Q-Balls, a hypothetical form of dark matter, could "flip" matter into antimatter and allow for practical antimatter production. Such Q-Balls would produce gravitational radiation, which can be studied by astronomers since gravitational radiation cannot be blocked(unlike electromagnetic radiation). In addition, because gravity lacks a repulsive counterpart, gravitational radiation is quadripolar, not dipole (like electromagnetic radiation). This means gravity waves drop off in intensity far more slowly than light waves. In addition, if the baryon number can be violated, then it's possible for protons to decay, leading to all matter destabilizing.
there was a lovely bit at about six minutes when it looked like he was getting it and the camera started slowly moving in.. then.. nope..! didn't get it.. 🙂 x (so Neil goes through it again and of course he does get it.. i still don't )
"Isn't there conservation of energy" I swear if Chuck keeps showing up on StarTalk he will get that Ph.D from Neil himself lol, every video he keeps learning more and more and it shows
As a teacher, I check my own knowledge before I teach my physical science lessons by watching Star Talk. I teach Jr High and switched from math to science. I have forgotten a lot since I was in Jr High plus things have changed. Keep the lessons coming! ❤❤
The part where I thought he was like genuinely a smart guy is when he mentioned a opposite world he could of worded it better but that is definitely a genius thought
@@MichaelHenriqueswatching Neil is part of that. He’s literally an astrophysicist it’s better to learn from experts in the field than as a laymen try to interpret the data.
It would be more accurate to call it an antiverse because everything about it would be the CPT flipped version (all charges are flipped and time flows backwards). Personally I like to think that the antiverse is the same as our universe but you get to it by going backwards in time from the beginning of the universe.
5:50 Neil's the perfect teacher, man. Perfect balance of understandable but not treating us like we're babies that don't know how to add 2+2. Because he's so good at that, you know at 5:50 when he says "I don't wanna move forward until I hear that you understand this" that you gotta buckle up and get ready because you're in for some serious astrophysics.
@@octavianpopescu4776I mean it’s so easy to destroy a city only a table spoon of antimatter is needed instead of a nuclear bomb and it’s untraceable because everything in destroyed
Trust me, Chuck. You don't want us developing antimatter bombs. To put it in perspective, a hydrogen bomb only converts 0.7% of its mass into energy. Try to wrap your mind around how destructive a weapon would be if a 100% conversion of mass occurred. Luckily, antimatter is super, super, super expensive to create ($62.5 trillion per gram) and difficult to contain; so, it unlikely an antimatter bomb will ever be produced. Now to blow Neil's mind... It's been said that our Universe may be inside a giant black hole. Perhaps, that's where the matter went and the antimatter somehow headed away from the black hole.
So when someone says “it doesn’t matter”, are they implying that it DOES anti-matter? Should I be worried about coming into contact with this thing that doesn’t matter?
Never trust anyone who never says "I don't know." I always love it when scientists say "We don't know" and "We have no idea." Because THAT is a person who actually does understand reality. For all that humans have collectively learned for thousands of years, there is probably infinitely more that we do NOT know. Always remember, admitting that you don't know something isn't a sign of weakness.
@@cutecats532 Scientists don't deal in truth. Scientists deal in facts. If someone is selling you "truth" then that's not a scientist, they're a salesman.
@@AustinOuellette-vr1vp they don’t deal in facts only. They deal in theories. Hypothesis. Tons of presumption. Agendas, reigning narratives even. Bias’s that seek to overtake alternate or opposing, possibly more factual facts all the time
I dont know who the guy is who is always with Neil, but, what i do know is that he responds how i would expect myself to if caught offguard and stupidly high trying to discuss astrophysics
If all the antimatter went in one direction it's possible all the matter went in the other and we just exist peacefully in separate sides of the universe
Yea beyond the observable universe. It's been drifting away from us since the early universe as they said. And conservation of momentum that means it's going exactly opposite to us and both moving at the same speed. @@ross4814
@@ΔΔΙΓ I'm referring to the fact that the universe has already expanded beyond the point to which we could reach all of it, leaving a sort of horizon that we could never pass since we would have to travel beyond the speed of light.
I love Chuck for his perfect comedic timing and willingness to learn. Also, Neil, get ready to give this man a PHD! These two together is a force to be reckon with not to mention, they make learning fun. It inspires me to keep on learning!
From my rudimentary smattering of research, I'm moderately sure that I've not only been in contact with antimatter, but it indirectly saved my life. Around 2000 I had a PET scan and this was the first scan technology that was able to clinically confirm the presence of cancer. All other imaging and bloodwork prior to that point had not detected it. This led to a regimen of chemotherapy and I'm still around 24 years later to write about it. I've tried several times to learn how PET scans work, but the furthest I've been able to take my knowledge thus far is that I was injected with a radioisotope attached to a carrier, from which positrons were emitted (as in Positron Emission Tomography), all happening within my body. It was still a fairly new technology in my area of the UK at that time, and it's doubtless become more sophisticated since, but I've long wondered about the mechanics of how and why it works.
I had a PET scan in 2020 and it confirmed that I had a melanoma on my left arm. I had to google PET scan to learn what it is. I would recommend that you do the same. Very interesting. P.S. The melanoma was successfully removed.
@@bikkies you have been in contact with antimatter if you a had a PET (positron emission tomography) scan. During a PET scan, they inject a radioactive tracer that contains positrons (the antimatter equivalent of electrons) into your body. When those positrons come into contact with the electrons in the atoms within your body, they annihilate and emit a photon (light). That light is much more energetic than visible light and essentially passes right through your body, similar to how gamma ray radiation penetrates your body. Doctor's can detect those gamma rays with a scanner, allowing them to essentially non-invasively map out things going on within your body. So yes you definitely did come in contact with antimatter, and it probably did save, or at least extend, your life.
@@kimjohnson4278 Glad to hear of your success. In my case, the PET was only used at the diagnosis phase. The scanning aspects of my subsequent monitoring and staging went back to CT and MRI, supplemented by bloods and biopsies. My takeaway from this was that - unless they just struck lucky - a PET would appear to be potentially very sensitive. I've spent quite a bit of time, mainly on Wikipedia, trying to understand the process by which PET scans operate, but I lack the book smarts to fully grasp the subject so far. It's a work in progress.
