Osteoarthritis Overview (causes, pathophysiology, investigations, treatment)

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 21 พ.ย. 2024

ความคิดเห็น • 232

  • @nedelchoivanov4038
    @nedelchoivanov4038 7 ปีที่แล้ว +40

    The word "genius" doesn't even begin to describe this ! Amazing ! Keep on with the great work !

  • @tjayart8683
    @tjayart8683 7 ปีที่แล้ว +21

    Thank you. I've learned so much more. I'm 31yo female. My GP didn't confirmed but she said it a possibility of being an arthritis, osteoarthritis it is. She said I'm too young for rheumatoid so we did blood tests and urinalysis, good thing I don't have any health problems, so, the meds she prescribed are helping and through this info vid I'm relieved that her suggestions will really help. I'm not obese or big size and been eating less fats and sugar but she suggested that I should lose more weight to ease the pain on my knees. It's just depressing that I cannot do running or any 'heavy' moving anymore. Hope someday they could do something for this condition.

    • @fedrickbencollins9553
      @fedrickbencollins9553 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks to God who has sent dr Eseigbe on TH-cam channel who cured my osteoporosis and my 8 years kid We are happy now as one family again and also cures my sisters sinus infection . th-cam.com/channels/vGz1DqNpScob6MXKrACYhg.html. Thanks doc

    • @musarratsarwar6571
      @musarratsarwar6571 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thank you very much, this video of yours was very informative and it will benefit many people, I am a arthritis patient myself.

    • @chinthauma2465
      @chinthauma2465 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Medicines ??

  • @tahatufek4062
    @tahatufek4062 2 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    I would like to say that as a PhD Candidate in Physiotherapy, your comprehensive videos are very effective and memorasible. Great Work !!!

    • @Ananimous7777
      @Ananimous7777 ปีที่แล้ว

      Can cartilage be renovated? How about gonarthrosis?

  • @darlyslaos
    @darlyslaos 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

    oh my… You are the best teacher that I ever had. For my type or learning style, this is the best way to learn and understand a topic.

  • @morebsky7240
    @morebsky7240 7 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Thank you for all your videos. It's getting me through my nursing degree and love the quality

  • @dr.ahmadzak9963
    @dr.ahmadzak9963 3 ปีที่แล้ว +10

    Sir. I had Graduated in 2017. Yet I really did had the time to say,
    Thank you for being one of my best source in med school . you guys where there for me when i needed fastest methods in med-terms exam , because i was lazy back then till the day of the exam ))).

  • @msaunyama
    @msaunyama ปีที่แล้ว

    I am not a student of medicine but the quality of your videos and simplicitybof explanations is top notch. 👌 thank you

  • @miguelpinto4671
    @miguelpinto4671 6 ปีที่แล้ว +14

    Don't rage on me, just a student that is learning, but this mechanism isn't quite right in my opinion, it's really really similiar to the reumatoid arthritis, and its 2 very separate diseases. Generally in reumatoid it starts by the inflamation, on osteoarthritis inflamation is just a consequence of death/disfunction of chondrocyte, that stop production of type 2 colagen, and proteoglycans, that lead to cartilage loss. Then the mechanism is as he said in video, no? Tell me if im wrong but what i read on books and articles this wasn't the mechanism (or at least the main one)

    • @MaskeJ
      @MaskeJ 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      I thought the same! Chondrocytes death/disfunction is also the reason of the formation of the cysts in the subchondral bone, because erosion makes the synovial fluid get past the cartilage and accumulate in there!

    • @therambler3713
      @therambler3713 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      @Mrs Nasreen Sultana "Osmosis" explain it allot better. Just search osteoarthritis and look at their video.

    • @thumbprint7150
      @thumbprint7150 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      'Don't rage on me'... but doesn't rheumatoid have an H in there somewhere?

    • @fedrickbencollins9553
      @fedrickbencollins9553 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks to God who has sent dr Eseigbe on TH-cam channel who cured my osteoporosis and my 8 years kid We are happy now as one family again and also cures my sisters sinus infection . th-cam.com/channels/vGz1DqNpScob6MXKrACYhg.html. Thanks doc

  • @MsSunnyMaddy
    @MsSunnyMaddy 8 ปีที่แล้ว +27

    Best channel I've come across!

  • @mpungasamuwika4280
    @mpungasamuwika4280 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you for this master piece explanation. Much love from Zambia 🇿🇲..

  • @benjamingiddings4855
    @benjamingiddings4855 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I feel like I've seen so many of your videos I know you personally! Amazing work thanks for getting us through.

