimmi 7 ปีที่แล้ว +21

    there is a reason soldiers must maintain self discipline during a battle. those idiots who chased the retreating normans weakened their armies defenses. it is important, however, to realize how critical briefing your men of the why's and what for's of a strategic location and formation. I get the fact that in heated battle men get worked up and want to go chasing after their adversary...but, the importance of keeping those "eyes n the prize" can never be overstated.

    • @syedferoz2188
      @syedferoz2188 7 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      by william is called feigned retreat and u shuld never charge at a feigned retreat the example being the mongols

    • @syedferoz2188
      @syedferoz2188 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@augustbliss the thing to counter a feigned retreat is to group up the remaining men and wait for a period before chasing them or cutting them off or take ur reserves and create a cannae

  • @zettle2345
    @zettle2345 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I like the Time Team's version of the battle. they have it centered in the town of battle. a much more plausible area, for the time of the battle. But thnx for the time and effort on these vids

    • @alancoe1002
      @alancoe1002 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Yes! Harold very likely fell at what is now the roundabout in the town of Battle, the highest ground, not the area of the Abbey. Behind Harold's left wing is the "fosse", where many Normans knights on horseback would tumble, only to be butchered by the furious retreating Saxons. Thanks for mentioning Time Team: love those guys, I miss Mick.

  • @chantellerosebud1780
    @chantellerosebud1780 7 ปีที่แล้ว +23

    Thank you for this film :) it was well made and showed the tactics very clearly. Just a couple of petty corrections (sorry!) Pevensey is actually in East Sussex, not Essex. And the battle of Hastings took place on a hillside by what is now the town of Battle, 6 and 1/2 miles from Hastings itself. I know because I live just outside Battle. Nonetheless a good piece of film.

    • @battlestack7615
      @battlestack7615  7 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Cool, thanks for the corrections. I plan to visit Battle sometime soon :) Cheers!

    • @chantellerosebud1780
      @chantellerosebud1780 7 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      +BattleStack
      I recommend it :)
      There is plenty to keep you occupied for the day at Battle Abbey (The site of the battlefield) As well as some nice walks and good food in the various tea rooms and pubs.
      Try to pick a nice sunny day (if it's ever possible to predict our English weather!)

    • @battlestack7615
      @battlestack7615  7 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks! Sounds great!

    • @otfriedpolenz9633
      @otfriedpolenz9633 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Raging all the way up from Crowhurst and ending, as shown here, highest on the Battle centre roundabout. Papers from Dresden Saxony proove, it amounts to very exactly only 28 generations in between us here and William one of Normandy. Thanks by neckarcupdreddyfan.

    • @Brian-om2hh
      @Brian-om2hh 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@chantellerosebud1780 The main issue with the supposed site at Battle Abbey is that no military or battle artifacts have ever been found or recovered in that area, despite digs to look for them. Not even things such as horeshoes, which you might expect to have survived underground on the site of a battle. Having read most of Nick Austin's book - Secrets Of The Norman Invasion - I'm leaning more towards his take on things.....

  • @johnny_pilot
    @johnny_pilot 7 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    An essential turning point in the battle was when William instructed his archers to aim high, thus ensuring their arrows rain down on the Saxons. Previously, the archers aimed straight at the line causing their arrows to simply fly over them. Thanks again for another interesting, interactive video.
    I appreciate these vids are short, but a little more detail and research into the battles would be welcomed, as indicated in my first paragraph. Details such as naming the types of infantry, i.e., the professional huscarls (housecarls) and the militia fyrdmen, and mentioning that the battle WAS NOT fought at Hastings (as you incorrectly stated), but at the site now known as Battle, on Senlac Hill, etc.
    I believe that most historians agree that the numbers on BOTH sides were approximately 7,000 men, but we'll never know! I don't know where you got your figure of 9,000 Normans from. I've never read that from any source. I've even read that Harold may have had more men than William, as their fyrdmen were still arriving in bits and drabs as the day went on.
    Anyway, still very entertaining and these are good 'overviews', so I'm really not criticising! I love what you're doing. Please keep adding the battles! :-)

    • @battlestack7615
      @battlestack7615  7 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      I did make a 8 minute video on Hastings before this video with more detail but it was not very popular, people seemed to like it when it was 3 mins. I usually take a few accounts of each battle and average out the numbers. Thanks for the support :)

    • @tc1817
      @tc1817 7 ปีที่แล้ว

      Why would a leader order his archers to fire over the heads of the enemy..not once, but at least twice?