Tell that science , Covid,evolution denier people who believe social media then doctor. 😊 They should not have any PET scans because those doctor are putting microchips in them.😅
PET scans are really simple. Cancers grow faster than surrounding tissue. To do that, they need to metabolize more glucose than the surrounding tissue. That is too get bigger they need to eat more -- just like you do. PET scans exploit that fact by adding isotopically marked glucose (actually its fluorodeoxyglucose with an unstable F-18 atom that beta+ decays into O-18 with a half-life of 110 minutes) into your blood. The positron that is emitted when it decays can be detected from outside of the body. So after the marked glucose has had time to be absorbed by your tissues, you can use the positron emissions to map how the glucose has been distributed through your body. Areas with high positron emissions indicate areas that have metabolized lots of the glucose. If an area of the body is metabolizing more of the glucose tracer than other tissues of the same type, then it is likely to be a growing cancer. PET scans have also been used extensively in cognitive research to map what areas of the brain are being used for different kinds of cognition. Thinking also uses energy so brain centers that are in active use metabolize more glucose than those that are idle.
You guys are so good as co-host. Chuck seems pretty smart but watching him try to understand what is being said, and then seeing his "ah ha" moment is priceless
Chuck Nice has gotten so much faster understanding this stuff from when he first began. Awesome. I knew more than Chuck Nice before but now we are about the same in our ability to absorb this content. The more the faster we all will be at it...just practice!
chuck attempting to understand was like unintentional comedic genius. the thing about chuck that’s great, aside from all the obvious, is if neil can explain a thing to chuck, that means he’s explained it well enough. he’s the perfect average-listener test.
I usually understand everything that Neil explains. He is literally a genius when simplifying complex things. But this video still went over my head. Am I the only one?? 😢
Sometimes, it feels like: "the only consistency about science is that it is consistently-inconsistent 🤯 " Thanks, Neil, for blowing my mind-up as always 👍
Between this and pbs space time you will actually learn a lot about physics and quantum physics. You still wouldn’t understand one of their formulas but it really does work to educate those willing to learn
I love that after all these years, Neil still loves explaining how the universe works, and Chuck still has the curiosity for the things that are mind blowing. 🤯❤️😉 Thank you both for the never ending love and energy you both give😄
Given that matter and antimatter should have been produced in equal quantities during the early universe, is it possible that the observed matter-antimatter asymmetry could be due not to an intrinsic imbalance, but rather to a scenario where matter and antimatter particles were blasted apart by early energetic events (such as inflation or particle interactions) and are now separated on opposite ends of the universe, thus preventing their annihilation? If so, what mechanisms would prevent their eventual recombination over time?
Nothing, like papers said our universe is expanding more slowly,when it completely stops then anti matter is gona push in and anhilation will begin all over again , think of it like sphere inside of a sphere, the outside sphere is antimatter that was pushed at start, and our universe is inside it, engulfed, so naturally if the energy is so wast then it's not unreasonable that remains of that energy still push our universe to expand but when that energy is gone then anti matter is gona go back to it's counterparts and just swallow our universe and everything will begin once again
So we know there is that 1 particle that started it, and i suspect black holes are of antimatter and when you see black hole coliding with positron star then there goes an anhilation of both, not just one, and a lot of energy is released..But if we come again to anhilation of whole universe, universe has an edge now for that 1 particle that started it all so all life must begin new no matter what happens now, before it was question of chance
One of my favourite labs in undergrad physics was taking a gamma ray source and watching photons transform into electron/positron pairs, and then annihilate back into a photon.
I love watching these two. It never ceases to amaze me how far science goes formulate these outlandish ideas about how the universe was created all because they dont want to believe in an intelligent creator.
This very much gives an explanation of how it was done from said intelligent creator. A world of light, an electron and positron moving in opposite’s directions of time. 😂 gives me ideas for a novel.
Shawn, those two things are not mutually exclusive though. Sounds to me like this "intelligent creator" is the single matter (opposite to its anti-matter) from which our known universe came to be made of (that ONE matter). This single matter particle is like "God" in our universe. The theory expanded might say in turn there should be an "anti-God" in the anti-matter filled universe. Whether there is any intelligence to it is hard to say as through randomness things will eventually form. Musings and curiosity unto these things matter 😊
He explained the way he and Barry think the craft's reactor works. In the bottom of the reactor is a miniature cycletron particle accelerator. It bombards the 115, plugging a proton into the nucleus and transmuting it to 116. It decays almost instantly back to 115, and in the process releases some anti-matter and gravitational waves. The gravity waves are amplified up and run through the three emitters to move the craft. The anti-matter goes up a tuned tube and reacts with a gas and annihilates at 100% (in admitted violation), conversion to heat. This heat runs a thermal conductor to generate electricity which powers the systems and sub systems on the craft. Apparently, a tiny, tiny bit of anti-matter, when coming in contact with matter, releases quite a large amount of energy.
Antimatter is one of the most fascinating discoveries in modern physics, offering a glimpse into the fundamental symmetries of our universe. The fact that antimatter particles mirror regular matter yet annihilate upon contact raises profound questions about the origins of the universe and why there is an imbalance between matter and antimatter. What are the latest advancements in antimatter research, and how are scientists planning to harness it for practical applications, such as energy generation or medical treatments?
More specifically, a photon that is visible in our reference frame cannot create a particle/anti-particle pair stationary in our reference frame; however, in a reference frame moving VERY fast toward the photon's source, that photon CAN create a particle/anti-particle pair... Also, electrons interact with the weak nuclear force, so it is necessary to interact with a neutrino/anti-neutrino pair to "spontaneously create an electron/positron pair." Of course, the created neutrinos might annihilate immediately after the pair is produced... or the photon might interact with and bind to existing neutrinos removing them from the background field.
You started off saying that an antiparticle goes backwards in time? Maybe when the universe formed during the big bang and matter and antimatter was bring created, the antimatter immediately went backwards in time, the 4th dimension, and the matter went forwards separating and they never found each other, hence the matter universe going forwards in time we live in.
@@billionsandbillionsofstars time going forward is a dimension. When it travels backwards, its another one. When it stops totally its a sixth dimension. Just like we have left right, up down, and depth being our everyday dimensions. Black holes allow for time stopping at least to the observer. Black/white holes allow for time moving backwards(which might be forward because we are going backwards). Just because we can't survive it doesn't mean it can't exist. 6 total dimensions just right there. Doesn't include the higher dimension that allows our 3 dimensions to exist in.
