If the Wilkes Land Crater is confirmed to exist, and a link to the Siberian Traps is proven, it might cause a rethinking of other mass extinction events. Thus, additional mass extinctions thought to be linked to flood basalts might have an initial cause of large asteroid impacts.
This would be exciting, as it would imply that there are numerous other undiscovered and unknown craters out there! I read that there are even larger events which don't have an identified parent crater than even the Australasian Tektites!
@@xoxo2008oxox Siberia was in about the same position as today, except that Asia was sort of rotated sideways. Antarctica was also polar as well, so strangely, yes.
Similarly, the Chicxulub impact crater is roughly antipodal to where the Reunion hotspot was at the time of impact, the area we know today as the Deccan Traps, and the two sites are of similar age. Because of that, it has been hypothesized that the Chicxulub impact may have triggered the formation of the Deccan Traps from the Reunion hotspot.
I was just wondering the same. I suppose that it would take a complex numeric sumulations to study, but I would be very curios whether such study was ever performed. In other words - what would be the process for a large impact to initiate a large (massive!) scale of flood basalt event on an approximately opposite side of the planet. At the same time - one could try to see whether an impact crater could be located that would correspond to other (and there were quite a few) flood basalt events in the earth's history (most of them did not cause a mass extinction).
Similarly the currently erupting HALIP is Currently erupting simultaneously to this NOT a Meteorite crater large igneous province. Antipodally coupled Large Igneous Province Eruptions are standard. The Deccan event was Simultaneous to The Caribbean large igneous province Eruption sequence misrepresented as a Meteorite crater by NASA and the space weapon promoting military idiotrial complex and their patsies like you and this fool.
This hypothesis was tested by people at Cambridge, if I'm correct, and they concluded that Chicxulub could not have caused the Deccan Traps, it is too small and it was not antipodal 66 mya. For years I had the idea that the Deccan Traps were antipodal to Hawaii hotspot, but datation of Hawaii-Emperor seamounts destroyed this idea. I finally agreed with Dr. Sankar Chatterjee, Deccan Traps were caused by a impact at the Indian Plate. The crater is now unrecognizable, totally covered by the eruption.
The Deccan Traps had already began erupting by the time the Chicxulub impact occurred, but there was a spike in activity afterwards. It is also possible that an impact of the size talked about in this video would have been large enough to cause something like what happened to mercury to occur. However, the earth has always been far more geologically active then mercury and is absolutely capable of causing flood basalts without large impacts from asteroids. So while I do believe that this theory is possible, it is incorrect to assume that all flood basalt provinces have an associated antipodal impact crater as they can and have formed on their own.
If this impact is truly verified, it would be among the largest known impact craters on Earth, and the impact itself would have been nothing short of terrifying. Geology Hub, Is it possible to do a video on lake Mistassini and its possible association with an even larger impact crater?
At first glance, Lake Mistassini does look like a large crescent or oxbow lake, so there could be some credence as to its origins of being an impact crater
@@amaneyugihanako-kunofthesi8849 Could be. The Canadian Shield has definitely taken its fair share of hits. I'd like to know if the circular formation 206 miles NE of Lake Manicougan is yet another asteroid strike. It's just a bit south and west of Lobstick Lake.
The theory makes perfect sense to me. While this is going to be simplified to the point of risking inaccuracy, momentum is one of the few things conserved in physics. While tons of the energy of a fast impact is going to go in to explosion-like results, a massive rock is going to deliver a mind-boggling amount of momentum in to the mantle on top of that. The only thing that makes me hesitate to simply say, "yep, sounds good", is I have no idea how the rest of the mantle, and especially the core, are going to drag on that momentum. At those multiple-kilometer scales, they might just be liquid enough for the momentum to create or keep the current of a plume. I wish the computations didn't take a super computer... I'm sure that'd be a fascinating simulation to poke at!
Yup. It's gotta go somewhere! Shockwaves passing through a 'liquid' can transmit energetic impacts across vast distances. The best example being earthquakes. (I've 'enjoyed' a few, having lived in NZ.) And you point stands: "That's gotta hurt!" That momentum is going to bounce around intside our sticky ballooon for weeks, with most of it re-focused and punching up from below the antipode. Bust the crust ... and the traps get started. I' can totally believe this.
@@GedMaybury23 Yeah, I can totally believe the shock waves would create some serious trouble on the antipode. I wish I knew enough to say for sure if it would create any _currents,_ though. A big enough impact creating a plume on the other side would sure be something. Especially if the shock waves already had the crust cracked up by the time it hit! Extinction event sure sounds plausible if our gooey marble or its core doesn't completely absorb all that momentum. Heck, maybe even 'just' the shock waves would crack things up enough for some serious mantle ooze to work out! Ugh, this is why I want to have a simulation to play with. The limits of catastrophe are often more interesting than what can be imagined. Especially on a global scale!
@@ashkebora7262 I'm no geologist, more the phyicist* (Newtonian), so what I was trying to say was that the energy effects at the antipole would be the eqivalent of a massive cluster of super-strength earthquakes, shattering the crust at that point and allowing the rapid upward intrusion of magma at multiple points. No spout of lava directly caused, but a major cluster-fract allowing the vulcanism to exploit a sudden new weakness at centre of an otherwise stable continent. [ * A+, 1972 Otago Uni Dunedin. They invited me to pursue a Master's Degree.]
@@GedMaybury23 Yeah, I agree. I was pontificating on whether that'd be enough to create the giant traps with only the crust crackup or if it'd have to also involve even a minor mantle plume, too. Keep in mind, a plume's top is below the crust and they normally only create some activity on the surface, like a couple active volcanoes, so a giant singular fountain was almost certainly never going to be the result. However, the Siberian traps are thousands of cubic kilometers and lasted a million years. I'm not sure 'just' a crackup would be enough for that unless the geology was ripe with tons of lighter magma waiting beneath some heavier rock. I have no idea how concentrated the various hot spots are, let alone an 'artificially' created plume from a massive impact. If I had to guess, I'd guess it wouldn't be terribly focused simply because the viscosity changes would change things. _How_ it would change things, I don't rightly know. I haven't done much fluid dynamics at all to even take a remotely confidant guess at specifics. Though I'm pretty sure something as viscous as the mantle wouldn't allow for a very focused or quick current on even an entire mountain's scale, and that's if the solid core wouldn't screw things up. That's why I really want an accurate simulation to play with. I'm sure the how and what of reality is interesting enough, let alone playing around to find out what it would take to _actually_ get a giant fountain! Heck, even just the 'normal' simulations would be wonderful. If we ever get nailed by a giant asteroid again, we'd at least know for certain if we should seriously worry about the antipode. It'd be nice to have a decent idea of how long we'd have for evacuations and the area we'd have to be concerned with and the like. P and S waves from quakes appear to go _up to_ ~15km/s if this chart I found is accurate, and meteors can go quite a bit faster, so I'm sure it'd be different enough to warrant study even beyond basic curiosity.
It's interesting to consider that these kinds of catastrophes are still a present danger. Even if the probability has diminished somewhat, it can never be eliminated.
Without the planet Jupiter vacuuming some of them up, life on Earth may have never been possible. Who knows, too many impacts may be why we don't find life on Mars.
I’ve often wondered if there were other iridium layers (or perhaps platinum layers) in the geologic column similar to what was found at the K-T boundary.
2:05 I've been trying to find the Siberian Traps antipodal region for two decades, but, as an amateur, I had little idea of its real location at the Paleozoic/Mesozoic boundary. I was looking somewhat North of the place shown, West of Australia, in the ocean. I have been convinced that the Siberian Traps magmatic megaplume complex was caused by an asteroid impact in the antipode region for nearly thirty years. Why? Everytime I read or heard of the Siberian Traps, the image of a melon being shot, its backside bursting out, formed in my mind. Edit: Corrected era names, obviously the Cenozoic began much later.
The analogy with the melon being shot is a good analogy. A shockwave upon striking a surface on the way out of an object will tend to eject fragments of that surface. The speed of sound is not very well defined in a melon, due to a mixed and tangled combination of solid and liquid thoughout a melon. Each layer of Earth however has one or more well defined speeds of sound. (In a way, the solid region that contains Earth's crust and mantle can be thought of as having 3 different speeds of sound, one for transmitting pressure, one for transmitting rotation, and one for transmitting waves that are somewhat akin to waves on the ocean.) A shockwave going to the other side of Earth loses its rotational aspect in the liquid inner core, but the shockwave still has its compression aspect, and that compression aspect is increased by the solid inner core acting like a not fully focussed magnifying glass, with a region of increased shock resulting near the antipode, surrounded by a shadow region of greatly reduced shock that surrounds the region of magnified shock.
Its complicated by the fact that the continental plates have moved in relation to each other across geological time. So theories like this will forever be speculative.
@@obsidianjane4413 Not theories, yet, just hypotheses. But you would be astonished to learn, as I was, that evidence has been found that the Earth had at least one ocean 4,280 Ma., in the Hadean eon, that's more than four billion years before the Mesozoic era. So, you never know what will be discovered.
