I am in so much awe not only of Master Huang Yunpeng but of his hundreds of artists who put so much of their creative energies in reproducing the ancient masterpieces as well as in injecting modern design techniques to the age old art. Despite the fact that many are machine-moulded or transfer-printed, they are still touched by the adept hands of the skilled artisans. This video made me appreciate every piece of Chinese ceramics that I had gratefully acquired from the Chinese Ceramic Traders who brought them to our country. Thank you Jingdezhen for sharing your exquisite art to the world!
How lucky were you to get accompanied your whole trip with one of the modern world ceramic masters... Shared his stories and knowledges, and even given one of his own personalized piece for you to keep. This video is so full of knowledges so as didn't skipped.. I watched this on 2024 Thankyou for this
Amazing video - thankyou. This is what saddens me so much about what I hear about modern China. Their history is absolutely amazing and the skill of its artisans back then tremendous - now they are still skilled but basically to fake everything for quick bucks using cheap shoddy materials. Unless figures like this master - keeping the skills alive
Apart from the amazing subject, the quality of your presentation and edditing is outstanding! Such a pleasure to watch! You should be making documentaries as your profession.
I also made this product and i have small factory for this product in india. I have present all product in ceramic only under 500 indian currency. If you want to visit , buy and some you give information you can give🥰 My contact number is 7004290162,8873478554and my email I'd is -anandvirat420@gmail.com Thanking you Anand kumar
Thank you so much for sharing! A wonderful look at what this ancient ceramic capital looks like today reflecting the 2000 yearold history and stretching into the future! I do hope the masters ambition to declare the area with all those ancient kilms in the hillside a protected relic of the past comes to fruition! It’s any potter or porcelain nerds DREAM to be able to study the shards of past centuries lying in great heaps, the way you did, I hope they will keep it that way for future generations of artists and students to cherish and learn from! Oh and that market and residency program, gosh how tempting! ❤️🙏
This' the 3rd time I watched this in a yr. So beautiful which I could only watched from the screen. I will be there to see them in real life. Not only the ceramic but greater than that are the civilization, I'm a Vietnamese, the ppl, culture, scenery, all the things I viewed. Thanks.
Your documentary is very interesting and it provides me a great insight into how kaolin is harvested and produced with artistic flair and high quality.It helps me appreciate and understand my porcelain collections better.Tempted to go there probably in May when I visit Foochow.to see with my own eyes.Seen one of the famous celadon museum in Hangzhou two years back.Always fascinated and intrigued by the ancient history and culture of my motherland, China.
Excellent Program! I watched it all the way to the end! I’ve always enjoyed Asian art of all kinds and am currently working to learn more about them. Thanks for sharing your experience and well produced program.
Very nicely done. Thank you for giving us the option to see this great master, his workers and the art they do. The town looks lovely and makes me want to see it
What an amazing story. You are so lucky to visit this wonderful place & own a hand made plate from this super talented master. Thank you for sharing the video.
Just acquired my first piece. Didn’t know the possibility’s of this being a original piece until recently. I’ve been studying it and researching and really can’t say for sure. Everything I find is more with it being dated mid 1800s. Can’t find any pattern close enough. Is there any free help online.
Thanks so much for this. I have been reading a lot on this area and nice to see exactly what I was reading about. Best of luck to you and have a question. Does your host know if any of his work has been attempted to have been sold as authentic Yuan and Ming pieces? Seems like there's a been tradition of that there in China.
d3prodalex : I doubt that a man like Master Huang would sell his work as antiques. Unfortunately, I think there are quite a lot of dishonest people who would gladly do that. Unless he signs clearly his works?
Those "bowls " to keep the pottery glaze clean from the "elements" during firing in the kiln is actually called a saggar. The "porcelain stone" is Kaolin.
23:01 check the chipped rim of relish bowl....the man has no pretense or fear of being filmed by an international student/visitor....just presented what he had in his house ! nice commentary too !
What is that instrument they paint with? Is it a pen, is it a brush? Looks more like a brush, but I've never seen a brush to hold the ink quiet like this. They also have sort of a pen for fin drawing. Does anyone know what the name of it is and where I could find that?