  • @mattbraga4033
    @mattbraga4033 8 ปีที่แล้ว +41

    the body is just freakin amazing

    • @sarahkelly1067
      @sarahkelly1067 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Does anyone with osteoarthritis doubt natural herbs? I have seen the great importance of natural herbs in my life and the wonderful work they have done in people's lives. I wonder why people still spend their money on drugs.. you can get a confirmation yourself by joining is WhatsApp group chat.whatsapp.com/DkHm2gv0yZ2Aff4V1H5Uvc for solution..

    • @princessvivianna
      @princessvivianna ปีที่แล้ว

      ​@Brawl Stars Legendary Moments Exactly, especially when you have Lupus SLE.

  • @sainanasmin6688
    @sainanasmin6688 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Best medicine channel i had com across

  • @aditikhandelwal2057
    @aditikhandelwal2057 8 ปีที่แล้ว +14

    your videos are too good. I request you to upload a video regarding TUBERCULOSIS of joints, pott's spine and pott's paraplegia. will b very grateful.

  • @Fletchpets23
    @Fletchpets23 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I was found to have collapsed arches on my feet so was making me knocked kneed. So thanks for including that in the video

    • @Fletchpets23
      @Fletchpets23 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      I have now been diagnosed with early degeneration in my knees and probably my hips. After injuring my knee last year it’s been swelling up and down since but is now looking deformed. I’m also Hypermobile and have fibromyalgia, the list gets longer

  • @annene8886
    @annene8886 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    your drawings are amazing, i just wish you spent more time talking about management because that's more relevant for the patient maybe something for future videos?
    my mum has stage 4 osteoarthritis in her feet and none of these treatments have worked for her, i feel in med school we spend too much time dwelling on the pathophysiology when we need to spend 80% of our time on management options for the patient which will actually work and cure their problem

    • @cheriebrownell8581
      @cheriebrownell8581 ปีที่แล้ว

      What can help weight loss when it is so painful to stand and walk? I also have plantar fasciitis which loosing weight would help but again the pain makes it so hard to even walk 😢

    • @vinumathew8610
      @vinumathew8610 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      ​@@cheriebrownell8581 Hi, cut the portion size of the meal, Eat little less carbohydrates (rice,pasta, bread) introduce more vegetables and meat. Calorie less diet works, body takes energy from your fat stored in your body, you will loose weight 100 percent. Intermittent fasting is another thing you can do to loose weight.you watch TH-cam of dr.pal manickam. Exercise is just 5 percent. Body function and digestion I need energy. Eating good nutrition food and cutting grains is the best method. I have lost weight few times by cutting portion size. Only two meals a day or three meals of smaller size.

  • @sanchsai4431
    @sanchsai4431 7 ปีที่แล้ว +16

    how do you draw this perfectly? thank you for uploading these videos... would really appreciate if there was one on treatment and investigations of rheumuatology and some on surgery as well. This really helped in my studies.. Great work 😃👍👍👍

  • @sashawhitehead7378
    @sashawhitehead7378 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    That was great, thanks. Love the way you articulate and draw, shows very clear thinking.

  • @lyoyr9061
    @lyoyr9061 7 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Wow man. Thank you so much. These drawings help so much.

  • @AndreeaMardare4i
    @AndreeaMardare4i 8 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    If you want to fix your knees or heal osteoartritis, you can try Genacol. It has a special collagen which stimulates the collagen regeneration in the cartilages

  • @munderabuaisha
    @munderabuaisha 8 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Amazing, could never be presented better, thanks.

  • @bhavitabhatia9445
    @bhavitabhatia9445 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    U have an excellent way of presenting and simplifying things. Thanks a lot.

  • @hulkstah5625
    @hulkstah5625 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    A brilliant overview! Highly recommended

  • @frankmorales6564
    @frankmorales6564 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    With this damp weather my whole left side is irking the heck out of me. The ankle, hip and shoulder are all affected by this ailment. I guess that's the Air Forces present to me for all the missed birthdays and other Special Occasions. Hip hip hooray!!!

  • @chitranjansingh274
    @chitranjansingh274 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    So helping video Dr Saheb ji 🙏

  • @simaibangatan5715
    @simaibangatan5715 7 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    thanks bang Armando! kebetulan saya mau sidang TA, ini bahan penting bgt

    • @fedrickbencollins9553
      @fedrickbencollins9553 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks to God who has sent dr Eseigbe on TH-cam channel who cured my osteoporosis and my 8 years kid We are happy now as one family again and also cures my sisters sinus infection . th-cam.com/channels/vGz1DqNpScob6MXKrACYhg.html. Thanks doc

  • @medicalpilatessoulwellness
    @medicalpilatessoulwellness 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent presentation! Congratulations!!!