This means that life could theoretically evolve in antimatter and that's so interesting to me. I don't fully comprehend just how different they'd perceive and exist in the world, however it's interesting to think their light spectrum (among many things) would be reversed. They'd see red as green and vice-versa.
Interesting ... Please elaborate on why you think the light spectrum would be reversed. Given that Photons are their own anti-particles, I'm thinking that in Anti-Universe AntiPhotons are Photons. Also interesting is that electricity in Anti-Universe is the flow of charge carried by Positrons. We could coin the term "Positricity", but it's not necessary as Anti-electricity acts identically to electricity.
@@CheeseWyrm Upon rethinking this I made an assumption here based off limited information. I was thinking about the reversed charges before, but the spectral lines are determined by energy level transitions, not absolute charge values. Basically I made a huge oversight lol, thank you though, because you made me rethink it.
"How you gonna have an anti-neutral particle?" -- This is the question that got me kicked out of Physics class. Apparently, because I was "being smart". Thank you Chuck!
It's not just electric charge that's opposite in an antiparticle, it's all the quantum numbers. For example, there's a conserved quantity called "lepton number", leptons being the light particles such as electrons and neutrinos. A neutrino has a lepton number of 1, an antineutrino has a lepton number of -1, so neutrinos and antineutrinos are different particles, despite them both being neutral and not being made up of anything else.
@@meterfeeder ....the true mind.... ...can weather all the lies and illusions without being lost.... .... the true heart can tough the poison of hatred without being lost.... ....since beginingless time.... ... darkness thrives in the void.... ...but always yields.... ....to purifying light..... th-cam.com/video/Z2GrZ_B_zm4/w-d-xo.htmlfeature=shared
I would literally give anything to be sitting in a room where they are recording one of these and I can just listen and and interject every now and again. ANYTHING.
At at 8:00 Neil talks about the soup of positive and negative particles, but earlier described that the positrons and electrons go off in different directions to make the net momentum 0. What would happen if a positron were to collide with an electron that it is not paired with? Wouldn't that create a net positive/negative momentum vector?
I suspect that bursting of energy would send off other other pairs of positron and electron to different trajectories of space, but everything in that anti matter particle should be a reverse of our world, so if there is a universe out there of anti matter it's dark, without light, it doesn't have stars because there is no heat, it's cold, and everything flows in reverse, it's like shadow without a person..I belive that our whole universe is surrounded with anti matter and that is considered the edge of whole universe.. If you consider it well explosion is always round if the particle is round, so our spherical universe is engulfed into sphere of dark matter, a sphere inside of sphere we just don't see it because there is no way to see it because it absorbs light particles
@@sukisuki9120actually, antimatter interacts with light and other electromagnetic forces exactly the same as regular matter does. Maybe you're thinking of so-called dark matter, which does not interact with light, but has nothing to do with antimatter. In theory, this means that if there would have been an abundance of antimatter at the start of the universe, an entire antimatter universe could exist. Complete with galaxies, stars, light, heat and potentially us humans. All matter would just be the opposite polarity of what we're used to now. Electrons would be positively charged, and its antimatter particle might be called a negatron. Also, there could be localized pockets of antimatter in our current universe, meaning that some stars in our galaxy might be antistars. Or maybe there are entire galaxies made of antimatter.
@paulmillcamp but when we have a particle created, it has to go in opposite directions. Why can't we assume that the massive amount of energy that created all the matter, had to have gone in opposite directions?
@@sukisuki9120huh... Do we know how gravity applies to antimatter? If anti matter were on the outside, but the same rules of gravity apply (which is somewhat counterintuitive because it would mean that antimatter has mass not anti-mass), that could explain universe expansion acceleration
I can't avoid it! If an Anti-Bugatti enters my road network, we cannot avoid each other, and are deterministically bound to have a head on and co-annihilate. My poor Bugatti Veyron! Lucky I took out an Event Horizon anti-matter policy ;)
in a fusion reaction about 0.65 percent of the matter becomes energy. In an antimatter bomb, that reacts with ambient matter, 200% of mass (100 percent of the mass of the bomb, PLUS 100% of the bomb's mass worth of ambient matter) becomes energy. If my math is right, that means an antimatter bomb would be 31,250 times as powerful as a pure fusion bomb of the same mass. Alternately, you could get the same destructive power out of a bomb with 1/31250 the mass of current weapons. We are talking tactical weapons with reaction antimatter the weight of a grain of rice.
Several years ago there was the movie Illuminati with Tom Hanks (novel by Dan Brown) showing us the Hollywood version of an Antimatter bomb explosion, right above Vatikan city. In the end the brave one destroying the bomb was the villain just pretending to be the hero. Cool movie.
Anti-Higgs particles may have existed in the early universe but were likely annihilated in the same asymmetric process, a Higgsogenesis process analogous to baryogenesis, leaving only Higgs particles. All theoretically, and not understood, of course.
I don't think we have no idea what we are dealing with but the journey of understanding and learning stuff just so cool. Learn more thing just to disprove stuff we though we knew. I doubt human as specie will survive long enough or have the capacity to figure out the universe and all other possible stuff we discover.
Tbh I didn't fully understand the podcast😂 All I thought about was when Neil mentioned that there was a single matter (opposite to its anti-matter) from which our known universe came to be made of (just from that ONE matter). This single matter particle is like "God" in our universe? So if this theory extrapolated, then we might say in turn there should be an "anti-God" in the anti-matter filled universe. Whether there is any intelligence to it is hard to say as though. Musings and curiosity unto these things matter 😊
I believe he's saying that for every matter particle that exists in our universe, there were a billion matter/anti-matter combos that came together and turned into light. So every matter particle that exists is one in a billion. But there were still many many many many particles that were created this way. And those are the particles that now comprise our universe.
What I would give to talk to these two for just an hour. Its 100 percent my goal to get so smart I get invited to talk with these two. I have so many questions of the unknown to science. Ugh!
I wrote a paper in college chemistry about the practical applications of antimatter over a decade ago, some of them include curing cancer(eradicating cancer cells with a anti matter shower), fueling space ships etc. My teacher was like you're hundreds of years ahead of your time
Whoever said this stuff is for nerds is crazy. This is some mind bending, amazing stuff to hear. Feels like you are discussing some sci-fi fantasy stuff, but it's actual reality around us hahahahah!