Óscar Chagoya Hello Sir， this is Cici from Jingdezhen city China, which is famous of porcelain products in the world.If you are interested, I can share porcelain vase, bowl set and tea set with you
As a painter I'm a disciple of Hieronymus Bosch, William Blake et al & some of my artworks are hellish, nasty, scary, disturbing & brutal - hence, I would dearly love to hang plates on my gallery spaces to shock minds [see Dolcedo Art of the Thunderbolt ground-floor & mezzanine for some idea]. Question is: how do I get my images on to plates, plaques & other ceramic objects? Is there a way? PS I also love exquisite ceramics.
I was once visiting a Chinese family to learn about traditional chinese silk embroidery and they invited me to dinner. I didn't expect for a second that they would invite me to their house but when i arrived there was a 10 courses meal ready for us and the master was telling me how his wife, mother and daughter had been preparing that meal just for me. I looked at the courses which were all displayed on the table and each of them was made of meat and i am vegan since birth. This master had been showing me around for three day and teaching me all i asked him and had offered me countless samples of embroidery and now i was facing the worst dilemma of my life (i am not exaggerating) because i had to put my faith first (I am Jain) or my decency first. I asked them if i could make a quick call before dinner because i needed to check something with my plane. But in fact i went outside and called my mother and told her. She said that the animals had been killed so if i didn't eat them they were going to be thrown away and then they would have been killed for no reason, and so she told me to just have a bite of everything and then say that i am full. I ate a little portion of everything trying not to throw up as i did, trying to smile and making sure i didn't ask what it was, although some dishes like chicken and rabbits and piglets were obvious as they were presented looking like the animal. It was the most excruciating experience in my life and it completely ruined the past three days i had spent. I drunk probably a litre of tea after that to clean my mouth and my stomach before thanking them all sincerely, offering them the presents i had bought for them and then excusing myself. By the time i arrived at my hotel i was already sick and i got sick for a week which completely ruined my last week in China. Even when i was back home i was sick for nearly a month because my body had never had to digest something of animal origin and rejected it and identified it as poison which gave me the same symptoms as food poisoning. To this day i can't look at chinese embroidery without getting a bad taste in my mouth. That scene when you make the dumplings with them brought me right back to my experience. I have 3 pig pets and 5 rabbits and until their last day, every time i looked at them i thought that i actually ate one of them and can perfectly remember the taste.
@@realchinese9834 That's why i never told them. But i also believe that before you invite someone over for lunch or dinner you should ALWAYS ask about their dietary restrictions. It is as rude to refuse eating a meal prepared for you as it is to not ask your guest if they can eat it. Don't you think ? Imagine if i invited you to my house and served you human flesh and told you that i made it especially for you, how would you feel ? Would you eat it out of respect for me or refuse out of respect for yourself and your values ?
@@kachi2782 You have think it way further than the reality was, if they invite you to eat human flesh you wouldn't get alone with them in the beginning, isn't it? The way they treated you is from their kindest way, because in Chinese culture, people would not ask if you are alleged on some kind of food or asking if you are vegan. perhaps in your view this is offending, and I can understand it, but I take it to a deeper level, that is how people get alone each other, you see, people here in the United States don't even know their neighbors name. in your case you can just simply reject it and tell them the reason, they would understand it, because in China, there are many people who are vegan. rejecting someone is not offending. complaining someone in the heart is offending.
@@realchinese9834 But to me, people eating animals is the same as for you people eating human flesh. I am forced to accept people eating animals because i try not to offend them, but deep down i absolutely can not stand people who eat meat. I run two companies and all my employees are vegans i met in vegan circles. I would never hire anyone who eats animals, just like if you ran a company, you would not hire anyone who eats human flesh. I think when you invite someone it is extremely important to ask them if they have allergies or if their values prevent them from eating certain food. What if i invite you and make a dish with peanuts in it and you are deadly allergic to peanuts. If i do not ask you about your allergies or dietary restrictions then i might kill you with my food. And if you ask me what's in the cake and i say peanuts, what are you going to do ? Eat the cake and die or offend me by not eating the cake. But i also think that the moment you are invited somewhere to eat, you should either explain exactly what you can and cannot or will not eat or simply say (and this is what i always do) "I am sorry i am an extremely picky eater so it is best that i do not come to your dinner party but we can have tea or coffee instead". My host in China was very kind to invite me and i did eat whatever was served to me and got sick, but i did not offend my host by refusing to eat. But mostly because i felt bad for the animals and didn't want them to have died for no reason. Even if i hadn't liked my host i would have still eaten to meat in order not to spoil it. I am not complaining but i am saying that when you invite someone to eat, you should always ask what they can and can not eat and when you are invited to eat, you should also explain what you can and can not eat as well. This avoids problems.