    • @tc1817
      @tc1817 7 ปีที่แล้ว

      Battlestack... Johnny P doesn't have any idea what he is yapping about. Claiming that the Norman archers fired at the line and the arrows went over the Saxons heads is stupid.

    • @notmaireelneim
      @notmaireelneim 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Yeah, Johnny P is talking about the angle of fire. The Saxons were at the top of a hill, and the arrows went over their heads if they were even slightly off line.

    • @zoetropo1
      @zoetropo1 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      Johnny P: I’ve done some back of the envelope calculations based on the number and proportion of Bretons involved, on how many troops the territory they came from can support (assuming similarity to the English hidages), and on the number of Breton ships and number of men they usually carried, and all three indicate 5000 Bretons, and a total army size for William of about 13,000.
      The Normans were adamant that Harold had so many more men than they that they knew a direct assault would lose them the battle. If so, Harold could have had 20,000 men.
      Harold also had men in the wood behind him, preparing traps for the Normans in case the English lost at the ridge and had to fall back. This did indeed cause the Normans heavy losses when they pursued the retreating English in the twilight. So both sides employed feints effectively.

  • @CrashCoreBeamNG
    @CrashCoreBeamNG 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks very much helped with my essay!

  • @ArifShaikh-cd1tf
    @ArifShaikh-cd1tf 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Saved me from a faculty detention lol thx

  • @zoetropo1
    @zoetropo1 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    The English had archers at Stamford Bridge: Hardrada died from an arrow to the neck. Why none for the English at Hastings?
    The Mercians were allied with the Welsh, and the Northumbrians with the Cumbrians. Maybe archers were a West Midlands and Northern thing that the southern counties hadn’t learnt?
    There was a battle near Stafford in 1069 between a Mercian/Welsh force and a combined Norman/Breton army: they say it was even bloodier and closer than Hastings.

  • @richardgreen3160
    @richardgreen3160 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    This has probably already been said but Pevensey bay is in Sussex, not Essex

  • @gazza2933
    @gazza2933 5 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    The lesson is;
    Never run after a fleeing enemy.
    They might not be fleeing after all.
    Bloody Normans! 😕

  • @henrikfabricius761
    @henrikfabricius761 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    One note to you.
    The music is way to high in volume.
    I can hardly hear what you are saying.

  • @englishworldawakener2073
    @englishworldawakener2073 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    Pevensey Bay is in Sussex.

  • @notvladamir4082
    @notvladamir4082 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    music is too loud

  • @annatarlordofgifts2442
    @annatarlordofgifts2442 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    I'm pretty sure Harold was killed by an arrow as he looked up.

  • @bensimpson6719
    @bensimpson6719 7 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    can someone give me a script for he said during this vid