Also, the width of the liquid outer core will be smaller in modern times due to lower temperature. Radioactive decay of uranium produces heat, but in modern times, there is less uranium to decay, and therefore less heat produced, than was present 500 million years ago. With less heat produced, the liquid outer core is cooler than in ancient times, and keeps on getting even cooler, resulting in more material solidifying, with the more dense solids tending to settle on the inner core, and the less dense solids tending to float upward toward the bottom of the mantle. Some radioactive heat also comes from thorium, which results from the decay of uranium, and has a very long half-life. There is about as much thorium now as there was 500 million years ago, but with a diminished supply of uranium from which new thorium can be generated, the long term trend of thorium is a trend of lessening quantity, and Earth's liquid inner core will continue to trend cooler during the next 500 million years, due to both less uranium and less thorium. As such, the near antipode magnification and shadow region zones from a meteorite strike change with time when considering time spans of hundreds of millions of years. A meteorite strike now will not have the same near antipode seismic effect that the same meteorite strike would have had 500 million years ago. Interestingly, more geological and fossil evidence from the time of the dinosaur killer asteroid of 66 million years ago could in theory reveal some knowledge of the amount of change in the thickness of the mantle or of the inner core in the last 66 million years. Biological systems on land for example would have presumably been less affected in one of the shadow zones, thus perhaps giving a significant clue on the ancient thickness of the mantle or on the ancient thickness of the inner core.
This is something I have been trying to highlight for the past 15 years, ever since I came across the work at University of Ohio (Laramie Potts, others) based on NASA GRACE satellite analysis of this crater. The Siberian traps are roughly antipodal to this crater. That means an asteroid impact, to me. Permian extinction culprit. 😌
if i remember the deccan traps are opposite the chicxulub crater. it doesn't sound implausible but also makes me wonder if traps occur roughtly 15my apart how many are related to impacts. seems like we could check anipole positions opposite them too.
Note that thanks to precise dating we have now been able to rule out the impact having caused the Deccan traps as the volcanism began before the impact however they were related in the sense that eruptive activity dramatically surged within thousands of years or less after the impact. The exact amount of surge is harder to pin down as it depends on dating the many individual flows of the traps many of which aren't readily accessible but preliminary work has suggested it could be up to 3/4 the total volume of basalt. But yeah the Deccan traps were pretty close to antipodal I doubt it was exact but it seems that they served as the path of least resistance for the surge. The traps weren't the only volcanic system to see a surge however as studies looking at the Mid Ocean Ridge system have found a thickened layer consistent with the expected timing of the KPg extinction event. I also find it interesting that the dating for the extinction of the Caribbean mid ocean spreading ridge which had been separating North and South America since the break up of Pangaea is timed to right around this event and given overall proximity.... As for other possible impact events linked to geophysical changes in Plate tectonics the dating from the large crater underneath Greenland based on shocked material carried downstream by the glaciers suggests a close temporal association with not one but two Large Igneous Provinces namely the North Atlantic Large Igneous Provence(NALIP) and Siletzia. The prior led to the formation of the North Atlantic extension while the latter played and continues to play a large role in the geology of western NA. Interestingly both appear to have formed along/as part of the mid ocean ridge system and if Seismic tomography is to be believed then the deep mantle discontinuities associated with each respective MOR Neither would have been antipodal however but it does seem peculiar that you got two well timed giant flood basalts at roughly the same time.
The Pangaea Board Game (2019) about the Permian extinction really got me interested in this event. Would be a very compelling find if it turns out this crater is there and caused the Siberian Traps.
I've heard of this theory quite a few years back on one single occasion. There was also talk of impact shock related minerals being discovered in layers of relevant age. Though until today, I've never heard of it again in any other place. It does sound plausible, but it's likely quite hard to follow up on it due to the remote location of the potential impact crater, the ice cover and the current uncertainty of its age. Still, I find it strange why there aren't really any follow up studies (I've heard of) on this subject, especially as no related hotspot has been discovered.
We'd need some fancy tech to scan underneath the ice sheet and collect several core samples. If there's a crater buried there that might help prove. Nobody said proving geology theories would be easy.
There are some researchers who have suggested that if you account for the Modern Icelandic hot spots southward movement and try and follow it back in time the Icelandic hot spot seems to predate the North Atlantic Large Igneous Province as there appears to be evidence for volcanic activity tracing through Greenland and parts of North Eastern Canada such as Baffin island out into the Arctic ocean. Based on at least some reconstruction models there seamounts and extinct ridges can be used to ultimately trace back to Siberia. Of course if you follow this model you need to be able to explain how one mantle plume is able to produce multiple LIP flood basalts. However given the recent dating of shocked material thought to be from the Hiawatha crater that was carried out to sea by the Hiawatha glacier the timing is a pretty strong match for when the hotspot would have been in eastern Greenland down to at least kilo year resolution so maybe there is something to this model after all? It is also fairly interesting that Siletzia the LIP now thought to be associated with the Yellowstone hotspot appears to have formed out in the Pacific around the same time making it one of the few examples where two Large Igneous Provinces were erupting at the same time. I wonder where would Yellowstone have been relative to Greenland seeing as the North Atlantic as we know it didn't yet exist (Greenland was part of Eurasia slightly separated from NA by the same failed rift that divides it to this day).
I have a degree in geology and have watched most geology related (volcanoes exploding or meteors impacting) shows on TV/cable. Can't remember the geologic TV series (which aired on discovery channel if I am not mistaken) but there was one show devoted to this subject and lab/scientific experiments conducted showed that this crater certainly exists and was lined up antipodally to the siberian traps at that time period and lab experiments proved, by shooting a steel BB at high speeds against a glass ball, that the impact results in a hole/crater and antipodally the glass is completely shattered to a significant depth (enough to break through to the mantle and allow upwelling). Moreover, the experiments showed that the meteor came it at close to, if not exactly, at 90 degrees (it came straight down not at an angle) which impact would send seismic shock waves racing around the surface of the planet to collide at the antipode which would break up the crust severely and allow mantle material to erupt onto the surface. At any other angle the seismic fracturing will not produce such an effect ( the impact would just blow out or break a piece of glass on the side next to the impact). As stated, there is no 'hot spot' under the traps; meteoric impact can be the only trigger. . . and same goes for the Deccan traps; we just need to pin down the impact that caused that event! Anyone know the exact name/episode of the geologic show I saw years ago? It was quite a few years ago which makes this you tube post 'old news' as most media posts are.
Я не знаю, насколько глубоко вы разбираетесь в механике высокоскоростных столкновений со сферическими объектами, но это задокументированное явление. Я поискал на TH-cam и в Интернете. На самом деле я не нашел ничего, что бы хорошо описывало это, но так получилось, что я знаком со следующими двумя видео. Первый - это попадание пули в стеклянную сферу, а второй - попадание пули в сферу из обсидиана. В каждом случае результатом является выброс материала с прямо противоположной стороны сферы, в то время как центр сферы остается относительно нетронутым. На всякий случай, если вы не хотите переходить по ссылкам от незнакомого человека (а вам не следует), я включил названия, чтобы вы могли найти их с помощью поиска, если захотите. Может ли твердый стеклянный шар выдержать 50 ккал ???, примерно с 5:27, m.th-cam.com/video/a7WwrMgGTzo/w-d-xo.html&pp=ygUYZGVtb2xpdGlvbnJhbmNoIG9ic2lkaWFu А этот, насколько прочен гигантский шар из обсидиана?!?!? примерно с 6:25, m.th-cam.com/video/PfC8FmojeUk/w-d-xo.html&pp=ygUYRGVtb2xpdGlvbnJhbmNoIG9ic2lkaWFu
The theory sounds very plausible. The shock wave of the impact travels through the planet and constructively interferes with itself on the opposite side, thereby fracturing the crust there and allowing for volcanic activity to increase dramatically.
Wow, I had somehow missed this - and being antipodal to the Siberian traps ... I know it's still very unproven, but so was the match between Africa and South America at one time (I'm old enough to remember having been told in school that, yes, they look like they fit, but that's just a coincidence lol). Either way, large impacts are terrifying. I'm very glad to see work is being done in regards to changing the orbits of asteroids, but I would feel better if we were further along lol
Americas were actually connected to Africa where they seem to fit. When Pangea started to break apart, an enormous amounts of magma erupted from American rift, creating Central Atlantic Magmatic Province.
This is an incredibly fascinating theory to me. Geology at its coolest. I'm curious though about any theories regarding the mechanism of action for how this would occur, and the physics behind it. Would that be an appropriate video topic, or is it too complicated? Failing that, are there any resources discussing it that might be approachable for an interested non-professional?
This is the complete speculation of a layman geology nerd but I'm wondering if this could have been caused by displacement of mantal magma by the earth's crust. The scenario I'm imagining is that the mantal plume under siberia already existed and the impact caused an extreme uptick in the amount of material being forced up through the faults in the crust that it was already exploiting. Almost like a globe shaped toothpaste "tube" where compressing the end (the impact) causes toothpaste to flow out of the open end (the hotspot). If only I was smart enough to be able to test my own hypothesis 😅
My armchair geologist's thoughts are that the force of the impact would be transferred to the earth in the form of a standing wave, which would travel through the layers of Earth, disturbing/displacing materials, unlocking faults leading to the antipodal eruption, not to mention worldwide seismic and atmospheric waves to make Hunga Tonga look like a kiss. I'm in the same boat, though, don't have the means to prove this at present.✌️😎
Another great example of impacts causing mass volcanism is our moon. The large flat surfaces on the close side of the moon match a masive impact site on the far side
The effect on the opposite side of the planet (antipode) sounds exactly like a coup, contra coup brain injury, wherein the brain tissue OPPOSITE to the site of the blow (coup) also is injured.
