Lecture#5 Digestion and Absorption in Animals-Rumen Microorganisms, Development and Fermentation
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 22 ต.ค. 2024
- Lecture #5_Rumen_Eco-system
Rumen Microorganisms, Rumen Development, Digestion/Fermentation in the Rumen,
Principles of Animal Nutrition (AN-201)
Animal Nutrition-by Dr Tanveer Ahmad, Arid Uni RWP
Animal Nutrition, feed formulation, hay and silage making, livestock feeding, - บันเทิง
Omasum is third compartment of ruminates stomach which look likes the pages of a book so it is also called as book stomach. It's main function is drainage of water.
19-Arid-2251
1)- Reticulum is like honeycomb and also called as Hardware stomach.
2)-Folds of muscles b/w reticulum and rumen(reticulo-rumen) form esophageal groove.
19-Arid-4425
Very informative Dr sb
1-If animal has taken any type of hardware material this is taken up by reticulum and reticulum doest not allow to further pass it .
2- Abomasum is the true stomach and secretes HCL and have enzyms which helps in digesting the feed
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1. Protozoal population weighs the same as bacterial population despite having lower numbers due to their greater mass
2. Protozoa helps in regulating the bacterial population of rumen
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Rumen fluid pH is 5.5 to 6.5, 11 different groups of bacteria are Present in rumen, reticulum is called as hardware stomach, omasium is look like a book pages
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Rumen fluid has ph of 5.5 to 6.5 it varies and depend on the kind of food the animal eat..
Reticulum catches and hold hardware consumed hy animal...
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reticulam have structure in the rumen remeble the honey comb
rumainaal fluid ph is between 5.5 to 6.5
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1. Ruminal fluid pH is between 5.5 to 6.5 but that depends on the type of food we offered to the animal or whatsoever the animal is eating.When we feed fibrous material to the animal then pH will remain towards neutral size that is about 6.5 but when we feed large amount of carbohydrates then pH may drop below than 5.5 and under this condition the protozoa population become markly depressed due to their inability to tolerate the acid.
2. There are more than 100 species of protozoa but the major two are families that have been found.They are called:
•Holotrichs
•Oligotrichs
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1 rumen is towel like in appearance
2 omasum is also called book stomach
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morning section b
If we see to the rumenal environment so it is having PH between 5.5 to 6.5 and temperature is 38 to 42c while having 80 to 85% moisture.
There are almost 200 different species of bacteria in rumen which can be of cocci,rod, and spirilla shaped.
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If large amount of soluble carbohydrate are consumed, then the rumen fluid may fall from 5.5 to 6.5.
Rumen temperature ranges from 38 to 42C.
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1)Folds(layers) in book stomach help in removing water from feed consumed.
2)camel is pseudoruminat because of absence of omasum.
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Ruminants have advantage of rumen(fermentation chamber) as it provides more space for enough feed e.g. cow has nine times more gut capacity than human with respect to their weight ratio. Rumen is a fermentation chamber providing more bacteria about 25-80 billion/ml, more protozoa 0.2-0.5 million/ml, fungi and anaerobic mycoplasmas and also bacterial viruses.
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cilliates are 20-200 micrometer in length in rumen protozoa and 100 species of ciliates are present. reticulum catches and holds hardware consumed by the animal. 19-Arid-2202
The specialised four-compartment stomach of ruminants is provided with a network of protozoa and bacteria which plays a crucial role in the digestion of cellulose consumed by the animal.
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1- The ph of rumen fluid is 5.5 to 6.5 but it may fall if we give large amount of carbohydrates like starch, grains.
2- There are two major families of cilliates commonly called as Holotrichs and Oligotrichs.
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There are two main factors for Rumen Development
1.Scratch factor-size (by fibre/hay)
2.Grain -VFAs- papillae Development
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1. Protozoa unable to regulate glycogen synthesis, many rumen protozoa use simple sugars.
2. Reticulum is the first part of ruminants, second is the rumen, third is the omasum and last one is abomasum.
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Omasum has many folds makes up 8% of the stomach and absorbs fatty acids...
Abomasum is last part of compound stomach and located on right side and functions like monogastric stomach...
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1. Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens are major cellulolytic species, lipid utilizing, and major pectinolytic species.
2. Magnets are placed in many dairy animals reticulum to collect sharp objects such as nails, wires, or screws ingested by the animal.
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Reticulum has a structure in rumen like honey c
2 factors are responsible for rumen development
1- scratch factor
2- Grain papillae
Mujahid Fareed 19 arid 2235 section B
1. 11 different groups of bacteria help in fermentation which are cellulolytic, hemi- cellulolytic, amylolytic, proteolytic, sugars utilizing, acid utilizing, ammonia producers, vitamin synthesizer, and methane producers etc.
2. The place and role of rumen fungi in rumen ecosystem is yet to be characterized. Rumen fungi are anaerobic and life span include both zoospore and sporangia.
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DVM EVENING
SECTION: B
1)The processes of regurggitation and chewing of ruminal contents adds up the bicarbonate and phosphate buffer to maintain the ruminal pH towards neutral (6.5)
2)Some of the protozoas species are responsible for limiting tje overgrowth of bacterial population.