    • @pp1151
      @pp1151 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      00:05
      the Battle of Hastings was fought in
      00:07
      1066 in the town of Hastings on the
      00:10
      English south coast the cause of the
      00:12
      battle began with the death of the
      00:14
      English King Edward the Confessor with
      00:17
      no heir to the English throne
      00:18
      both Harold Godwinson and William of
      00:21
      Normandy made claims to succeed Edward
      00:24
      but Harold took the initiative and was
      00:26
      crowned king of England when William
      00:28
      found out he was determined to claim the
      00:30
      throne he threw having promised to him
      00:32
      the Normans sell from France and landed
      00:35
      a Pevensey Bay in Essex and from there
      00:37
      he marched to Hastings where the battle
      00:39
      took place Harold had around 7,000 men
      00:43
      but no archers or cavalry the front line
      00:46
      of Harold's army consisted of paid
      00:48
      soldiers with armor and weapons like
      00:50
      axes and Spears and behind them were
      00:53
      local people with only basic weapons and
      00:55
      armor untrained in military battle
      00:57
      William Tommy estimated 9,000 men and
      01:00
      included archers and cavalry the Norman
      01:03
      army was made up of three sections
      01:04
      presence on the left the majority
      01:06
      Normans in the center and Flemish on the
      01:08
      right the archers weren't the front with
      01:10
      the inventory Calvary behind Harold's
      01:13
      army took position on the high gran of
      01:15
      Cenac Ridge given the English a better
      01:17
      view of the battlefield and
      01:19
      Fulton Norman's to climb the hill to
      01:21
      engage them Herald tactics on the day
      01:23
      was the former defensive shield rule
      01:24
      preventing the Normans from breaking
      01:26
      turn the battle started with the Norman
      01:30
      archers firing arrows at the English
      01:32
      line but the arrows even went over the
      01:35
      target or were defended as not when
      01:38
      infantry made their way up the hill they
      01:40
      were attacked with Spears and stones the
      01:42
      first wave of infantry made no impact so
      01:45
      the Normans attacked the game with the
      01:46
      cavalry
      01:47
      but this also failed Harold had
      01:49
      instructed his soldiers to hold
      01:51
      formation in the shield wall but when
      01:53
      the Breton's on the left started to
      01:54
      retreat some of the Saxon army broke
      01:56
      away from the shield wall and chased him
      01:58
      down the hill William all his cavalry to
      02:00
      trap the advance in English and killed
      02:02
      them weakening the shield wall on one
      02:04
      side William there Alden Averett AG
      02:06
      focusing on this exposed point but the
      02:09
      Saxon wall remained unbroken
      02:10
      the second major advance began again
      02:13
      with ineffective Norman archers followed
      02:15
      by an infantry advance but this failed
      02:17
      to break through the English line by
      02:19
      this time the Flemish soldiers had
      02:20
      suffered such losses that the Normans
      02:22
      for the center had to reinforce a
      02:24
      Flemish line using new tactics the
      02:26
      numbers began pretended to retreat to
      02:28
      draw a herald men from the war which had
      02:30
      some success and further weak in the
      02:32
      Saxon line after five hours of fighting
      02:37
      William's army and suffered big losses
      02:39
      but the English shield had not being
      02:41
      breached William now ordered the three
      02:44
      sections to join as one previous attacks
      02:46
      by the Norman archers have been
      02:47
      ineffective so the Normans tried a
      02:49
      two-pronged attack the archers fired
      02:52
      arrows at the exact time the infantry
      02:54
      met the shield wall making it difficult
      02:55
      for the
      02:56
      to defend against the archers and
      02:58
      infantry at the same time the attack was
      03:01
      timed perfectly followed by the one
      03:03
      cavalry charge targeting the left and
      03:05
      right flank
      03:05
      this strategy worked the Saxon formation
      03:08
      was lost and the defensive line
      03:09
      collapsed the English army was now
      03:11
      isolated into small groups and were
      03:13
      either killed or retreated William is
      03:15
      reported to have instructed for Manzi
      03:17
      diets to kill Harold this was a victory
      03:20
      for the Normans at the end of the battle
      03:22
      losses for the Saxons were around 3,000
      03:24
      and the Normans lost around 2,000
      03:26
      William was crowned King of England on
      03:28
      Christmas Day in 1066

    • @elizabethdorchester5307
      @elizabethdorchester5307 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Willy and hardrod had a beef . farmers and Normans got down and dirty . Hardwood went uo the hill . Norman archers shot there loads . big battle. sexons exposed themselves and long story short and after some Fleming is was all.over . willys army joined his guys and gangbanged the sexoms. norman isolated them . harold got a atiff one in the eye and willy cowned himself king . thanks

  • @randomguyontheinternet8345
    @randomguyontheinternet8345 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    William actually had slightly less men than them. The opposing army had a few hundred more men.

    • @jennycatherine2583
      @jennycatherine2583 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Also godwin was shot in the eye by an arrow. He wasn't killed by a knight.

  • @gaz9556
    @gaz9556 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    You risk being shown in classrooms with this video 😂

  • @kevincasey5035
    @kevincasey5035 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    So sorry but a basic reading of William of Poitiers and the Carmen accounts tell a different story. Again, a look at the Bayeux Tapestry would show that the Normans landed at Pevensey Castle - a structure put up by the Romans on an island and thus it would have impossible for William to march to Hastings from there.
    Before you revamp this video you should perhaps look at the source documents. These are :- The Bayeux Tapestry, The Carmen (Guy d'Amien), Gesta Guillemi ( William of Poitiers circa £200 a copy) and Gesta Normannum Ducum ( William of Jumièges vol 2 circa £125).