Chicxulub caused a reverberation off the center of the earth where the reflection caused an explosion in Arkansas so big, 5 separate geological provinces converged around Little Rock. The solution came when, in 1958, Warren McCullough proved that 100% of all if/then problems that cannot be resolved by standard practices, are resolved by introducing t, time, to the equation. Therefore, what were volcanic signatures alongside comet indices, were combined.
Good stuff. The antipode to the Chicxulub impact is the region encompassing Indonesia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea: a regional 'hotspot' with an abundance of large volcanoes.
An interesting theory - there are still so many mysteries to be found and solved in the Universe, our own galaxy - and right here on Earth. Humans are certainly a very curious species.
I find it interesting that on Mars, the Hellas basin, a huge impact feature, has the Valles Marineris and a large volcanic province at the antipodes. I liken it to the impact causing Mars to "burst open like an over-ripe grape".
Walles Marineris is actually a giant strike-slip fault, just like San Andreas. And Tharsis could very vell start as an antipodal flood basalt, eventually transitioning to central volcanism.
Hi, I'm a big fan of your channel, I think you do a really good job. I enjoy the volcanics videos in particular. I'm a geological engineer, with a geotechnical emphasis, and 28 years of practice, and while igneous petrology is definately not my wheelhouse, mechanics of earth materials is. I don't know how deep into the mechanics of high speed impacts on spherical objects you are, but that is a documented phenomenon. I looked around on TH-cam and the internet. I didn't really find much that summed it up well, but I happen to be familliar with the following two videos. The first is a bullet impact on a glass sphere, and the second is a bullet impact on an obsidian sphere. In each case, the result is the ejection of material from the direct opposite side of the sphere, while the center of the sphere stays relatively intact. Just in case you don't want to click on links from a stranger (as you shouldn't), I've included the titles so you can find them searching if you choose to. Can a Solid Glass Ball Stop a 50cal???, from about 5:27, m.th-cam.com/video/a7WwrMgGTzo/w-d-xo.html&pp=ygUYZGVtb2xpdGlvbnJhbmNoIG9ic2lkaWFu And this one, How Strong is a Giant Ball of Obsidian?!?!? from about 6:25, m.th-cam.com/video/PfC8FmojeUk/w-d-xo.html&pp=ygUYRGVtb2xpdGlvbnJhbmNoIG9ic2lkaWFu Keep up the good work. Best regards, Greg Gollaher
Great video. As an analogy, if you run over a large rock on your bike, the rim breaks at the point of impact and almost equally at the opposite point on the rim. Hoop stress.
Give the migration, especially of bits and pieces of Asia, of the crust over the last 252 million years, the crust of the Siberian traps was likely not on the "opposite" side of the planet of the region of Antarctica with the impact crater. However, such an impact could still have triggered an already unstable, rifting, region into more activity.
I was also wondering about tectonic plate movements, and the position of what we now call Antartica. A big enough impact would make the planet ‘ring like a gong’ - as was said to have been detected after the massive Boxing Day earthquake in Indonesia.
I have tested this theory and it is not exactly antipodal. The antipode is more the area where Gondwana broke up and also would have had massive volcanism, though the break up somewhat later. The area of where Africa, South America, India and Australia+Antarctica broke up.
This is a really fascinating story. I wonder if there are any simulations that would examine the material flows in the mantel beyond the immediate splattering of the ejecta. You say that the crater was initially over 30km deep. I would expect however that the impact impulse shoukd have caused the underlying mantle material to well up and transport some od the diamond bearing deep mantlevrocks upwards. Could it be that these impact events also explain Kimberlite pipes with diamonds. Also, there is shock quartz. is there the equivalent in diamond? Are there shock diamonds?
The impactor had to be at least 40-50 km wide. Much larger than the chicxulub impactor. Not surprising The Siberian traps eruption was so powerful as it was probably on the antipode.
That would be scary, as that puts the possible bolide's diameter at the lower range of diameter estimates of Comet Hale-Bopp. It is one of the largest comets known.
Wouldn't the 50km-wide asteroid just wipe out most life on earth regardless of the corresponding lava breech considering what the 19km-wide asteroid did 66 million years ago? This is very interesting.
it's interesting to consider that the force could be transferred so directly, all the way through an entire planet, to an exact spot on the other side. generally stress travels through materials in a cone shape, i wonder if the way the core and various layers of the planet affect the way the force was transmitted
Remember the impact energy shock waves might not lose much energy traveling through the mostly incompressible medium. A theoretical study would be interesting to suggest what to look for with lava traps and impact sites.
That is not the dynamics. Instead of direct transfer, the seismic waves go around the planet and focus at the antipode. But Wilkes Land does not reach the minimum size to cause an antipodal eruption, as calculated by Marinova and Meschede. The minimum size for it is 1,000 km, according to their calculations.
@@jeffersonwagner6706 I respectfully disagree with your description of waves going around the planet and meeting at the antipode as being the primary cause of action there. Although this is not my primary field of study, I've been contemplating this since the Hunga Tonga eruption, seeing all the incredible force actions in that event. In addition, to the atmospheric waves and tsunami waves, there was an antipodal standing wave in North Africa. That caught my attention. I want to know the mechanics of the different waves, especially that one. With better mapping/modeling of the Earth's interior, the low velocity zone, etc, we should be able to figure out how these waves are traveling through the different layers. I hope to get to study this at some point, but for now. I'm just reading what papers I can access that are even remotely related. Hopefully this makes sense. I'm not necessarily discounting what you're saying, just positing that there would be additional, perhaps more significant directions the force would take.
@@erinmac4750 Please refer to "Antipodal focusing of seismic waves due to large meteorite impacts on Earth" Matthias A. Meschede, Conor L. Myhrvold, Jeroen Tromp Geophysical Journal International, Volume 187, Issue 1, October 2011, Pages 529-537
Dr. Ralph v. Frese was one of my thesis advisors for my doctorate. He, and post-doc Laramie Potts, were the first to identify the gravity anomaly, it's potential source, and the possibility to link with the Permian extinction.
I think this is a highly probable theory. Even today when large earthquakes hit (8 and above), sometimes on the antipode there is a similar event, usually a few days to two weeks later. Dutchsinse channel has postulated this for a while. I agree with some of his ideas.
Deccan Traps was caused by a direct impact, as proposed by Dr. Sankar Chaterjee. Differently of his theory, that presupposes a 500 km impact West from Indian plate, by my study the 650 km crater was totally covered by the flood basalt. In fact, I can pinpoint really large impacts associated to the main extinctions, geologists just have not seen them yet.
@@christianbuczko1481 The Deccan Traps were erupting long before the meteorite hit. It’s believed by many that the eruptions were already pushing a mass extinction. The meteor impact was the coupe d gras.
It is conceivable that high energy impact would cause shockwaves the world over. I could also imagine a point opposite the impact, where shockwaves from all directions come together and may greatly amplify. Has there ever been made a simulation? But then, with an impact this large, waves may be generated unlike any waves observed in recent times
Didn't Pluto show scaring like what's being described? I seem to remember scishow or one of the other YT space channels talking about something like this
The "antipode effect volcanoes" theory makes total sense. Think about a Newton's Cradle - the asteroid's energy has to go somewhere, and unless I'm mistaken, the shockwaves from the impact more or less all seek to converge on that antipode, so quakes and volcanoes seem to fit. But yeah, just my unqualified internet joe guess.
I still say the diminished Siberian Traps hot spot, after tectonic shifting, is what is now powering the Hawaiian volcanic system. IF it indeed was initiated by an antipodal meteor impact, then its diminishment over time seems reasonable.
My only query about this is where were Antarctica & what is now Siberia at the time of The Great Dying? They may be antipodal now, but were they back then?
This antipode/impact theory is being applied to Martian geology as well. Though I have some skepticism about this concerning the Columbia flood basalt that took place from 17-4 mya in the PNW of the north American continent. When studying satellite images of the Blue Mountains, it appears as a well formed circular central uplift of an impact crater without any crater rim. The crater rim may have been erased under the estimated 2 mile thick flood basalt, because the mountains are located near the geographical center of the basalt flow. Which would also explain why the bedrock was weakened so, that would allow the flood basalt to build up to a 2 mile thickness.
In the video you mention an impact can cause an eruption on the the side of the planet, would that be similar to Olympus Mons existing opposite the Hellas Impact Basin on Mars?
Wilkes Land was the secondary impact. The main impact occurred at Marie Byrd Land, 1,500 km wide. So large that it fragmented in two parts due to the convection beneath it; one half drifted along the Pacific Plate and it is Marianas Arc. The other half is Vanuatu Arc. Both Arcs have the same diameter, 1,500 km. This crater was sufficient large to cause the Siberian Traps. In fact, Marie Byrd crater + Wilkes Land crater caused the Permian extinction.
Isn’t the Pacific Ocean too young for that? Almost all oceanic crust is less than 200 million years old, a small patch in the Mediterranean being the exception.
@@evilsharkey8954 The Pacific plate is permanently being subducted beneath the continental plates; but the large crater halves I propose formed hardened crust slabs, true subplates, and the Pacific plate was subducted under them. So, in my model, the crater drifted across the hemisphere until colliding with Asian plate; from that moment, the crate was stopped and the subduction under it was initiated, creating the Marianas Trench.
я сомневаюсь что в случае такого удара на планете Земля вообще сохранилась хоть какая то жизнь.Ударный кратер в Антарктиде это максимум что могла выдержать жизнь.