Man I love listening to these videos. If in fact it is as Dr. Tyson explained that the fact that EVERYTHING exists is due to a HUGE mathematical probability of 1 in millions, and that one particle didn’t collide with its counterpart to turn into a photon, how can we not attribute that to a creator? Something as based and constant as the laws of physics, which rule the entire universe, was bypassed to create everything around us without a scientific explanation, there can be no doubt in my eyes that there is a creator, a God that created the vast universe that we enjoy today.
Can you explain further. You said there needs to be an asymmetry in matter to antimatter ratio in the early universe and that messes with our understanding with the current equations so I thought of a way we don't need asymmetry. Could this work or why not? I think our universe didn't turn back into energy because our matter bubble didn't hit an antimatter universe bubble. I thought about this after you said momentum needs to add to zero as matter and anti matter fly in the opposite directions, at the moment of it's creation. Doesn't that mean we could've just missed all the things and antithings, and thats the 1 in a billion sho. Also I think this means there needs to be a symmetric universe that missed all other exploding matter antimatter pairs, like ours but anti matter in the opposite direction. Thanks Dr. Tyson, long time fan. Ari
Been a minute since my mind has been blown like this 🤯The last time was the video about nothing and how nothing is really something and how imaginary particles are seething in and out of existence inside empty space. Life seems to be inevitable. Incredible stuff!
![BOWKYLION - วิงวอน (ex-change) [Official MV]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/cLdnZWDaO-w/mqdefault.jpg)
How could the study of antimatter help us understand the origins and ultimate fate of our universe?
If particles annihilate and only pure energy remains does that mean that the universe is ultimately made of pure energy?
Q-Balls, a hypothetical form of dark matter, could "flip" matter into antimatter and allow for practical antimatter production.
Such Q-Balls would produce gravitational radiation, which can be studied by astronomers since gravitational radiation cannot be blocked(unlike electromagnetic radiation).
In addition, because gravity lacks a repulsive counterpart, gravitational radiation is quadripolar, not dipole (like electromagnetic radiation).
This means gravity waves drop off in intensity far more slowly than light waves.
In addition, if the baryon number can be violated, then it's possible for protons to decay, leading to all matter destabilizing.
@@dirtyenergywar7029mass is a condensed form of energy.
We'll see, I reckon.
@@scifirealism5943 Short. On point. Thanks.
I like seeing how much Chuck has learned over the years.
😂💕
there was a lovely bit at about six minutes when it looked like he was getting it and the camera started slowly moving in..
then..
nope..!
didn't get it.. 🙂 x
(so Neil goes through it again and of course he does get it..
i still don't )
@@davidevans3227 Nice to crap on this.
@@wjrasmussen666 what you mean?
When I saw this I thought the chuck from angry birds💀
"Isn't there conservation of energy" I swear if Chuck keeps showing up on StarTalk he will get that Ph.D from Neil himself lol, every video he keeps learning more and more and it shows
Damb true 😂😂
As a teacher, I check my own knowledge before I teach my physical science lessons by watching Star Talk. I teach Jr High and switched from math to science. I have forgotten a lot since I was in Jr High plus things have changed. Keep the lessons coming! ❤❤
@@MissJean63or do your own research?
The part where I thought he was like genuinely a smart guy is when he mentioned a opposite world he could of worded it better but that is definitely a genius thought
@@MichaelHenriqueswatching Neil is part of that. He’s literally an astrophysicist it’s better to learn from experts in the field than as a laymen try to interpret the data.
11:54 in that antimatter universe, the astrophysicist Chuck Nice is explaining to comedian Neil deGrasse Tyson what antimatter is
I wonder if that anti universe is like anti particle and we are part of positive one and the big bang was spontaneous decay
Astrophysicist Nuck Chice and comedian Teil geDrasse Nyson
Pro-matter
AntiChuck. A dangerous super vilain.
It would be more accurate to call it an antiverse because everything about it would be the CPT flipped version (all charges are flipped and time flows backwards). Personally I like to think that the antiverse is the same as our universe but you get to it by going backwards in time from the beginning of the universe.
5:50 Neil's the perfect teacher, man. Perfect balance of understandable but not treating us like we're babies that don't know how to add 2+2. Because he's so good at that, you know at 5:50 when he says "I don't wanna move forward until I hear that you understand this" that you gotta buckle up and get ready because you're in for some serious astrophysics.
He does however have a really bad habit of talking over people
I don’t want to be that person, this guy seems smart, but this is high school level physics… You are expected to enter university already knowing this
@@itsnotdio9911 no its not
@@anthonyhollohan7651 yes bro lol, this is high school stuff
Me and my 9 year old listen to Star Talk every day, and he is finally starting to understand the concepts. We love this channel thanks guys!
Chuck is just like darpa, "cool, so how can we turn this into a bomb?" lmfaooo
"Gee, I wish we had one of them Doomsday Machines." George C. Scott as Gen Bucky Turgidson in 'Doctor Strangelove...."
tbh I hate chuck lol
I mean... 100% efficiency... it's like begging to be weaponised.
@@octavianpopescu4776I mean it’s so easy to destroy a city only a table spoon of antimatter is needed instead of a nuclear bomb and it’s untraceable because everything in destroyed
Trust me, Chuck. You don't want us developing antimatter bombs. To put it in perspective, a hydrogen bomb only converts 0.7% of its mass into energy. Try to wrap your mind around how destructive a weapon would be if a 100% conversion of mass occurred.
Luckily, antimatter is super, super, super expensive to create ($62.5 trillion per gram) and difficult to contain; so, it unlikely an antimatter bomb will ever be produced.
Now to blow Neil's mind... It's been said that our Universe may be inside a giant black hole. Perhaps, that's where the matter went and the antimatter somehow headed away from the black hole.
So when someone says “it doesn’t matter”, are they implying that it DOES anti-matter? Should I be worried about coming into contact with this thing that doesn’t matter?
You'll come into contact with anti matter when you die. It's what the portal you travel through is made of.
As a matter of fact.
@@Iwantamansonguitar Its matters..
Stay positive
that's basically taking a negative and then turning it positive.........