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1- 60% of microbial fermentation products in rumen are produced by protozoa.
2- Rumen fungi forms 10% of biomass when fiber is present in diet.
3- Together the rumen and reticulum make over 85 % of the rumen stomach.
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Rumen fungi is strictly anaerobic.the reason why they are present in rumen is still unknown.
Reticulum has honeycomb like structure.it holds hard stuff consumed by animals.It contains microorganism.
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1- there are 11 different types of bacteria present in the rumen of bovines that digest different elements present in the feed.
2- Abomasum which is a true stomach also release the lysozyme that helps in the breakdown of the bacterial cell wall.
3 - The magnet remove the hardware and the reticular groove is closed by the nursing reflex action when the newborn sucks milk. The milk directly enters into abomasum. In rumen there are two liquid phasese.
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1) about 200( non spore forming) species of bacteria which are obligate anaerobic are found in rumen.
2) in new born calf, reticular groove plays important role and divert milk from rumen and reticulum to abomasum as rumen, reticulum and omasum development complete in about 2 months.
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1. The dry matter contents in Rumen is about 12-15% so rumen have 85-88% of moisture in it.
2. The mass of protozoa present in rumen is equal to rumen bacteria but less in number almost half in number than bacteria.
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1,Cow has nine time the digestive track capacity than human.
2,ruminants can not produce cellulose .
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3rd evening
Section ,B
Rumen contains the protozoa mainly ciliates which have more than 100 species and length ranges from 20-200 micro meters,
In a new born animal the milk intook by the calf is passed and processed or digested in abomasum as the first three compartments are not functional or developed.
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Regurdgetation or rumination is important phenomenon because ruminants eat continuously so to completely masticate the food the bolus is taken back to mouth and more saliva is added to maintain ruminal PH.
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1. 40% of ruminal protozoa are contributing towards the total microbial nitrogen while 60% contribution is by bacteria in rumen.
2. 60% of microbial fermentation products in rumen is given by protozoa.
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Omasum is present on right side of animal . It is a heavy and hard organ that has lining with many folds like leaves.
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The pH of rumen fluid is between 5.5 to 6.5 and it's temperature is between 38 to 42•C. The value of pH varies as it depends upon the feed animal is taking.
The digestion of cellulose in ruminants is carried out by the bacteria and protozoa present in their complex stomach.
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Evening (A)
Mass of protozoa is equal to bacteria in rumen of ruminants the reason is that protozoa has greater size and mass although they are less in number to bacteria.
Abomasum also called as glandular/True stomach. Most of the digestion occurs here as it secrets gastric juice .
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1.at age of one week we should give calf or kid some grain or hay because at this time rumen,reticulum and omasum start developing
2.camel is a pseudoruminant because omasum is absent
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Omasum part of stomach with leave like folds .Reticulum like honey combs provide area for fermentation.
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Evening:B
1.Many species of protozoa consume bacteria to limit bacterial growth.
2 About 60 percent of microbial fermentation occur in rumen.
1- Cuds are the undigested material that is not properly divided and it moves from rumen to reticulum and to the mouth for regurgitating of Cuds and then moves back to the abomasum. 2- At birth of calve first three compartments of stomach is not properly developed and feed come from esophageal groove to abomasum that is true stomach. 19-ARID-2262
Ciliates are 20 -. 200 micro meter in length.
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The function of fungi present in rumen is stiil not clear but mostly they are anaerobic and utilities polysaccharides and sugars.
If animal consume any hardware structure it is catched by reticulum.
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1. Reticulum is also called as honeycomb because of its appearance In case of cow, it has five gallon capacity.
2. When an animal eats hard materials like nails, screw etc this cause hardware disease.
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1:In rumen protozoa, one of the additional feature is that many species consume bacteria which play role in limiting the bacterial overgrowth.
2:Reticulum absorb the nutrients and open and close the rumen while the omasum absorb the fatty acid.
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Reticulum- hardware stomach or tripe
Omasum - on right side, true stomach
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The rumen consists of a complex ecosystem where nutrients consumed by ruminants are digested by fermentation process, which is executed by diverse microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa, and fungi.
Within the ruminal ecosystem, the microorganisms coexist in a reduced environment and pH remains close to neutral.
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1) Reticulum catches and holds the hardware consumed by the animal and hardware can be removed by the help of rumen magnet.
2) There are two liquid phases in rumen a) Lower liquid phase b) Dries upper layer of coarser solid material.
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Micro-organism has role in digestion of fiber and synthesis of essential components
Cow has 9 times greater capacity to have digestion capacity as compared to human
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Rumen protozoa utilizes simple sugars and some store invested carbohydrates.
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Scratch factor size by fiber or hay and grains ( for Papillae development ) are required for development of ruminal compartments
Jahangir Iqbal
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Section A
Morning 3rd semester
✓The pH of normal rumen fluid is 5.5 to 6.5, but this pH largely depends on the food that Animal consumes. In case of Roughages consumption, pH goes towards neutral while in case of carbohydrates consumption like starch, pH drops. Temperature in rumen is about 38° to 42°.