How about covering all the lead in the tristate area of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois. It is theorized that it's from radioactivity. This is also why the area was never glaciated during the last ice age. The heat from the radioactivity melted the ice. My grandfather, who lead mined in the area, said that the lead seams only run in one direction. East-West or North-South. I forget which.8
Wouldn't an exact antipode not be required as the mantle is not uniform? There have been some good videos (Anton Petrov?) about the remnants of Thea still swirling around in the lower mantle.
The moment i heard of this crater, i recognized that it was concurrent with the PT boundary and that it was antipode to the siberian traps. Im surprised its not a mainstream hypothesis.
I'm curious, has anyone gone through more hotspots and their history, and looked for impact craters near the antipode of where the hotspot was at the time of its creation? For example, has anyone looked at where the Hawaii hotspot was birthed, and looked for impact craters of a similar age near its antipode when it first was created?
Wait I have a question. I thought that the Siberian Trapps was caused by the birth of the Icelandic hotspot. Is this not the case? Or conversely, is there the possibility that this impact caused the birth of the Icelandic hotspot, and by extension the Siberian Trapps, much like the Chicxulub impact may have caused the birth of the Reunion hotspot (and the Deccan Trapps by extension)?
I'm curious if that explains Hawaii's hotspot in the middle of the Pacific Plate since its antipode millions of years passed was at Vredefort in South Africa (due to plate tectonics and parts of the Pacific Plate sunk under the Eurasian Plate, it's not fully antipode)
@@evilsharkey8954 the islands are young, correct. But there are a chain of undersea mounts west of Hawaii which make up the rest of the Hawaiian-Emperor chain and these are older than the merged islands that we have today. Unfortunately, some of the oldest underwater seamounts went under the Eurasian Plate.
Have you noticed another thing. Imagine that asteroid impact is just like if you would hit an orange. So the force of impact would cause the compression on the impact site, but it would also cause dilution half way between impact point and its antipode. In orange this would make cracks on crust, which would go in the direction of impact point and its antipode, and which would be the most intense on the half way between those two. Recently we had two extinctions, the Yucatan and the Popigai impact (35 mya) extinctions. Now, notice that Atlantic Ridge basically is formed like a letter "Z". The middle points towards the Yucatan impact, while the outer parts point to the Popigai and its antipode. Alse, East African rift started to form 35 mya (in the time of Popigai impact), and points towards Popigai and its antipode. It started by swelling around lake Victoria. The center of that swelling (which you can determine from the map on the link) is exactly half way between Popigai impact and its antipode (in other words, where the dilution should be the strongest): en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Rift#/media/File:East_Africa_Rift_System_GPS_and_stresses.png
I have always wondered if an impact triggered it as the shock waves spreading around the earth all meet up at the same point and amplify . Much like i see when i look at the vasquez rocks formation in so cal. I can see the shock wave results coming from the north east direction where the san Andrea's fault lies. But north of west of vasquez rocks just beyond the parking lot is a similar feature with a south bound direction shown. Also from shockwaves from the fault breaking along its length and sending out other shockwaves. That crossed and amplified throwing the vasquez rocks formation into the air so hard that the shock wave passed thru letting it fall in a tilted slab shape. The books say it was pushed up. I say it was tossed up by converging shockwaves. My sister lived on sutters pointe off bouquet canyon. Not far from vasquez rocks. The northridge quake tossed them several feet into the air above their bed twice as the shockwaves rolled thru. Some areas measured 3.1g of vertical acceleration. But that was a thrust fault. But the randomness of the northridge damage point to converging shockwaves from different areas of the break. Oh. Western ave between Franklin and los feliz 90028 is an escarpment too.
AAA+++ quality content and proposed theory. This is why I am rooting for SpaceX and nuclear space propulsion technology development for asteroid defense readiness. As a structural engineer I have always thought that the impact events through the earth shock waves must cause volcanism. Happy to see the theory gain traction and maybe someday be validated.
Given that more than roughly twenty kilometres below the surface the earth is (mostly) molten, it is not unreasonable to assume that the shockwave from a heavy piercing impact would cause crustal cracking and thus increased volcanic activity upon the opposite side. So we can theorise with a high degree of confidence that the meteor impacts cited as the source of mass extinctions caused longer term effects resulting in the associated extinctions.
When will you start offering cool rock, gem and stone samples in your Etsy store? I'd love to buy a sample or two from you as I know it would be what you say it is and it would also be cool to have a sample in my collection from you. 😃
эксперименты показали, что метеорит упал почти, если не точно, под углом 90 градусов (он упал прямо, а не под углом), при ударе о землю по поверхности планеты прокатились бы сейсмические ударные волны, которые столкнулись бы на антиподе, что сильно разрушило бы кору и позволило бы мантийному материалу извергнуться на поверхность. Под любым другим углом сейсмический разрыв не произведет такого эффекта (удар просто разнесет или разобьет кусок стекла на стороне рядом с местом удара)
It makes sense that you if smack the earth hard enough in one place the shock wave will cause a major disruption in the earth crust on the opposite side. Flood basalts don't make much sense otherwise. This damage could be a function of both size and impact angle amongst other variables.
Some might note that the Deccan Traps, of of about the same age as the Chixulub impact at the KT boundary, are at about the antipode of the Chixulub crater. This has been noted before but there is dispute about the timing. Perhaps the Deccan Traps started first, according to some.
It would be purely the kinetic impact that punches through the planet. So not the actual mass of the impactor/impactee, but the kinetic shock will reach the other side by taking the shorter route, through the planet instead of going over the surface, when the shock reaches the other side it will be fracturing the crust and is capable of overturning a mountain as if it's an iceberg. (not that I have any examples of actual overturned mountains, but some pieces of the crust have been toppled over twice, I think that was a part of Scottland if I recall correctly but can't find anything so I'm misremembering something...)
It would be awesome to experience this, I can only imagine the destructive power. A beautiful star is born in the sky, that star is getting closer and closer, then impact is made and a brilliant display of heat and light is released. I can only imagine a large part of our planet getting gouged out and ejected into space, along with sending seismic and atmospheric shockwaves worldwide. I find it kinda cool that an air blaat even that originated on the opposite side of the planet can still hurt you if the event was energetic enough. I wonder how intense the quake would be? I am sure you would feel the quakes before your ear drums are exploded by an air blast.
This is interesting, missing is the description of how an impact's shock waves may have propagated through the globe, reaching the opposite side to recombine, causing the volcanic consequences.
You cut the video to short my friend. More information would be appreciated although I do appreciate what you do is very specialist and time consuming. Thank you, anyway.👍👍👍
If the Wilkes Land Crater is confirmed to exist, and a link to the Siberian Traps is proven, it might cause a rethinking of other mass extinction events. Thus, additional mass extinctions thought to be linked to flood basalts might have an initial cause of large asteroid impacts.
And your thoughts on the Arizona crater ...could it be a geyser? No space rocks found! Thank you!
Does this line up with the tectonic map locational calculations of 252 million years ago?
This would be exciting, as it would imply that there are numerous other undiscovered and unknown craters out there!
I read that there are even larger events which don't have an identified parent crater than even the Australasian Tektites!
This would have big implications on the formation of certain types of Pt/Ni/Cu deposits as well
@@xoxo2008oxox Siberia was in about the same position as today, except that Asia was sort of rotated sideways. Antarctica was also polar as well, so strangely, yes.
Similarly, the Chicxulub impact crater is roughly antipodal to where the Reunion hotspot was at the time of impact, the area we know today as the Deccan Traps, and the two sites are of similar age. Because of that, it has been hypothesized that the Chicxulub impact may have triggered the formation of the Deccan Traps from the Reunion hotspot.
I was just wondering the same. I suppose that it would take a complex numeric sumulations to study, but I would be very curios whether such study was ever performed. In other words - what would be the process for a large impact to initiate a large (massive!) scale of flood basalt event on an approximately opposite side of the planet. At the same time - one could try to see whether an impact crater could be located that would correspond to other (and there were quite a few) flood basalt events in the earth's history (most of them did not cause a mass extinction).
More recent evidence suggests that Chicxulub was not necessarily antipodal to the Deccan Traps, but DID cause a flare up at the Deccan Traps.
Similarly the currently erupting HALIP is Currently erupting simultaneously to this NOT a Meteorite crater large igneous province.
Antipodally coupled Large Igneous Province Eruptions are standard.
The Deccan event was Simultaneous to The Caribbean large igneous province Eruption sequence misrepresented as a Meteorite crater by NASA and the space weapon promoting military idiotrial complex and their patsies like you and this fool.
This hypothesis was tested by people at Cambridge, if I'm correct, and they concluded that Chicxulub could not have caused the Deccan Traps, it is too small and it was not antipodal 66 mya. For years I had the idea that the Deccan Traps were antipodal to Hawaii hotspot, but datation of Hawaii-Emperor seamounts destroyed this idea. I finally agreed with Dr. Sankar Chatterjee, Deccan Traps were caused by a impact at the Indian Plate. The crater is now unrecognizable, totally covered by the eruption.
The Deccan Traps had already began erupting by the time the Chicxulub impact occurred, but there was a spike in activity afterwards. It is also possible that an impact of the size talked about in this video would have been large enough to cause something like what happened to mercury to occur. However, the earth has always been far more geologically active then mercury and is absolutely capable of causing flood basalts without large impacts from asteroids. So while I do believe that this theory is possible, it is incorrect to assume that all flood basalt provinces have an associated antipodal impact crater as they can and have formed on their own.