Man I love these two together. I hope they continue to keep doing this show.
that epiphany of why E=MC2 equation is so powerful was fantastic, I remember it well when it happened to me at school.
Never trust anyone who never says "I don't know."
I always love it when scientists say "We don't know" and "We have no idea." Because THAT is a person who actually does understand reality. For all that humans have collectively learned for thousands of years, there is probably infinitely more that we do NOT know. Always remember, admitting that you don't know something isn't a sign of weakness.
" admitting that you don't know something isn't a sign of weakness."
no.... id argue it's a sign of strength if nothing else.
That's why it always annoyed me when scientists say science is truth. No. Truth is someone's perception and our perception can change.
@@cutecats532 Scientists don't deal in truth. Scientists deal in facts. If someone is selling you "truth" then that's not a scientist, they're a salesman.
@@AustinOuellette-vr1vp they don’t deal in facts only. They deal in theories. Hypothesis. Tons of presumption. Agendas, reigning narratives even. Bias’s that seek to overtake alternate or opposing, possibly more factual facts all the time
Saying i dont know will not make you any money.
On a tee shirt of mine:
You matter!!! Unless you multiply yourself by the speed of light squared... Then.. YOU ENERGY!!
👑
I need that shirt my favorite book is equals mc squared the history of the equation
I'd totally wear this!!!
Matter is energy that has mass. Everything is energy. Mass is just a property of energy.
Google search "geek shirt you matter you energy". Several examples pop up
I hope we never find an antimatter Universe so Chuck never gets annihilated by Lord Mean
Nice.😉
Since Lord Nice already has a beard, would Lord Mean be cleanshaven?
Lmfao
More like Peasant Mean
Or by the Anti-Monitor 🤯
9:57 That's why chuck is essential for this show . To make science learning fun. ❤😂
I dont know who the guy is who is always with Neil, but, what i do know is that he responds how i would expect myself to if caught offguard and stupidly high trying to discuss astrophysics
The more I think about it, the more I think it's not just about finding the answers, it's about the process and journey of finding answers.
I never get tired of Chuck
3:36 Lord Chuckenheimer was born
If all the antimatter went in one direction it's possible all the matter went in the other and we just exist peacefully in separate sides of the universe
Like beyond the cosmic horizon?
yeah, it did mention a particle moving backwards in time
we would have seen something directional in the universe if that was true
Yea beyond the observable universe. It's been drifting away from us since the early universe as they said. And conservation of momentum that means it's going exactly opposite to us and both moving at the same speed. @@ross4814
@@ΔΔΙΓ I'm referring to the fact that the universe has already expanded beyond the point to which we could reach all of it, leaving a sort of horizon that we could never pass since we would have to travel beyond the speed of light.
He literally explained in simplest way possible ✨
I love Chuck for his perfect comedic timing and willingness to learn. Also, Neil, get ready to give this man a PHD! These two together is a force to be reckon with not to mention, they make learning fun. It inspires me to keep on learning!
Fact that every time Chuck says crazy is when he understands something, just like us
Except that he's starting to understand stuff we don't. We're getting left behind in a fog of stupidity
From my rudimentary smattering of research, I'm moderately sure that I've not only been in contact with antimatter, but it indirectly saved my life. Around 2000 I had a PET scan and this was the first scan technology that was able to clinically confirm the presence of cancer. All other imaging and bloodwork prior to that point had not detected it. This led to a regimen of chemotherapy and I'm still around 24 years later to write about it. I've tried several times to learn how PET scans work, but the furthest I've been able to take my knowledge thus far is that I was injected with a radioisotope attached to a carrier, from which positrons were emitted (as in Positron Emission Tomography), all happening within my body. It was still a fairly new technology in my area of the UK at that time, and it's doubtless become more sophisticated since, but I've long wondered about the mechanics of how and why it works.
I had a PET scan in 2020 and it confirmed that I had a melanoma on my left arm. I had to google PET scan to learn what it is. I would recommend that you do the same. Very interesting. P.S. The melanoma was successfully removed.
@@bikkies you have been in contact with antimatter if you a had a PET (positron emission tomography) scan. During a PET scan, they inject a radioactive tracer that contains positrons (the antimatter equivalent of electrons) into your body. When those positrons come into contact with the electrons in the atoms within your body, they annihilate and emit a photon (light). That light is much more energetic than visible light and essentially passes right through your body, similar to how gamma ray radiation penetrates your body. Doctor's can detect those gamma rays with a scanner, allowing them to essentially non-invasively map out things going on within your body. So yes you definitely did come in contact with antimatter, and it probably did save, or at least extend, your life.
@@kimjohnson4278 Glad to hear of your success. In my case, the PET was only used at the diagnosis phase. The scanning aspects of my subsequent monitoring and staging went back to CT and MRI, supplemented by bloods and biopsies. My takeaway from this was that - unless they just struck lucky - a PET would appear to be potentially very sensitive. I've spent quite a bit of time, mainly on Wikipedia, trying to understand the process by which PET scans operate, but I lack the book smarts to fully grasp the subject so far. It's a work in progress.
Tell that science , Covid,evolution denier people who believe social media then doctor. 😊
They should not have any PET scans because those doctor are putting microchips in them.😅
PET scans are really simple.
Cancers grow faster than surrounding tissue. To do that, they need to metabolize more glucose than the surrounding tissue. That is too get bigger they need to eat more -- just like you do.
PET scans exploit that fact by adding isotopically marked glucose (actually its fluorodeoxyglucose with an unstable F-18 atom that beta+ decays into O-18 with a half-life of 110 minutes) into your blood. The positron that is emitted when it decays can be detected from outside of the body.
So after the marked glucose has had time to be absorbed by your tissues, you can use the positron emissions to map how the glucose has been distributed through your body. Areas with high positron emissions indicate areas that have metabolized lots of the glucose. If an area of the body is metabolizing more of the glucose tracer than other tissues of the same type, then it is likely to be a growing cancer.
PET scans have also been used extensively in cognitive research to map what areas of the brain are being used for different kinds of cognition. Thinking also uses energy so brain centers that are in active use metabolize more glucose than those that are idle.
You guys are so good as co-host. Chuck seems pretty smart but watching him try to understand what is being said, and then seeing his "ah ha" moment is priceless
I started watching you guys during the pandemic and I can't get used seeing you both in one room. I prefer the previous format more.