@@kachi2782 there is many flaw in your comment, first of all I can not imagine people who are vegan and have a "good heart" are saying: "people eating animal is the same as for you people eat human", in your value, people who kill an ant is the same as people kill a person, this is why I said your value has problem. Take the peanut allergy you mentioned as an example, you can alway talk to the host saying you are alleged to peanut (just like you talk to them you are a vegan), they would tell you if the food contains a peanut or not, a simple and east to solve issue has been complicated by your logic, as I mentioned earlier, this is culture difference, if you are in Indian or Taiwan or Malaysia people wouldn't ask you if you are a vegan or alleged on food, again you would think this is not right but thats your standard, people in Easter culture wouldn't think that way, so who is right and who is wrong? (just like you would think kill an ant is like kill a person). Nothing wrong about eating animal or being a Vegan, there is reason and there is result (I hate to say the word "karma", it would lead to another topic). again, that is your standard to say "at least you should ask someone before you invite them to eat". which I think is alright to ask or not to ask.
I am in so much awe not only of Master Huang Yunpeng but of his hundreds of artists who put so much of their creative energies in reproducing the ancient masterpieces as well as in injecting modern design techniques to the age old art. Despite the fact that many are machine-moulded or transfer-printed, they are still touched by the adept hands of the skilled artisans. This video made me appreciate every piece of Chinese ceramics that I had gratefully acquired from the Chinese Ceramic Traders who brought them to our country. Thank you Jingdezhen for sharing your exquisite art to the world!
How lucky were you to get accompanied your whole trip with one of the modern world ceramic masters... Shared his stories and knowledges, and even given one of his own personalized piece for you to keep.
This video is so full of knowledges so as didn't skipped..
I watched this on 2024
Thankyou for this
Amazing video - thankyou.
This is what saddens me so much about what I hear about modern China.
Their history is absolutely amazing and the skill of its artisans back then tremendous - now they are still skilled but basically to fake everything for quick bucks using cheap shoddy materials.
Unless figures like this master - keeping the skills alive
Apart from the amazing subject, the quality of your presentation and edditing is outstanding! Such a pleasure to watch!
You should be making documentaries as your profession.
beautifully done, thank you! I was struck by your respectfulness and love for what you were filming.
Judy, thank you for sharing that masterful trip with so much knowledge and talent . Truly inspirational !
Wonderful, So Special
How's this NOT getting more (much MORE) views?? The production value is STUNNING! Thanks for sharing!
99.9% dont care about this stuff
Today I made my first ceramic piece
I wish I could learn from such a great master
Thank you for this video
Thank you everyone for watching our show!
Can I contact with the American girl I really like her so much.
I also made this product and i have small factory for this product in india. I have present all product in ceramic only under 500 indian currency. If you want to visit , buy and some you give information you can give🥰
My contact number is 7004290162,8873478554and my email I'd is -anandvirat420@gmail.com
Thanking you
Anand kumar
Thank you so much for sharing! A wonderful look at what this ancient ceramic capital looks like today reflecting the 2000 yearold history and stretching into the future!
I do hope the masters ambition to declare the area with all those ancient kilms in the hillside a protected relic of the past comes to fruition! It’s any potter or porcelain nerds DREAM to be able to study the shards of past centuries lying in great heaps, the way you did, I hope they will keep it that way for future generations of artists and students to cherish and learn from!
Oh and that market and residency program, gosh how tempting! ❤️🙏
muy interesante podrias mandar informacion de como realizar el master gracias
Showing this video to my mother and sharing it with others.
Just finished watching this awesome show GREAT JOB !
Excellent Video, so nicely done, very educational, you speak so well and great filming - Thanks - rich
Wonderful Master Huang Yunpeng, a "Treasure to his Nation"
Wow Dynamic.
You should read up on the cultural revolution and its intended effect on the four olds.
What a superb video! Thank you so much for sharing this. I am in deep love with ceramics and this was just beautiful!
Thank you for this wonderful video. Some of the reproductions are amazing and beautiful.