Very interesting. I really like these on-topic but slightly more theoretical episodes. Thanks for posting!
If this impact is truly verified, it would be among the largest known impact craters on Earth, and the impact itself would have been nothing short of terrifying. Geology Hub, Is it possible to do a video on lake Mistassini and its possible association with an even larger impact crater?
At first glance, Lake Mistassini does look like a large crescent or oxbow lake, so there could be some credence as to its origins of being an impact crater
@@amaneyugihanako-kunofthesi8849 Could be. The Canadian Shield has definitely taken its fair share of hits. I'd like to know if the circular formation 206 miles NE of Lake Manicougan is yet another asteroid strike. It's just a bit south and west of Lobstick Lake.
@@NorthForkFisherman I think that lake was already discussed by GeologyHub in one of their earlier videos
Safe to say that the ecosystem in Antarctica was devastated first. Probably a reason why the P-T extinction was so bad.
i think lac st jean which is a 15 mile wide crater lake in canada was 1 of the impacts caused by the younger dryas mass extinction 12836 years ago
The theory makes perfect sense to me. While this is going to be simplified to the point of risking inaccuracy, momentum is one of the few things conserved in physics. While tons of the energy of a fast impact is going to go in to explosion-like results, a massive rock is going to deliver a mind-boggling amount of momentum in to the mantle on top of that. The only thing that makes me hesitate to simply say, "yep, sounds good", is I have no idea how the rest of the mantle, and especially the core, are going to drag on that momentum. At those multiple-kilometer scales, they might just be liquid enough for the momentum to create or keep the current of a plume.
I wish the computations didn't take a super computer... I'm sure that'd be a fascinating simulation to poke at!
Yup. It's gotta go somewhere! Shockwaves passing through a 'liquid' can transmit energetic impacts across vast distances. The best example being earthquakes. (I've 'enjoyed' a few, having lived in NZ.) And you point stands: "That's gotta hurt!" That momentum is going to bounce around intside our sticky ballooon for weeks, with most of it re-focused and punching up from below the antipode. Bust the crust ... and the traps get started. I' can totally believe this.
@@GedMaybury23 Yeah, I can totally believe the shock waves would create some serious trouble on the antipode. I wish I knew enough to say for sure if it would create any _currents,_ though. A big enough impact creating a plume on the other side would sure be something. Especially if the shock waves already had the crust cracked up by the time it hit!
Extinction event sure sounds plausible if our gooey marble or its core doesn't completely absorb all that momentum. Heck, maybe even 'just' the shock waves would crack things up enough for some serious mantle ooze to work out!
Ugh, this is why I want to have a simulation to play with. The limits of catastrophe are often more interesting than what can be imagined. Especially on a global scale!
@@ashkebora7262 I'm no geologist, more the phyicist* (Newtonian), so what I was trying to say was that the energy effects at the antipole would be the eqivalent of a massive cluster of super-strength earthquakes, shattering the crust at that point and allowing the rapid upward intrusion of magma at multiple points. No spout of lava directly caused, but a major cluster-fract allowing the vulcanism to exploit a sudden new weakness at centre of an otherwise stable continent.
[ * A+, 1972 Otago Uni Dunedin. They invited me to pursue a Master's Degree.]
@@GedMaybury23 Yeah, I agree. I was pontificating on whether that'd be enough to create the giant traps with only the crust crackup or if it'd have to also involve even a minor mantle plume, too. Keep in mind, a plume's top is below the crust and they normally only create some activity on the surface, like a couple active volcanoes, so a giant singular fountain was almost certainly never going to be the result.
However, the Siberian traps are thousands of cubic kilometers and lasted a million years. I'm not sure 'just' a crackup would be enough for that unless the geology was ripe with tons of lighter magma waiting beneath some heavier rock.
I have no idea how concentrated the various hot spots are, let alone an 'artificially' created plume from a massive impact. If I had to guess, I'd guess it wouldn't be terribly focused simply because the viscosity changes would change things. _How_ it would change things, I don't rightly know. I haven't done much fluid dynamics at all to even take a remotely confidant guess at specifics. Though I'm pretty sure something as viscous as the mantle wouldn't allow for a very focused or quick current on even an entire mountain's scale, and that's if the solid core wouldn't screw things up.
That's why I really want an accurate simulation to play with. I'm sure the how and what of reality is interesting enough, let alone playing around to find out what it would take to _actually_ get a giant fountain!
Heck, even just the 'normal' simulations would be wonderful. If we ever get nailed by a giant asteroid again, we'd at least know for certain if we should seriously worry about the antipode. It'd be nice to have a decent idea of how long we'd have for evacuations and the area we'd have to be concerned with and the like. P and S waves from quakes appear to go _up to_ ~15km/s if this chart I found is accurate, and meteors can go quite a bit faster, so I'm sure it'd be different enough to warrant study even beyond basic curiosity.
Let's look at wave mechanics on a sphere that is semi-liquid and see whether impact on, say, 0 degrees affects structure at 180 degrees.
It's interesting to consider that these kinds of catastrophes are still a present danger. Even if the probability has diminished somewhat, it can never be eliminated.
Without the planet Jupiter vacuuming some of them up, life on Earth may have never been possible. Who knows, too many impacts may be why we don't find life on Mars.
@@iviewthetube Jupiter protecting the earth is an old myth. It randomly throws objects in all directions, and only if they pass close to the planet.
I’ve often wondered if there were other iridium layers (or perhaps platinum layers) in the geologic column similar to what was found at the K-T boundary.
Fascinating topic! The idea that an impact on one part of earth could have corresponding activity elsewhere on earth has always intrigued me.
2:05 I've been trying to find the Siberian Traps antipodal region for two decades, but, as an amateur, I had little idea of its real location at the Paleozoic/Mesozoic boundary. I was looking somewhat North of the place shown, West of Australia, in the ocean. I have been convinced that the Siberian Traps magmatic megaplume complex was caused by an asteroid impact in the antipode region for nearly thirty years. Why? Everytime I read or heard of the Siberian Traps, the image of a melon being shot, its backside bursting out, formed in my mind.
Edit: Corrected era names, obviously the Cenozoic began much later.
The analogy with the melon being shot is a good analogy. A shockwave upon striking a surface on the way out of an object will tend to eject fragments of that surface.
The speed of sound is not very well defined in a melon, due to a mixed and tangled combination of solid and liquid thoughout a melon. Each layer of Earth however has one or more well defined speeds of sound. (In a way, the solid region that contains Earth's crust and mantle can be thought of as having 3 different speeds of sound, one for transmitting pressure, one for transmitting rotation, and one for transmitting waves that are somewhat akin to waves on the ocean.)
A shockwave going to the other side of Earth loses its rotational aspect in the liquid inner core, but the shockwave still has its compression aspect, and that compression aspect is increased by the solid inner core acting like a not fully focussed magnifying glass, with a region of increased shock resulting near the antipode, surrounded by a shadow region of greatly reduced shock that surrounds the region of magnified shock.
Its complicated by the fact that the continental plates have moved in relation to each other across geological time. So theories like this will forever be speculative.
@@obsidianjane4413 Not theories, yet, just hypotheses. But you would be astonished to learn, as I was, that evidence has been found that the Earth had at least one ocean 4,280 Ma., in the Hadean eon, that's more than four billion years before the Mesozoic era. So, you never know what will be discovered.
Also, the width of the liquid outer core will be smaller in modern times due to lower temperature. Radioactive decay of uranium produces heat, but in modern times, there is less uranium to decay, and therefore less heat produced, than was present 500 million years ago. With less heat produced, the liquid outer core is cooler than in ancient times, and keeps on getting even cooler, resulting in more material solidifying, with the more dense solids tending to settle on the inner core, and the less dense solids tending to float upward toward the bottom of the mantle.
Some radioactive heat also comes from thorium, which results from the decay of uranium, and has a very long half-life. There is about as much thorium now as there was 500 million years ago, but with a diminished supply of uranium from which new thorium can be generated, the long term trend of thorium is a trend of lessening quantity, and Earth's liquid inner core will continue to trend cooler during the next 500 million years, due to both less uranium and less thorium.
As such, the near antipode magnification and shadow region zones from a meteorite strike change with time when considering time spans of hundreds of millions of years. A meteorite strike now will not have the same near antipode seismic effect that the same meteorite strike would have had 500 million years ago.
Interestingly, more geological and fossil evidence from the time of the dinosaur killer asteroid of 66 million years ago could in theory reveal some knowledge of the amount of change in the thickness of the mantle or of the inner core in the last 66 million years. Biological systems on land for example would have presumably been less affected in one of the shadow zones, thus perhaps giving a significant clue on the ancient thickness of the mantle or on the ancient thickness of the inner core.
@@wendydelisse9778 The Siberian Traps flowed out 250, not 500 Ma. but it's still quite a long while.
This is something I have been trying to highlight for the past 15 years, ever since I came across the work at University of Ohio (Laramie Potts, others) based on NASA GRACE satellite analysis of this crater.
The Siberian traps are roughly antipodal to this crater.
That means an asteroid impact, to me. Permian extinction culprit. 😌
Excellent! always very detailed and informative.
if i remember the deccan traps are opposite the chicxulub crater. it doesn't sound implausible but also makes me wonder if traps occur roughtly 15my apart how many are related to impacts. seems like we could check anipole positions opposite them too.