  • @funhistory7640
    @funhistory7640 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    WILL YOU PLEASE MAKE THE BATTLE OF STAMFORD BRIDGE 1066

  • @kamaalmohamed9152
    @kamaalmohamed9152 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    1:23

  • @abigailrufus7234
    @abigailrufus7234 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks for this video! It really helped me with my homework! Just to say that I was told in by someone that William's army had 7000 men and Harold's had 5000 men. So I'm a little confused. Please can you find out and tell me which one is true be because it is part of my homework

    • @battlestack7615
      @battlestack7615  7 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks, nobody really knows the exact numbers, accounts vary. Good luck with the homework!

    • @abigailrufus7234
      @abigailrufus7234 7 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks!!

  • @martineleven8179
    @martineleven8179 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Only a fool would go to into battle on a completely open flanked site, the actual battle didn't happen at battle Abbey, the actual Abbey at crowhurst was nearly finished then the monks decided to build a huge more superior Abbey at battle on the main trade Road to London TAX FREE. Its still a nice place to visit though. It also keeps the masses away from the actual Abbey and battlefield aswell.

  • @robinblankenship9234
    @robinblankenship9234 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Proud to present public comment number 0066........ Bugger me, mate. Tough day all around, I'd say. A bit afterwards, Old Billy gave his bro Odo some land in the far north (today's Haltwhistle) and from there, about 400 years ago, we Blankenships headed off for the Colonies. Got to Virginia and been in the same spot ever since. I'm no friend of the ruddy Frogs, mind you; but, this time they done ok.

  • @jovanciric2742
    @jovanciric2742 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    Is that a game? It looks so familliar, but i can't remmember what it's called

    • @somepos7614
      @somepos7614 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      Yolle rise of nations

  • @stephenbritton9297
    @stephenbritton9297 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    coordinated artillery (archers) and infantry! what a "modern" tactic

  • @mr.mercury3424
    @mr.mercury3424 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    We should work together on something

  • @bizzlebourner5883
    @bizzlebourner5883 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    harold hadrada is typing...

  • @basilikalathas5388
    @basilikalathas5388 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    And you killed the video with loud music.

  • @HardWater91
    @HardWater91 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sussex not Essex.

  • @matthewkent8796
    @matthewkent8796 7 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    William ordered 4 knights to find and kill Harold but everyone knows Harold was killed by an arrow in the eye.

    • @Rumpole1000
      @Rumpole1000 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Correct. The Bayeux Tapestry records Harold being killed by an arrow through the eye.

    • @dansaunders1382
      @dansaunders1382 7 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      They can't be certain as to how Harold died, some think an arrow through the eye, others prefer to think the 4 knights that were ordered to find and kill Harold theory and there is a couple of other theories. We were taught at school the arrow through the eye version as that was the most popular one at the time, but could be changing to fit with current theories.There are also several places that claim to be the final resting place of king Harold, such as Waltham abbey (where I live). My point is that we were not there and could not know for certain, historians themselves always say "we believe" they are often reluctant to say things are fact. History is written by the victor after all, I prefer to believe that his head was cut off, after he had been killed, and displayed to watch over the English coast but I never say it is a fact.
      It is possible he died from an arrow to the eye, it is also possible he died in the thick of the fighting by a selected team to find and kill him. Does it matter either way? He died fighting in battle and the video was well presented. Even if it offered the creators preferred version of how king Harold died, it's his video

    • @zoetropo1
      @zoetropo1 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      Rumpole Del Bailey: Actually, that bit was resewn quite badly so we don’t know what it originally showed for sure. If we take it at face :) value, it shows the arrow missing the right eye and striking on the helm above it. Would still hurt! Harold was definitely chopped to pieces because the culprits confessed and a poem “the Song of Hastings” was composed in remembrance of their underhanded deed as a kind of penance.

    • @trimwix9944
      @trimwix9944 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Zoe Porphyrogenita he could have been killed by an arrow and then later on Chopped to pieces

    • @zoetropo1
      @zoetropo1 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Rumple Forskin: That is one possibility, though the BT indicates he was still standing. He was evidently one tough soldier.

  • @deneec3755
    @deneec3755 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wow

  • @WILKSVILLE
    @WILKSVILLE 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    in Essex !!!!!! PLEB

  • @rajbirr1936
    @rajbirr1936 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    hi whos here from history in nishkam high school if you are say hi?

  • @Sean2k10lol
    @Sean2k10lol 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    This is not what i learned in history

  • @loszhor
    @loszhor 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    Good vid but the music is too loud.

  • @Wow55579
    @Wow55579 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    A level prelims ez clap