Wow, what a great trip! ...and so much beautiful art!
This' the 3rd time I watched this in a yr. So beautiful which I could only watched from the screen. I will be there to see them in real life. Not only the ceramic but greater than that are the civilization, I'm a Vietnamese, the ppl, culture, scenery, all the things I viewed.
Thanks.
I collect some Chinese porcelain pieces. So nice to see how they were and are made. Your video is very informative.
@@gillianmalcolm4573 😂😂，要找买家至少得把英文讲好。
Thank you for sharing your visit to China. Enjoyed seeing the wonderful ancient ceramic and landscape.
Your documentary is very interesting and it provides me a great insight into how kaolin is harvested and produced with artistic flair and high quality.It helps me appreciate and understand my porcelain collections better.Tempted to go there probably in May when I visit Foochow.to see with my own eyes.Seen one of the famous celadon museum in Hangzhou two years back.Always fascinated and intrigued by the ancient history and culture of my motherland, China.
Excellent Program! I watched it all the way to the end! I’ve always enjoyed Asian art of all kinds and am currently working to learn more about them. Thanks for sharing your experience and well produced program.
Very nicely done. Thank you for giving us the option to see this great master, his workers and the art they do. The town looks lovely and makes me want to see it
I just want to watch 5 mins. End up watching the whole movie. What an awesome video. I like it. Thanks for doing this nice video.👍
absolutely great video!...great storyboard and editing... congrats
Fascinating narrative... the passion and sensibility of the ceramic master, amazing!
What an amazing story. You are so lucky to visit this wonderful place & own a hand made plate from this super talented master. Thank you for sharing the video.
What a wonderful journey for this nz potter. Thank you for making this video! How I hope to visit Jingdezen!
What a surprisingly lovely video! I enjoyed all of it especially the difference between spitting old and new porcelains.
What a treasure of a video! You let me understand many many tricks of this wonderful art form. Thank you so much!
PS: Lucky you for that wonderful present!
谢谢你的视频，希望更多人了解到今天中国的陶瓷和景德镇陶瓷。也欢迎更多的朋友来到景德镇参观交流学习！
Thank you for this wonderful vid that makes me want to meet Master Huang Yunpeng in person and learn this ancient art.
awesome! so nice seeing mr Huang's company and seeing ming and qing methods being used. and the dancing fish! wow!
Fantastic video, you've covered many of the important aspects of porcelain making in China.
Your video has been enlightening. Thank you for sharing it. The art and, the way it was shown, was done nicely.
Thank you for the excellent video.
Holding a piece of porcelain is now a time machine. Must share this film.🙏
Beautiful work it good hoby
What a wonderful video how has this changed your art and ceramic throwing techniques?
Artfully created Chinese ceramics
What a wonderful experience. Thank you so much for sharing it with us.
good morning
nice work me too as you like ceramic art and like learning more share ideas
Great video, I enjoyed the whole lot of it.
Excellent documentary! Thank you!
What a beautiful presentation 😊thank you for making it and sharing!
Excellent! I have learned much. I will watch this again. And again, probably.
Wow, watching from Samar Philippines..
Great video, really enjoyed all the information.
Thank you very much.❤😊
Thank you for the beautiful viedio
Amazing hand crafted work
Wonderful video
Well done! Thank you, absolutely fascinating.
Beautiful! What a nice video!
What an excellent video. Redeye
The copies themselves are masterpieces!
Wonderful video! Informative, educational and inspirational. Thank you
wonderful and beautiful
This is amazing ! Thank-you !
THE LADY IS A VERY SMART ENOUGH ....SHE HAVE GOING TO THE CHINA HAVE TO LEARNING A LOT OF THE CERAMICS
Great video!
Just acquired my first piece. Didn’t know the possibility’s of this being a original piece until recently. I’ve been studying it and researching and really can’t say for sure. Everything I find is more with it being dated mid 1800s. Can’t find any pattern close enough. Is there any free help online.
Enjoyed your video. Thank you.
Beautiful art,well presented
This is a wonderful video.
Does Judy have a website where we can buy her art?
thank you for sharing this story with me I really enjoyed it !
Thanks so much for this. I have been reading a lot on this area and nice to see exactly what I was reading about. Best of luck to you and have a question. Does your host know if any of his work has been attempted to have been sold as authentic Yuan and Ming pieces? Seems like there's a been tradition of that there in China.