Note that thanks to precise dating we have now been able to rule out the impact having caused the Deccan traps as the volcanism began before the impact however they were related in the sense that eruptive activity dramatically surged within thousands of years or less after the impact. The exact amount of surge is harder to pin down as it depends on dating the many individual flows of the traps many of which aren't readily accessible but preliminary work has suggested it could be up to 3/4 the total volume of basalt.
But yeah the Deccan traps were pretty close to antipodal I doubt it was exact but it seems that they served as the path of least resistance for the surge. The traps weren't the only volcanic system to see a surge however as studies looking at the Mid Ocean Ridge system have found a thickened layer consistent with the expected timing of the KPg extinction event.
I also find it interesting that the dating for the extinction of the Caribbean mid ocean spreading ridge which had been separating North and South America since the break up of Pangaea is timed to right around this event and given overall proximity....
As for other possible impact events linked to geophysical changes in Plate tectonics the dating from the large crater underneath Greenland based on shocked material carried downstream by the glaciers suggests a close temporal association with not one but two Large Igneous Provinces namely the North Atlantic Large Igneous Provence(NALIP) and Siletzia. The prior led to the formation of the North Atlantic extension while the latter played and continues to play a large role in the geology of western NA. Interestingly both appear to have formed along/as part of the mid ocean ridge system and if Seismic tomography is to be believed then the deep mantle discontinuities associated with each respective MOR
Neither would have been antipodal however but it does seem peculiar that you got two well timed giant flood basalts at roughly the same time.
The Pangaea Board Game (2019) about the Permian extinction really got me interested in this event. Would be a very compelling find if it turns out this crater is there and caused the Siberian Traps.
I've heard of this theory quite a few years back on one single occasion. There was also talk of impact shock related minerals being discovered in layers of relevant age. Though until today, I've never heard of it again in any other place. It does sound plausible, but it's likely quite hard to follow up on it due to the remote location of the potential impact crater, the ice cover and the current uncertainty of its age. Still, I find it strange why there aren't really any follow up studies (I've heard of) on this subject, especially as no related hotspot has been discovered.
Research the “Antarctic Treaty” it will all make sense
We'd need some fancy tech to scan underneath the ice sheet and collect several core samples. If there's a crater buried there that might help prove. Nobody said proving geology theories would be easy.
There are some researchers who have suggested that if you account for the Modern Icelandic hot spots southward movement and try and follow it back in time the Icelandic hot spot seems to predate the North Atlantic Large Igneous Province as there appears to be evidence for volcanic activity tracing through Greenland and parts of North Eastern Canada such as Baffin island out into the Arctic ocean. Based on at least some reconstruction models there seamounts and extinct ridges can be used to ultimately trace back to Siberia. Of course if you follow this model you need to be able to explain how one mantle plume is able to produce multiple LIP flood basalts.
However given the recent dating of shocked material thought to be from the Hiawatha crater that was carried out to sea by the Hiawatha glacier the timing is a pretty strong match for when the hotspot would have been in eastern Greenland down to at least kilo year resolution so maybe there is something to this model after all? It is also fairly interesting that Siletzia the LIP now thought to be associated with the Yellowstone hotspot appears to have formed out in the Pacific around the same time making it one of the few examples where two Large Igneous Provinces were erupting at the same time. I wonder where would Yellowstone have been relative to Greenland seeing as the North Atlantic as we know it didn't yet exist (Greenland was part of Eurasia slightly separated from NA by the same failed rift that divides it to this day).
I have a degree in geology and have watched most geology related (volcanoes exploding or meteors impacting) shows on TV/cable. Can't remember the geologic TV series (which aired on discovery channel if I am not mistaken) but there was one show devoted to this subject and lab/scientific experiments conducted showed that this crater certainly exists and was lined up antipodally to the siberian traps at that time period and lab experiments proved, by shooting a steel BB at high speeds against a glass ball, that the impact results in a hole/crater and antipodally the glass is completely shattered to a significant depth (enough to break through to the mantle and allow upwelling). Moreover, the experiments showed that the meteor came it at close to, if not exactly, at 90 degrees (it came straight down not at an angle) which impact would send seismic shock waves racing around the surface of the planet to collide at the antipode which would break up the crust severely and allow mantle material to erupt onto the surface. At any other angle the seismic fracturing will not produce such an effect ( the impact would just blow out or break a piece of glass on the side next to the impact). As stated, there is no 'hot spot' under the traps; meteoric impact can be the only trigger. . . and same goes for the Deccan traps; we just need to pin down the impact that caused that event! Anyone know the exact name/episode of the geologic show I saw years ago? It was quite a few years ago which makes this you tube post 'old news' as most media posts are.
Я не знаю, насколько глубоко вы разбираетесь в механике высокоскоростных столкновений со сферическими объектами, но это задокументированное явление. Я поискал на TH-cam и в Интернете. На самом деле я не нашел ничего, что бы хорошо описывало это, но так получилось, что я знаком со следующими двумя видео. Первый - это попадание пули в стеклянную сферу, а второй - попадание пули в сферу из обсидиана. В каждом случае результатом является выброс материала с прямо противоположной стороны сферы, в то время как центр сферы остается относительно нетронутым. На всякий случай, если вы не хотите переходить по ссылкам от незнакомого человека (а вам не следует), я включил названия, чтобы вы могли найти их с помощью поиска, если захотите. Может ли твердый стеклянный шар выдержать 50 ккал ???, примерно с 5:27, m.th-cam.com/video/a7WwrMgGTzo/w-d-xo.html&pp=ygUYZGVtb2xpdGlvbnJhbmNoIG9ic2lkaWFu А этот, насколько прочен гигантский шар из обсидиана?!?!? примерно с 6:25, m.th-cam.com/video/PfC8FmojeUk/w-d-xo.html&pp=ygUYRGVtb2xpdGlvbnJhbmNoIG9ic2lkaWFu
Even the comments are informative and interesting on this site. Thanks to everyone.
The theory sounds very plausible. The shock wave of the impact travels through the planet and constructively interferes with itself on the opposite side, thereby fracturing the crust there and allowing for volcanic activity to increase dramatically.
Intriguing idea! I have collected a lot of impact crater data and now I will be going back and comparing to the flood basalt data.
Wow, I had somehow missed this - and being antipodal to the Siberian traps ... I know it's still very unproven, but so was the match between Africa and South America at one time (I'm old enough to remember having been told in school that, yes, they look like they fit, but that's just a coincidence lol).
Either way, large impacts are terrifying. I'm very glad to see work is being done in regards to changing the orbits of asteroids, but I would feel better if we were further along lol
Americas were actually connected to Africa where they seem to fit. When Pangea started to break apart, an enormous amounts of magma erupted from American rift, creating Central Atlantic Magmatic Province.
This is an incredibly fascinating theory to me. Geology at its coolest. I'm curious though about any theories regarding the mechanism of action for how this would occur, and the physics behind it. Would that be an appropriate video topic, or is it too complicated? Failing that, are there any resources discussing it that might be approachable for an interested non-professional?
This is the complete speculation of a layman geology nerd but I'm wondering if this could have been caused by displacement of mantal magma by the earth's crust. The scenario I'm imagining is that the mantal plume under siberia already existed and the impact caused an extreme uptick in the amount of material being forced up through the faults in the crust that it was already exploiting. Almost like a globe shaped toothpaste "tube" where compressing the end (the impact) causes toothpaste to flow out of the open end (the hotspot). If only I was smart enough to be able to test my own hypothesis 😅
My armchair geologist's thoughts are that the force of the impact would be transferred to the earth in the form of a standing wave, which would travel through the layers of Earth, disturbing/displacing materials, unlocking faults leading to the antipodal eruption, not to mention worldwide seismic and atmospheric waves to make Hunga Tonga look like a kiss.
I'm in the same boat, though, don't have the means to prove this at present.✌️😎
Another great example of impacts causing mass volcanism is our moon. The large flat surfaces on the close side of the moon match a masive impact site on the far side
The effect on the opposite side of the planet (antipode) sounds exactly like a coup, contra coup brain injury, wherein the brain tissue OPPOSITE to the site of the blow (coup) also is injured.
Most informative and interesting!
I like your theory!! It sounds very reasonable.
Chicxulub caused a reverberation off the center of the earth where the reflection caused an explosion in Arkansas so big, 5 separate geological provinces converged around Little Rock. The solution came when, in 1958, Warren McCullough proved that 100% of all if/then problems that cannot be resolved by standard practices, are resolved by introducing t, time, to the equation. Therefore, what were volcanic signatures alongside comet indices, were combined.
Very interesting, thanks!
The emphasis on the conjunction words could be a dangerous drinking game.
Good stuff. The antipode to the Chicxulub impact is the region encompassing Indonesia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea: a regional 'hotspot' with an abundance of large volcanoes.
Was that also the antipode at the time of the impact? The continents have moved around a bit since then.
India was somewhat near the Chixulub craters antipode during the time the impactor struck, but it was not exactly on the antipode either.
An interesting theory - there are still so many mysteries to be found and solved in the Universe, our own galaxy - and right here on Earth. Humans are certainly a very curious species.
I find it interesting that on Mars, the Hellas basin, a huge impact feature, has the Valles Marineris and a large volcanic province at the antipodes. I liken it to the impact causing Mars to "burst open like an over-ripe grape".