✓While grazing, animals may ingest metal objects like nails, wires or screws etc, the structures of reticulum helps to collect that injurious material and hence called as Hardware stomach.
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Obligate anaerobes that require oxygen to grow while facultative anaerobes that made ATP by aerobic respiration.
11 groups of fermentative bacteria present in rumen
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Generally, the protozoa present in the rumen of ruminants are adapted to utilize the same substrate that bacteria use.
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Ruminal pH will be towards neutral if we feed large amount of fibrous material such as roughages ,green fodders etc.to the animal but will be lowered to 5.5 if large amount of carbohydrates like grains are fed.
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Section A evening
1) rumen protozoa: they are unable to regulate glycogen synthesis. Many species of protozoa consume bacteria, which play a role in limiting bacterial growth.
2) rumen fungi: they are anaerobic and attached to food by rhizoids that penetrate into cell wall. They also utilize most polysaccharides and sugars.
Structure of reticulum helps to collect those materials which are harmful for the animal like NAILS, SCREW etc
=> And these harmful materials can be removed from animal’s body by using magnet.
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Section= Morning(A)
Omasum is third compartment of ruminant stomach.
Reticulum is like honey-comb and also called Hardware stomach.
Hamza Nazir
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Evening (3rd Semester)
Ruminal Development: In newborns, esophageal groove is present. Nursing stimulates reflex closure of groove.
At maturity, 93 of total stomach capacity is filled by compartments of stomach of ruminants.
Rumen environment has PH of 5.5-6.5.
That may decrease to 5.5 in case of consumption of more soluble carbohydrates, resulting in affecting the population of protozoans.
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Omasum which is 3rd part of stomach of ruminants.It is hard organ containing many folds and papilae responsible for grinding of roughage and absorbed fatty acids.
M.Adeed Gulzar
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M(Sec-A)
Rafia Bibi
19-Arid-2316 DVM Eve section A
1) Rumen environment:
The pH of Rumen=5.5-6.5
Temperature = 38 to 42 C
Saliva =bicarbonate and phosphate buffer
DM contents= 12-15 %
2) Fermentation Bacteria has 11 different groups which digests different types of feedstuff and ingredients and they also produces some substances which helps in fermentation.
1. Rumimal bacteria have different shapes ranging from rod, spirilla to cocci, with size of 0.3 to 50 micrometer, performing microbial activities.
2. Reticulum has honey-comb lining structure, catches hardware taken by animals, provide additional area for fermentation, and have microbes.
19-ARID-2264 ( Evening B)
Which compound responsible for bacterial growth in rumen?????
✓When calf is born there us little or no microbial activity, the microbial activity (bacteria and protozoa) established when rumen is fully developed.
✓Mass of protozoa is equal to bacteria in the prospect protozoa is larger in size as compared to bacteria but less in number.
✓Particle size of the feed is reduced by two ways.
1. Physical
2. Chemical (fermentation)
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Reticular goove os present in newborn
For fermenting the food, many type of bacteria and fluid are presnt in the abomasum for digestion
Ahsan Rehman
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Muhammad Moawiz
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Recticulam have structure in the rumen rembel the honey comb rumainaal fluid ph us between 5.5-6.5.
Generally the protozoa present in the rumen of the ruminants are adapted to utilize the same substrate that bacteria use.
If the pH drops less than average in the rumen then the protoza population become depressed due to acid tolerance.
Different shapes of bacteria lies there.
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1) There are three predominant type of Rumen protozoa and are of ciliate types and are anaerobic.there are also flagellates species in a very low number.
2) protozoa are unable to regulate glycogen synthesis.in presence of abundence of carbohydrates they continue to store glycogen until they brust.
M.Shahbaz 19-Arid-2311
DVM Eve section A
Reticulum play role in fermentation.
Microorganisms digest fiber.
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(1) Fungi are fully anaerobic because of this, rumen environment is not characterized
(2) Protozoa are fully depressed due to inability to tolerate acid actions.
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Which compound is responsible for bacterial growth in rumen???
acid-weak acids held in rumen cell proliferation and bacterial growth depends on both energy and nitrogen source along with pH.
Rumen protozoa utilize simple sugar and ingested carbohydrates as glycogen . protozoa are unable to regulate glycogen synthetsis . They continue to store them untill they burst
Compound stomach animals also face hardware disease as they catches the hardware like nails etc in their reticulum .
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Evening
What do ruminants get from Protozoa after enzymatic digestion???
Microbial protein
There are different types of Bacteria
11 fermentative bacteria
Ansar Abbas
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Morning-A
Protozoa helps in regulating the bacterial population of rumen.
Shoaib Ahmad
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Morning B
Protozoa are unable to regulate glycogen synthesis.
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Protozoa utilize the same set of substrates as bacteria.many consume bacteria
2.fungi is not yet characterize in rumen ecosystem .it is anaerobic .
Registration num:16-arid-2813
Syed Muhammad Affan
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Rumen fluid pH is 5.5 to 6.5, 11 different groups of bacteria are Present in rumen, reticulum is called as hardware stomach, omasium is look like a book pages
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