Thank you for watching our show. The answer is NO. Master Huang did make some imitation pieces but never sell them as authentic pieces.
very happy that our traditional ceramic culture are spread to the rest og world , I am local citizens , impressive !!
d3prodalex : I doubt that a man like Master Huang would sell his work as antiques. Unfortunately, I think there are quite a lot of dishonest people who would gladly do that. Unless he signs clearly his works?
Great video ! Thank you !
Thanks for sharing ❤
Those "bowls " to keep the pottery glaze clean from the "elements" during firing in the kiln is actually called a saggar. The "porcelain stone" is Kaolin.
Nice, thank you for letting us know!
Wgere can you purchase the stands that spin?
Wow! Amazing!
nice journey ~
Fantastic. Thank you.
Классный фильм, мне понравился.!
Great video
Thanks you for that wantful Visio
How much does it cost to do this
solute to those porcelain factory workers, no, they are not workers , they are artist!!!
Very cool
Verycbeuziful vidio
I have a old vase with birds and follows it looks like the one to go with the lil red blow that sold for millions
23:01 check the chipped rim of relish bowl....the man has no pretense or fear of being filmed by an international student/visitor....just presented what he had in his house ! nice commentary too !
I love this too!
So besutiful...love it.
Fantastic!
What is that instrument they paint with? Is it a pen, is it a brush? Looks more like a brush, but I've never seen a brush to hold the ink quiet like this. They also have sort of a pen for fin drawing. Does anyone know what the name of it is and where I could find that?
It's a Chinese brush. you can find it in Chinatown or Japan town.
It's a Chinese brush. you can get it in Chinatown.
Thank you. You mean Chinatown in San Francisco?
yes! or Japan town.
Gabriela 111.
Is there a place in San Francisco or Oakland I can buy vases like those?
Óscar Chagoya Hello Sir， this is Cici from Jingdezhen city China, which is famous of porcelain products in the world.If you are interested, I can share porcelain vase, bowl set and tea set with you
哇 !這瓷器好美。
super cool
I need to reconstruct my kick wheel....
Omgosh id love to buy some pieces from there. Love chinoiserie. 💙💙
As a painter I'm a disciple of Hieronymus Bosch, William Blake et al & some of my artworks are hellish, nasty, scary, disturbing & brutal - hence, I would dearly love to hang plates on my gallery spaces to shock minds [see Dolcedo Art of the Thunderbolt ground-floor & mezzanine for some idea]. Question is: how do I get my images on to plates, plaques & other ceramic objects? Is there a way? PS I also love exquisite ceramics.
If you mean putting your images onto ceramics…depending if stoneware or porcelain learn to paint with cobalt blue and then graduate to enamels.
Top 👍🏻
Tuyệt vời.
She cute
Omg i love you...
저한테도 중국암포라 형태의 도자기를 가지고있다.그런데 대명.대청년제 마크는 없고 영어로 쓰여있고 희미해서 잘아볼수없다.자세하게 알아볼수있는 방법은 없는가? 이런도자기도 현대개인 작품으로 봐야하는가? 한번 메일로 자세하게 봐줄수있는가? 당신의 아름다운 노력에 감사를드린다
敏 德 堂 古 陶 瓷 MIND ORIENTAL CERAMIC ARTS - TH-cam
I was once visiting a Chinese family to learn about traditional chinese silk embroidery and they invited me to dinner. I didn't expect for a second that they would invite me to their house but when i arrived there was a 10 courses meal ready for us and the master was telling me how his wife, mother and daughter had been preparing that meal just for me. I looked at the courses which were all displayed on the table and each of them was made of meat and i am vegan since birth. This master had been showing me around for three day and teaching me all i asked him and had offered me countless samples of embroidery and now i was facing the worst dilemma of my life (i am not exaggerating) because i had to put my faith first (I am Jain) or my decency first.
I asked them if i could make a quick call before dinner because i needed to check something with my plane. But in fact i went outside and called my mother and told her. She said that the animals had been killed so if i didn't eat them they were going to be thrown away and then they would have been killed for no reason, and so she told me to just have a bite of everything and then say that i am full.