When Worlds Collide
This could be an interesting hypothesis.
Walles Marineris is actually a giant strike-slip fault, just like San Andreas. And Tharsis could very vell start as an antipodal flood basalt, eventually transitioning to central volcanism.
Hi,
I'm a big fan of your channel, I think you do a really good job. I enjoy the volcanics videos in particular. I'm a geological engineer, with a geotechnical emphasis, and 28 years of practice, and while igneous petrology is definately not my wheelhouse, mechanics of earth materials is. I don't know how deep into the mechanics of high speed impacts on spherical objects you are, but that is a documented phenomenon. I looked around on TH-cam and the internet. I didn't really find much that summed it up well, but I happen to be familliar with the following two videos.
The first is a bullet impact on a glass sphere, and the second is a bullet impact on an obsidian sphere. In each case, the result is the ejection of material from the direct opposite side of the sphere, while the center of the sphere stays relatively intact.
Just in case you don't want to click on links from a stranger (as you shouldn't), I've included the titles so you can find them searching if you choose to.
Can a Solid Glass Ball Stop a 50cal???,
from about 5:27,
m.th-cam.com/video/a7WwrMgGTzo/w-d-xo.html&pp=ygUYZGVtb2xpdGlvbnJhbmNoIG9ic2lkaWFu
And this one,
How Strong is a Giant Ball of Obsidian?!?!?
from about 6:25,
m.th-cam.com/video/PfC8FmojeUk/w-d-xo.html&pp=ygUYRGVtb2xpdGlvbnJhbmNoIG9ic2lkaWFu
Keep up the good work.
Best regards,
Greg Gollaher
Great video. As an analogy, if you run over a large rock on your bike, the rim breaks at the point of impact and almost equally at the opposite point on the rim. Hoop stress.
the impact site antipodal volcanism theory is very interesting, and a problem that is suitable for modeling.
Give the migration, especially of bits and pieces of Asia, of the crust over the last 252 million years, the crust of the Siberian traps was likely not on the "opposite" side of the planet of the region of Antarctica with the impact crater. However, such an impact could still have triggered an already unstable, rifting, region into more activity.
I was also wondering about tectonic plate movements, and the position of what we now call Antartica. A big enough impact would make the planet ‘ring like a gong’ - as was said to have been detected after the massive Boxing Day earthquake in Indonesia.
I have tested this theory and it is not exactly antipodal. The antipode is more the area where Gondwana broke up and also would have had massive volcanism, though the break up somewhat later. The area of where Africa, South America, India and Australia+Antarctica broke up.
This is a really fascinating story. I wonder if there are any simulations that would examine the material flows in the mantel beyond the immediate splattering of the ejecta. You say that the crater was initially over 30km deep. I would expect however that the impact impulse shoukd have caused the underlying mantle material to well up and transport some od the diamond bearing deep mantlevrocks upwards.
Could it be that these impact events also explain Kimberlite pipes with diamonds.
Also, there is shock quartz. is there the equivalent in diamond? Are there shock diamonds?
The impactor had to be at least 40-50 km wide. Much larger than the chicxulub impactor. Not surprising The Siberian traps eruption was so powerful as it was probably on the antipode.
That would be scary, as that puts the possible bolide's diameter at the lower range of diameter estimates of Comet Hale-Bopp. It is one of the largest comets known.
Thanks!
Agreed.
Wouldn't the 50km-wide asteroid just wipe out most life on earth regardless of the corresponding lava breech considering what the 19km-wide asteroid did 66 million years ago? This is very interesting.
да,это было бы фатально.
With an impact that huge you don’t much need to consider the Siberian Traps for a major extinction event .
The End Permian was a two stage extinction event, with peaks a few hundred thousand years apart.
Interesting theory. I would love to see more research on this.
Same!
it's interesting to consider that the force could be transferred so directly, all the way through an entire planet, to an exact spot on the other side. generally stress travels through materials in a cone shape, i wonder if the way the core and various layers of the planet affect the way the force was transmitted
Remember the impact energy shock waves might not lose much energy traveling through the mostly incompressible medium. A theoretical study would be interesting to suggest what to look for with lava traps and impact sites.
That is not the dynamics. Instead of direct transfer, the seismic waves go around the planet and focus at the antipode. But Wilkes Land does not reach the minimum size to cause an antipodal eruption, as calculated by Marinova and Meschede. The minimum size for it is 1,000 km, according to their calculations.
@@jeffersonwagner6706 I respectfully disagree with your description of waves going around the planet and meeting at the antipode as being the primary cause of action there.
Although this is not my primary field of study, I've been contemplating this since the Hunga Tonga eruption, seeing all the incredible force actions in that event. In addition, to the atmospheric waves and tsunami waves, there was an antipodal standing wave in North Africa. That caught my attention. I want to know the mechanics of the different waves, especially that one. With better mapping/modeling of the Earth's interior, the low velocity zone, etc, we should be able to figure out how these waves are traveling through the different layers.
I hope to get to study this at some point, but for now. I'm just reading what papers I can access that are even remotely related.
Hopefully this makes sense. I'm not necessarily discounting what you're saying, just positing that there would be additional, perhaps more significant directions the force would take.
@@erinmac4750 Please refer to "Antipodal focusing of seismic waves due to large meteorite impacts on Earth"
Matthias A. Meschede, Conor L. Myhrvold, Jeroen Tromp
Geophysical Journal International, Volume 187, Issue 1, October 2011, Pages 529-537
@@jeffersonwagner6706 I'll check it out. Thank you 🍀
Could you do a video on the SIljan Ring impact structure?
Whilst Sibera would be an antipode today was this the case at the Permian Triassic boundary?
Dr. Ralph v. Frese was one of my thesis advisors for my doctorate. He, and post-doc Laramie Potts, were the first to identify the gravity anomaly, it's potential source, and the possibility to link with the Permian extinction.
Mars' Tharsis region is opposite the Hellas basin without plate tectonics to carry crust off the hotspot, and Argye is opposite Elysium.
I think this is a highly probable theory. Even today when large earthquakes hit (8 and above), sometimes on the antipode there is a similar event, usually a few days to two weeks later. Dutchsinse channel has postulated this for a while. I agree with some of his ideas.
Ive heard similar ideas before about the deccan traps.
Deccan Traps was caused by a direct impact, as proposed by Dr. Sankar Chaterjee. Differently of his theory, that presupposes a 500 km impact West from Indian plate, by my study the 650 km crater was totally covered by the flood basalt. In fact, I can pinpoint really large impacts associated to the main extinctions, geologists just have not seen them yet.
@@jeffersonwagner6706 isnt the deccan traps opposite the one which ended the dino's, and same date??
@@christianbuczko1481 The Deccan Traps were erupting long before the meteorite hit. It’s believed by many that the eruptions were already pushing a mass extinction. The meteor impact was the coupe d gras.
It is conceivable that high energy impact would cause shockwaves the world over. I could also imagine a point opposite the impact, where shockwaves from all directions come together and may greatly amplify. Has there ever been made a simulation? But then, with an impact this large, waves may be generated unlike any waves observed in recent times
Is this effect consistent with wave theory? Why would the shockwaves converge?
@@marktwain368 They converge because they follow the form of the globe
Reminded me that the Olympus Mons is about antipodal to Hellas Planitia
And Alba Mons.
Didn't Pluto show scaring like what's being described? I seem to remember scishow or one of the other YT space channels talking about something like this
Glad you covered the antipode hypothesis.
The "antipode effect volcanoes" theory makes total sense. Think about a Newton's Cradle - the asteroid's energy has to go somewhere, and unless I'm mistaken, the shockwaves from the impact more or less all seek to converge on that antipode, so quakes and volcanoes seem to fit. But yeah, just my unqualified internet joe guess.
Great explanation and hypothesis!! Do you suggest ano book that add or explains something more about that subject?
I still say the diminished Siberian Traps hot spot, after tectonic shifting, is what is now powering the Hawaiian volcanic system. IF it indeed was initiated by an antipodal meteor impact, then its diminishment over time seems reasonable.
I enjoy these videos even though I do accept the time scales mentioned!
My only query about this is where were Antarctica & what is now Siberia at the time of The Great Dying? They may be antipodal now, but were they back then?
Thanks for that outline of the Siberian Traps! Larger than I thought.
absolutely fascinating hypothesis - it will be interesting to see any future research results!
This really makes sense.
Large earthquakes on one side of Earth, the antipode usually has an earthquake of roughly the same size.
This antipode/impact theory is being applied to Martian geology as well. Though I have some skepticism about this concerning the Columbia flood basalt that took place from 17-4 mya in the PNW of the north American continent. When studying satellite images of the Blue Mountains, it appears as a well formed circular central uplift of an impact crater without any crater rim. The crater rim may have been erased under the estimated 2 mile thick flood basalt, because the mountains are located near the geographical center of the basalt flow. Which would also explain why the bedrock was weakened so, that would allow the flood basalt to build up to a 2 mile thickness.
Is there a possible impact crater in the center of Canada in the major lake because the lake has a very circular shape
In the video you mention an impact can cause an eruption on the the side of the planet, would that be similar to Olympus Mons existing opposite the Hellas Impact Basin on Mars?
Including Alba Mons, which seems to be larger than Olympus Mons.