Chuck Nice has gotten so much faster understanding this stuff from when he first began. Awesome. I knew more than Chuck Nice before but now we are about the same in our ability to absorb this content. The more the faster we all will be at it...just practice!
I love the banter of this duo, it makes me feel like I'm smart enough to hang out
I've seen a lot of YT videos on this topic, but this is by far the best explained and most entertaining one.
chuck attempting to understand was like unintentional comedic genius. the thing about chuck that’s great, aside from all the obvious, is if neil can explain a thing to chuck, that means he’s explained it well enough. he’s the perfect average-listener test.
I usually understand everything that Neil explains. He is literally a genius when simplifying complex things. But this video still went over my head. Am I the only one?? 😢
I love how when I have a topic in mind I want to listen about, there is a Neil deGrasse Tyson video that explains it
Not to get political but I'm pro-matter.
Matter Lives Matter!
😂
Now all the physics geeks are gonna get shirts.😂
Me too
Sometimes, it feels like: "the only consistency about science is that it is consistently-inconsistent 🤯 "
Thanks, Neil, for blowing my mind-up as always 👍
Between this and pbs space time you will actually learn a lot about physics and quantum physics. You still wouldn’t understand one of their formulas but it really does work to educate those willing to learn
I love that after all these years, Neil still loves explaining how the universe works, and Chuck still has the curiosity for the things that are mind blowing. 🤯❤️😉
Thank you both for the never ending love and energy you both give😄
Chuck is looking built. Bros been working on both mind and body
Given that matter and antimatter should have been produced in equal quantities during the early universe, is it possible that the observed matter-antimatter asymmetry could be due not to an intrinsic imbalance, but rather to a scenario where matter and antimatter particles were blasted apart by early energetic events (such as inflation or particle interactions) and are now separated on opposite ends of the universe, thus preventing their annihilation? If so, what mechanisms would prevent their eventual recombination over time?
Nothing, like papers said our universe is expanding more slowly,when it completely stops then anti matter is gona push in and anhilation will begin all over again , think of it like sphere inside of a sphere, the outside sphere is antimatter that was pushed at start, and our universe is inside it, engulfed, so naturally if the energy is so wast then it's not unreasonable that remains of that energy still push our universe to expand but when that energy is gone then anti matter is gona go back to it's counterparts and just swallow our universe and everything will begin once again
So we know there is that 1 particle that started it, and i suspect black holes are of antimatter and when you see black hole coliding with positron star then there goes an anhilation of both, not just one, and a lot of energy is released..But if we come again to anhilation of whole universe, universe has an edge now for that 1 particle that started it all so all life must begin new no matter what happens now, before it was question of chance
One of my favourite labs in undergrad physics was taking a gamma ray source and watching photons transform into electron/positron pairs, and then annihilate back into a photon.
Where did you go to school? My son wants to do this!
@@kathandty It was a 3rd year or 4th year (4th year I think) undergrad lab at a military university.
I was about to go to sleep as its 00:08 in Romania. But I guess sleep can wait 15 more minutes :D
Bulgaria here
Finland here, 0.34, sleep gotta wait for 15 minutes😂😂
...aaand now there is new PBS spacetime video
It's 23:45 in South Africa
I have insomnia
00:51 here in Ukraine. Same
I love watching these two. It never ceases to amaze me how far science goes formulate these outlandish ideas about how the universe was created all because they dont want to believe in an intelligent creator.
This very much gives an explanation of how it was done from said intelligent creator.
A world of light, an electron and positron moving in opposite’s directions of time.
😂 gives me ideas for a novel.
Shawn, those two things are not mutually exclusive though. Sounds to me like this "intelligent creator" is the single matter (opposite to its anti-matter) from which our known universe came to be made of (that ONE matter). This single matter particle is like "God" in our universe. The theory expanded might say in turn there should be an "anti-God" in the anti-matter filled universe. Whether there is any intelligence to it is hard to say as through randomness things will eventually form. Musings and curiosity unto these things matter 😊
did he just explain star trek replicators?
He explained the way he and Barry think the craft's reactor works. In the bottom of the reactor is a miniature cycletron particle accelerator. It bombards the 115, plugging a proton into the nucleus and transmuting it to 116. It decays almost instantly back to 115, and in the process releases some anti-matter and gravitational waves. The gravity waves are amplified up and run through the three emitters to move the craft. The anti-matter goes up a tuned tube and reacts with a gas and annihilates at 100% (in admitted violation), conversion to heat. This heat runs a thermal conductor to generate electricity which powers the systems and sub systems on the craft. Apparently, a tiny, tiny bit of anti-matter, when coming in contact with matter, releases quite a large amount of energy.
What the f*ck are u can you explain what are u saying
Chuck's tattoo is freakin awesome, omg!!
I can't see it very well, what is it?
"we need to figure out an anti-matter bomb"
Lord Nice really let his intrusive thoughts win 😂
🤣you don’t need to make an anti matter bomb…just anti matter🫵🏾
Antimatter delivery system/generator
Antimatter is one of the most fascinating discoveries in modern physics, offering a glimpse into the fundamental symmetries of our universe. The fact that antimatter particles mirror regular matter yet annihilate upon contact raises profound questions about the origins of the universe and why there is an imbalance between matter and antimatter. What are the latest advancements in antimatter research, and how are scientists planning to harness it for practical applications, such as energy generation or medical treatments?
I love that even after all these years Chuck can still share in the audience's experience of having our minds blown. Great stuff!
More specifically, a photon that is visible in our reference frame cannot create a particle/anti-particle pair stationary in our reference frame; however, in a reference frame moving VERY fast toward the photon's source, that photon CAN create a particle/anti-particle pair... Also, electrons interact with the weak nuclear force, so it is necessary to interact with a neutrino/anti-neutrino pair to "spontaneously create an electron/positron pair." Of course, the created neutrinos might annihilate immediately after the pair is produced... or the photon might interact with and bind to existing neutrinos removing them from the background field.
enter "quantum entanglement"
This is the most popular podcast in the future
This show is absolutely amazing. Tyson is, of course, the main reason, but his cohost adds so much to the equation. Incredible.
Your formatting is getting a lot better i like the focus on science then the jokes increasing with timebut not being too overwhelming
Bob Ross painting the universe into existence: "There are no mistakes, only happy little accidents!"