I ate a little portion of everything trying not to throw up as i did, trying to smile and making sure i didn't ask what it was, although some dishes like chicken and rabbits and piglets were obvious as they were presented looking like the animal. It was the most excruciating experience in my life and it completely ruined the past three days i had spent. I drunk probably a litre of tea after that to clean my mouth and my stomach before thanking them all sincerely, offering them the presents i had bought for them and then excusing myself. By the time i arrived at my hotel i was already sick and i got sick for a week which completely ruined my last week in China. Even when i was back home i was sick for nearly a month because my body had never had to digest something of animal origin and rejected it and identified it as poison which gave me the same symptoms as food poisoning.
To this day i can't look at chinese embroidery without getting a bad taste in my mouth.
That scene when you make the dumplings with them brought me right back to my experience. I have 3 pig pets and 5 rabbits and until their last day, every time i looked at them i thought that i actually ate one of them and can perfectly remember the taste.
I think it must be very embarrassed for them to know you are a vegan.
@@realchinese9834 That's why i never told them.
But i also believe that before you invite someone over for lunch or dinner you should ALWAYS ask about their dietary restrictions.
It is as rude to refuse eating a meal prepared for you as it is to not ask your guest if they can eat it. Don't you think ?
Imagine if i invited you to my house and served you human flesh and told you that i made it especially for you, how would you feel ? Would you eat it out of respect for me or refuse out of respect for yourself and your values ?
@@kachi2782 You have think it way further than the reality was, if they invite you to eat human flesh you wouldn't get alone with them in the beginning, isn't it?
The way they treated you is from their kindest way, because in Chinese culture, people would not ask if you are alleged on some kind of food or asking if you are vegan. perhaps in your view this is offending, and I can understand it, but I take it to a deeper level, that is how people get alone each other, you see, people here in the United States don't even know their neighbors name. in your case you can just simply reject it and tell them the reason, they would understand it, because in China, there are many people who are vegan. rejecting someone is not offending. complaining someone in the heart is offending.
@@realchinese9834 But to me, people eating animals is the same as for you people eating human flesh. I am forced to accept people eating animals because i try not to offend them, but deep down i absolutely can not stand people who eat meat.
I run two companies and all my employees are vegans i met in vegan circles. I would never hire anyone who eats animals, just like if you ran a company, you would not hire anyone who eats human flesh.
I think when you invite someone it is extremely important to ask them if they have allergies or if their values prevent them from eating certain food.
What if i invite you and make a dish with peanuts in it and you are deadly allergic to peanuts. If i do not ask you about your allergies or dietary restrictions then i might kill you with my food. And if you ask me what's in the cake and i say peanuts, what are you going to do ? Eat the cake and die or offend me by not eating the cake.
But i also think that the moment you are invited somewhere to eat, you should either explain exactly what you can and cannot or will not eat or simply say (and this is what i always do) "I am sorry i am an extremely picky eater so it is best that i do not come to your dinner party but we can have tea or coffee instead".
My host in China was very kind to invite me and i did eat whatever was served to me and got sick, but i did not offend my host by refusing to eat. But mostly because i felt bad for the animals and didn't want them to have died for no reason. Even if i hadn't liked my host i would have still eaten to meat in order not to spoil it.
I am not complaining but i am saying that when you invite someone to eat, you should always ask what they can and can not eat and when you are invited to eat, you should also explain what you can and can not eat as well. This avoids problems.
@@kachi2782 there is many flaw in your comment, first of all I can not imagine people who are vegan and have a "good heart" are saying: "people eating animal is the same as for you people eat human", in your value, people who kill an ant is the same as people kill a person, this is why I said your value has problem.
Take the peanut allergy you mentioned as an example, you can alway talk to the host saying you are alleged to peanut (just like you talk to them you are a vegan), they would tell you if the food contains a peanut or not, a simple and east to solve issue has been complicated by your logic, as I mentioned earlier, this is culture difference, if you are in Indian or Taiwan or Malaysia people wouldn't ask you if you are a vegan or alleged on food, again you would think this is not right but thats your standard, people in Easter culture wouldn't think that way, so who is right and who is wrong? (just like you would think kill an ant is like kill a person).
Nothing wrong about eating animal or being a Vegan, there is reason and there is result (I hate to say the word "karma", it would lead to another topic). again, that is your standard to say "at least you should ask someone before you invite them to eat". which I think is alright to ask or not to ask.