Wilkes Land was the secondary impact. The main impact occurred at Marie Byrd Land, 1,500 km wide. So large that it fragmented in two parts due to the convection beneath it; one half drifted along the Pacific Plate and it is Marianas Arc. The other half is Vanuatu Arc. Both Arcs have the same diameter, 1,500 km. This crater was sufficient large to cause the Siberian Traps. In fact, Marie Byrd crater + Wilkes Land crater caused the Permian extinction.
Where can I find this information? Any source?
@@TheSpaceEnthusiast-vl6wx This is my theory. I present it one of my blogs: Permian extinction by asteroid at blogspot (without the spaces).
Isn’t the Pacific Ocean too young for that? Almost all oceanic crust is less than 200 million years old, a small patch in the Mediterranean being the exception.
@@evilsharkey8954 The Pacific plate is permanently being subducted beneath the continental plates; but the large crater halves I propose formed hardened crust slabs, true subplates, and the Pacific plate was subducted under them. So, in my model, the crater drifted across the hemisphere until colliding with Asian plate; from that moment, the crate was stopped and the subduction under it was initiated, creating the Marianas Trench.
я сомневаюсь что в случае такого удара на планете Земля вообще сохранилась хоть какая то жизнь.Ударный кратер в Антарктиде это максимум что могла выдержать жизнь.
4:02 yep, look at the volcanos of mars, then go to the exact opposite side of the planet and tell me what you find. 😃
Isn't there also a theory like this for Olympus Mons on Mars, where its antipode lines up close to the Hellas Basin?
You'd be silly to think the antipode of a sphere wouldn't experience any sort of energy concentration from an impact on the other side!
How about covering all the lead in the tristate area of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois. It is theorized that it's from radioactivity. This is also why the area was never glaciated during the last ice age. The heat from the radioactivity melted the ice. My grandfather, who lead mined in the area, said that the lead seams only run in one direction. East-West or North-South. I forget which.8
Keep it up love your stuff
Wouldn't an exact antipode not be required as the mantle is not uniform? There have been some good videos (Anton Petrov?) about the remnants of Thea still swirling around in the lower mantle.
The moment i heard of this crater, i recognized that it was concurrent with the PT boundary and that it was antipode to the siberian traps. Im surprised its not a mainstream hypothesis.
I'm curious, has anyone gone through more hotspots and their history, and looked for impact craters near the antipode of where the hotspot was at the time of its creation?
For example, has anyone looked at where the Hawaii hotspot was birthed, and looked for impact craters of a similar age near its antipode when it first was created?
Wait I have a question. I thought that the Siberian Trapps was caused by the birth of the Icelandic hotspot. Is this not the case? Or conversely, is there the possibility that this impact caused the birth of the Icelandic hotspot, and by extension the Siberian Trapps, much like the Chicxulub impact may have caused the birth of the Reunion hotspot (and the Deccan Trapps by extension)?
I'm curious if that explains Hawaii's hotspot in the middle of the Pacific Plate since its antipode millions of years passed was at Vredefort in South Africa (due to plate tectonics and parts of the Pacific Plate sunk under the Eurasian Plate, it's not fully antipode)
The Vredefort crater is over 2 billion years old. The Hawaiian hot spot is much, much younger.
@@evilsharkey8954 the islands are young, correct. But there are a chain of undersea mounts west of Hawaii which make up the rest of the Hawaiian-Emperor chain and these are older than the merged islands that we have today. Unfortunately, some of the oldest underwater seamounts went under the Eurasian Plate.
Have you noticed another thing. Imagine that asteroid impact is just like if you would hit an orange. So the force of impact would cause the compression on the impact site, but it would also cause dilution half way between impact point and its antipode. In orange this would make cracks on crust, which would go in the direction of impact point and its antipode, and which would be the most intense on the half way between those two. Recently we had two extinctions, the Yucatan and the Popigai impact (35 mya) extinctions. Now, notice that Atlantic Ridge basically is formed like a letter "Z". The middle points towards the Yucatan impact, while the outer parts point to the Popigai and its antipode. Alse, East African rift started to form 35 mya (in the time of Popigai impact), and points towards Popigai and its antipode. It started by swelling around lake Victoria. The center of that swelling (which you can determine from the map on the link) is exactly half way between Popigai impact and its antipode (in other words, where the dilution should be the strongest):
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Rift#/media/File:East_Africa_Rift_System_GPS_and_stresses.png
NOICE! Awesome theory Plausibly high as per your tasteful videography
I have always wondered if an impact triggered it as the shock waves spreading around the earth all meet up at the same point and amplify . Much like i see when i look at the vasquez rocks formation in so cal. I can see the shock wave results coming from the north east direction where the san Andrea's fault lies. But north of west of vasquez rocks just beyond the parking lot is a similar feature with a south bound direction shown. Also from shockwaves from the fault breaking along its length and sending out other shockwaves. That crossed and amplified throwing the vasquez rocks formation into the air so hard that the shock wave passed thru letting it fall in a tilted slab shape. The books say it was pushed up. I say it was tossed up by converging shockwaves. My sister lived on sutters pointe off bouquet canyon. Not far from vasquez rocks. The northridge quake tossed them several feet into the air above their bed twice as the shockwaves rolled thru. Some areas measured 3.1g of vertical acceleration. But that was a thrust fault. But the randomness of the northridge damage point to converging shockwaves from different areas of the break. Oh. Western ave between Franklin and los feliz 90028 is an escarpment too.
What would be the candidate mechanism(s) to trigger these basal floods in case we exclude direct impact or impact on opposite side?
AAA+++ quality content and proposed theory. This is why I am rooting for SpaceX and nuclear space propulsion technology development for asteroid defense readiness.
As a structural engineer I have always thought that the impact events through the earth shock waves must cause volcanism. Happy to see the theory gain traction and maybe someday be validated.
Great vids🙏🙏
Evangelion fans be cold sweating.
some fella named katsuragi wants to explore it, surely nothing could go wrong
I believe the 7.8 billion number has a few too many zeros on it. That number represented whatever is after a trillion (bazillion!?) lol
Logical conclusion.
Can’t believe they made Neon Genesis Evangelion real
Given that more than roughly twenty kilometres below the surface the earth is (mostly) molten, it is not unreasonable to assume that the shockwave from a heavy piercing impact would cause crustal cracking and thus increased volcanic activity upon the opposite side. So we can theorise with a high degree of confidence that the meteor impacts cited as the source of mass extinctions caused longer term effects resulting in the associated extinctions.
I must send this to Doc!
Still can not match the crater in my finance
When will you start offering cool rock, gem and stone samples in your Etsy store? I'd love to buy a sample or two from you as I know it would be what you say it is and it would also be cool to have a sample in my collection from you. 😃
Surely, the Antarctic Tectonic Continent hasn't been opposite Siberia the entire time?
Strange angle it hit at? It would have come from the Oort cloud in an off-plane..
эксперименты показали, что метеорит упал почти, если не точно, под углом 90 градусов (он упал прямо, а не под углом), при ударе о землю по поверхности планеты прокатились бы сейсмические ударные волны, которые столкнулись бы на антиподе, что сильно разрушило бы кору и позволило бы мантийному материалу извергнуться на поверхность. Под любым другим углом сейсмический разрыв не произведет такого эффекта (удар просто разнесет или разобьет кусок стекла на стороне рядом с местом удара)
And today's episode is a rarity; it has the potential for a nightmare. 😮
Is there a table specifying the minimum mass necessary to induce antipodal impact volcanism?
It makes sense that you if smack the earth hard enough in one place the shock wave will cause a major disruption in the earth crust on the opposite side. Flood basalts don't make much sense otherwise. This damage could be a function of both size and impact angle amongst other variables.
Some might note that the Deccan Traps, of of about the same age as the Chixulub impact at the KT boundary, are at about the antipode of the Chixulub crater. This has been noted before but there is dispute about the timing. Perhaps the Deccan Traps started first, according to some.
why does volcanic activity happen on the opposite side of the planetary impact? can you explain the mechanism?
It would be purely the kinetic impact that punches through the planet. So not the actual mass of the impactor/impactee, but the kinetic shock will reach the other side by taking the shorter route, through the planet instead of going over the surface, when the shock reaches the other side it will be fracturing the crust and is capable of overturning a mountain as if it's an iceberg. (not that I have any examples of actual overturned mountains, but some pieces of the crust have been toppled over twice, I think that was a part of Scottland if I recall correctly but can't find anything so I'm misremembering something...)
It’s all conjecture
@@Yezpahr Thanks.
@@thomaskielbania6781 Can you think of why it would not happen?
0:51 there was sulfur deposits at the chicxulub impact site ?
It would be awesome to experience this, I can only imagine the destructive power. A beautiful star is born in the sky, that star is getting closer and closer, then impact is made and a brilliant display of heat and light is released. I can only imagine a large part of our planet getting gouged out and ejected into space, along with sending seismic and atmospheric shockwaves worldwide. I find it kinda cool that an air blaat even that originated on the opposite side of the planet can still hurt you if the event was energetic enough. I wonder how intense the quake would be? I am sure you would feel the quakes before your ear drums are exploded by an air blast.
This is interesting, missing is the description of how an impact's shock waves may have propagated through the globe, reaching the opposite side to recombine, causing the volcanic consequences.
I really enjoy these geological videos. I wish they were longer and more in depth. Just sayin'...❤
You cut the video to short my friend. More information would be appreciated although I do appreciate what you do is very specialist and time consuming. Thank you, anyway.👍👍👍
It's a frightening idea, but a very compelling one.
I could not agree more.