You started off saying that an antiparticle goes backwards in time? Maybe when the universe formed during the big bang and matter and antimatter was bring created, the antimatter immediately went backwards in time, the 4th dimension, and the matter went forwards separating and they never found each other, hence the matter universe going forwards in time we live in.
That’s an interesting way of looking at it. 🤔
backwards time, fifth dimension. time stop, sixth dimension. thats how i look at it.
@@TonySchiavone6 Wait, explain it again.
@@billionsandbillionsofstars time going forward is a dimension. When it travels backwards, its another one. When it stops totally its a sixth dimension. Just like we have left right, up down, and depth being our everyday dimensions. Black holes allow for time stopping at least to the observer. Black/white holes allow for time moving backwards(which might be forward because we are going backwards). Just because we can't survive it doesn't mean it can't exist. 6 total dimensions just right there. Doesn't include the higher dimension that allows our 3 dimensions to exist in.
@@TonySchiavone6 I see what you’re saying…it’s interesting. 🧐
This comment is an anti-joke
It doesn't matter
Not really. An anti-joke is a joke wearing the mask of not being a joke. This is simply not a joke.
Does an anti joke make you cry or laugh inward ?
if i put a joke here would they annihilate each other
Knock knock.
who's there?
Bro why did you lock the door?
That's an anti joke? Idk I don't get it.
Sitting down over a beer with these two to just talk about anything is on my bucket list
These 2 have made me interested in science. I just wish my teacher was like this
This means that life could theoretically evolve in antimatter and that's so interesting to me. I don't fully comprehend just how different they'd perceive and exist in the world, however it's interesting to think their light spectrum (among many things) would be reversed. They'd see red as green and vice-versa.
We are anti-matter life for beings who would have evolved in what we call anti- matter
Interesting ... Please elaborate on why you think the light spectrum would be reversed. Given that Photons are their own anti-particles, I'm thinking that in Anti-Universe AntiPhotons are Photons. Also interesting is that electricity in Anti-Universe is the flow of charge carried by Positrons. We could coin the term "Positricity", but it's not necessary as Anti-electricity acts identically to electricity.
@@CheeseWyrm Upon rethinking this I made an assumption here based off limited information. I was thinking about the reversed charges before, but the spectral lines are determined by energy level transitions, not absolute charge values. Basically I made a huge oversight lol, thank you though, because you made me rethink it.
11:01 it would be so funny if they both touched each other and vanished turning into light
underrated comment
Giggling😂😭☺️
"How you gonna have an anti-neutral particle?" -- This is the question that got me kicked out of Physics class. Apparently, because I was "being smart". Thank you Chuck!
my best guess would be it would be inverse neutral properties....
It's not just electric charge that's opposite in an antiparticle, it's all the quantum numbers. For example, there's a conserved quantity called "lepton number", leptons being the light particles such as electrons and neutrinos. A neutrino has a lepton number of 1, an antineutrino has a lepton number of -1, so neutrinos and antineutrinos are different particles, despite them both being neutral and not being made up of anything else.
@@gcewing Mr. Masters decided to kick me out of class, instead of just saying what you said. 🤣
@@meterfeeder ....the true mind....
...can weather all the lies and illusions without being lost....
.... the true heart can tough the poison of hatred without being lost....
....since beginingless time....
... darkness thrives in the void....
...but always yields....
....to purifying light.....
th-cam.com/video/Z2GrZ_B_zm4/w-d-xo.htmlfeature=shared
@@meterfeeder proof or it didn't happen
This show is quickly becoming one of my favorites
I would literally give anything to be sitting in a room where they are recording one of these and I can just listen and and interject every now and again. ANYTHING.
POV : If science and comedy had a conversation
And science thinks it's funnier than it is.
thats basically what neil envisioned this talk to be. when science and pop culture collide
bkbland1626
Aren't you snarky and not funny?!!
Oo my god it's about time ❤. Lincolnshire, UK
Liverpool
At at 8:00 Neil talks about the soup of positive and negative particles, but earlier described that the positrons and electrons go off in different directions to make the net momentum 0. What would happen if a positron were to collide with an electron that it is not paired with? Wouldn't that create a net positive/negative momentum vector?
I suspect that bursting of energy would send off other other pairs of positron and electron to different trajectories of space, but everything in that anti matter particle should be a reverse of our world, so if there is a universe out there of anti matter it's dark, without light, it doesn't have stars because there is no heat, it's cold, and everything flows in reverse, it's like shadow without a person..I belive that our whole universe is surrounded with anti matter and that is considered the edge of whole universe..
If you consider it well explosion is always round if the particle is round, so our spherical universe is engulfed into sphere of dark matter, a sphere inside of sphere we just don't see it because there is no way to see it because it absorbs light particles
@@sukisuki9120actually, antimatter interacts with light and other electromagnetic forces exactly the same as regular matter does. Maybe you're thinking of so-called dark matter, which does not interact with light, but has nothing to do with antimatter.
In theory, this means that if there would have been an abundance of antimatter at the start of the universe, an entire antimatter universe could exist. Complete with galaxies, stars, light, heat and potentially us humans. All matter would just be the opposite polarity of what we're used to now. Electrons would be positively charged, and its antimatter particle might be called a negatron.
Also, there could be localized pockets of antimatter in our current universe, meaning that some stars in our galaxy might be antistars. Or maybe there are entire galaxies made of antimatter.
@paulmillcamp but when we have a particle created, it has to go in opposite directions. Why can't we assume that the massive amount of energy that created all the matter, had to have gone in opposite directions?
Nope, because the net momentum of the annihilating particles would determine the momentum of the created photon.
@@sukisuki9120huh... Do we know how gravity applies to antimatter? If anti matter were on the outside, but the same rules of gravity apply (which is somewhat counterintuitive because it would mean that antimatter has mass not anti-mass), that could explain universe expansion acceleration
As a fan of your channel I can actually appreciate this episode breath taking content that feeds my mind thank you
I wish I could just hang out with you two all day, you two are so awesome
I know one thing. Avoid collisions with antimatter vehicles at all costs. There may be a problem with insurance later.
I can't avoid it! If an Anti-Bugatti enters my road network, we cannot avoid each other, and are deterministically bound to have a head on and co-annihilate. My poor Bugatti Veyron!
Lucky I took out an Event Horizon anti-matter policy ;)
HAHAHA
"Oh man we need to figure out an antimatter bomb"
"That was not the point.... "
in a fusion reaction about 0.65 percent of the matter becomes energy. In an antimatter bomb, that reacts with ambient matter, 200% of mass (100 percent of the mass of the bomb, PLUS 100% of the bomb's mass worth of ambient matter) becomes energy. If my math is right, that means an antimatter bomb would be 31,250 times as powerful as a pure fusion bomb of the same mass. Alternately, you could get the same destructive power out of a bomb with 1/31250 the mass of current weapons.
We are talking tactical weapons with reaction antimatter the weight of a grain of rice.
you know that's the first thing we will make when we do figure it out right?
Several years ago there was the movie Illuminati with Tom Hanks (novel by Dan Brown) showing us the Hollywood version of an Antimatter bomb explosion, right above Vatikan city. In the end the brave one destroying the bomb was the villain just pretending to be the hero. Cool movie.
We need to figure out controlled matter/antimatter reactions, then figure out warp drive.
For everyone that watches these videos but doesn't understand any of it... join the club.
S'ok, it doesn't matter.
(sound of nervous laughter)
lol I get about 4% of what they are saying.
Neil is the only voice of reason in my life. When things go haywire I come back to be set right.
I love your conversation, it's so insightful and entertaining and exciting to listen to!
I haven't done the math but I'm fairly confident that Anti-Chuck and Chuck were ever to hug it would blow a fairly large hole in this galaxy ....
Neil DeGrass Tyson should start writing for movies.
What if we’re the anti-matter universe?
We are in the universe where the electron is negative so we probably are lol.
It's all relativistic ;)
Fine, you can be universe A, we'll be universe 1.
Again the best scientist explaining to the best co-host. What a combo this channel has become :D
Love how you make it easy to understand. I will share. Thank you and regards from Québec ✌️
What’s the anti Higgs boson particle?
The devil particle
@@NealBurkard-ut1oo😅
That’s what the aliens use to defy gravity in their flying saucers 🛸
Anti-Higgs particles may have existed in the early universe but were likely annihilated in the same asymmetric process, a Higgsogenesis process analogous to baryogenesis, leaving only Higgs particles. All theoretically, and not understood, of course.
The Higgs boson particle isn’t a particle. It’s a boson.
Came here to find out about Auntie Matters. V disappointed.
Bro has no idea what gang is talking about😂😂
We're all el-stupidos on this blessed day 🙌🏼
This is why opposites attract each other be it in any matter
“Well say that again “ chuck you and me both exact reaction Brodie bro
Ah I finally get that equation 51 years old and you learn something everyday. Thank you...❤ Quantum mechanics.
I don't think we have no idea what we are dealing with but the journey of understanding and learning stuff just so cool. Learn more thing just to disprove stuff we though we knew. I doubt human as specie will survive long enough or have the capacity to figure out the universe and all other possible stuff we discover.
Tbh I didn't fully understand the podcast😂 All I thought about was when Neil mentioned that there was a single matter (opposite to its anti-matter) from which our known universe came to be made of (just from that ONE matter). This single matter particle is like "God" in our universe? So if this theory extrapolated, then we might say in turn there should be an "anti-God" in the anti-matter filled universe. Whether there is any intelligence to it is hard to say as though. Musings and curiosity unto these things matter 😊
I believe he's saying that for every matter particle that exists in our universe, there were a billion matter/anti-matter combos that came together and turned into light. So every matter particle that exists is one in a billion. But there were still many many many many particles that were created this way. And those are the particles that now comprise our universe.
5:33 basically explaining how replicators would work in Star Trek
Crazy video! Thanks for helping me understand :0
What I would give to talk to these two for just an hour. Its 100 percent my goal to get so smart I get invited to talk with these two. I have so many questions of the unknown to science. Ugh!
I first learned about Anti-matter from Dan Brown's novel, Angels and Demons and I've been intrigued by the topic ever since.
One of the most genuinely interesting and profoundly engaging video. ❤
I wrote a paper in college chemistry about the practical applications of antimatter over a decade ago, some of them include curing cancer(eradicating cancer cells with a anti matter shower), fueling space ships etc. My teacher was like you're hundreds of years ahead of your time
you gonna end up eradicating more than just cancer cells
This was a great explainer. As a matter of fact, you guys are a great team.
Thank you. This was one of the best explanations of antimatter.
Whoever said this stuff is for nerds is crazy. This is some mind bending, amazing stuff to hear. Feels like you are discussing some sci-fi fantasy stuff, but it's actual reality around us hahahahah!
Their presentation of a serious subject like Science with humour is really interesting. ❤🎉😂
All this is fascinating, I wish to understand quantum physics better. So beautiful and so complicated at the same time.
Chuck learnt more about physics than my physics teacher.😮
I am ‘charged up’ after this conversation 😁
But sadly, the anti-you is charged down!
Gracias Neil y Chuck por traer siempre información sobre nuestras curiosidades
Man I love listening to these videos. If in fact it is as Dr. Tyson explained that the fact that EVERYTHING exists is due to a HUGE mathematical probability of 1 in millions, and that one particle didn’t collide with its counterpart to turn into a photon, how can we not attribute that to a creator? Something as based and constant as the laws of physics, which rule the entire universe, was bypassed to create everything around us without a scientific explanation, there can be no doubt in my eyes that there is a creator, a God that created the vast universe that we enjoy today.
Can you explain further. You said there needs to be an asymmetry in matter to antimatter ratio in the early universe and that messes with our understanding with the current equations so I thought of a way we don't need asymmetry. Could this work or why not? I think our universe didn't turn back into energy because our matter bubble didn't hit an antimatter universe bubble. I thought about this after you said momentum needs to add to zero as matter and anti matter fly in the opposite directions, at the moment of it's creation. Doesn't that mean we could've just missed all the things and antithings, and thats the 1 in a billion sho. Also I think this means there needs to be a symmetric universe that missed all other exploding matter antimatter pairs, like ours but anti matter in the opposite direction. Thanks Dr. Tyson, long time fan. Ari
Been a minute since my mind has been blown like this 🤯The last time was the video about nothing and how nothing is really something and how imaginary particles are seething in and out of existence inside empty space. Life seems to be inevitable. Incredible stuff!