  • @vfoodicted8020
    @vfoodicted8020 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thankyou soo much for sach amazing presentation...love from india

  • @khusnulfajriyah4470
    @khusnulfajriyah4470 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    thank you for informative vidio, waiting for treatment osteoarthritis episode

  • @casamed2007
    @casamed2007 ปีที่แล้ว

    You are a great artist

  • @1bzymom.Of2Kids
    @1bzymom.Of2Kids ปีที่แล้ว

    Except osteoarthritis wasn't found on any of my xrays but was diagnosed with MRI's and I have widespread severe osteoarthritis

  • @PandaUTC
    @PandaUTC 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    thanks for the great lectures !

  • @docodhiambo2730
    @docodhiambo2730 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Is osteoarthritis a non-inflammatory disorder?
    If so why do we have cytokines mediated responses

  • @eyinfunjowooluwabukola9164
    @eyinfunjowooluwabukola9164 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks a lot. Love from Nigeria

  • @tonyfitnessmotivation
    @tonyfitnessmotivation 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    i developed this immediately after a bunion surgery and the doctor insisted that there was nothing wrong with my joints

    • @fedrickbencollins9553
      @fedrickbencollins9553 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks to God who has sent dr Eseigbe on TH-cam channel who cured my osteoporosis and my 8 years kid We are happy now as one family again and also cures my sisters sinus infection . th-cam.com/channels/vGz1DqNpScob6MXKrACYhg.html. Thanks doc

    • @tonyfitnessmotivation
      @tonyfitnessmotivation 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@fedrickbencollins9553 I have osteoarthritis sir not osteoporosis, completely different condition

    • @fedrickbencollins9553
      @fedrickbencollins9553 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@tonyfitnessmotivation you can get in contact with dr eseigbe on TH-cam channel and get his number

    • @fedrickbencollins9553
      @fedrickbencollins9553 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@tonyfitnessmotivation from his post on his TH-cam channel videos and get cure my dear friend

    • @tonyfitnessmotivation
      @tonyfitnessmotivation 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@fedrickbencollins9553 so you’re saying this person came up with a way to rebuild Joint cartilage sir ? Something no human has been able to do.

  • @SG333_
    @SG333_ ปีที่แล้ว

    Great video and fantastic drawings and explanations! THANK YOU :D

  • @noliwelekhera4665
    @noliwelekhera4665 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Well presented and clear .Good work👏👏👏

  • @annamarianalumansi3178
    @annamarianalumansi3178 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    am here in 2022...thank you for the video

  • @Mahadevan760
    @Mahadevan760 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Armand, exhaustively, well explained, and yet lucid !!!!Thanks, keep up the good work!!!

  • @Charlie-il1mk
    @Charlie-il1mk 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    wow awesome drawings are clear too

  • @junyangtan9962
    @junyangtan9962 7 ปีที่แล้ว +39

    One mistake, osteoblasts mature to form osteocytes nt the other way around. Other than that good work!

    • @jdrocky1401
      @jdrocky1401 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      About all know this but this comment shows ur mind nature...

    • @abhikhalder7351
      @abhikhalder7351 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Osteoblasts get trapped in bone matrix and differentiate into osteocytes

    • @sarahkelly1067
      @sarahkelly1067 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Does anyone with osteoarthritis doubt natural herbs? I have seen the great importance of natural herbs in my life and the wonderful work they have done in people's lives. I wonder why people still spend their money on drugs.. you can get a confirmation yourself by joining is WhatsApp group chat.whatsapp.com/DkHm2gv0yZ2Aff4V1H5Uvc for solution..

    • @arvinpillai681
      @arvinpillai681 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Actually osteocytes can become osteoblasts as well given the right conditions though this is rare.

    • @fedrickbencollins9553
      @fedrickbencollins9553 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks to God who has sent dr Eseigbe on TH-cam channel who cured my osteoporosis and my 8 years kid We are happy now as one family again and also cures my sisters sinus infection . th-cam.com/channels/vGz1DqNpScob6MXKrACYhg.html. Thanks doc

  • @mazharulhaqsherzad5298
    @mazharulhaqsherzad5298 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    this was very great video ....geniously described and portrayed.

  • @sadiksa2967
    @sadiksa2967 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wonderfully presented. Thank you.

  • @amalebrahim6479
    @amalebrahim6479 8 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Love your work!! more about peads, obgyn and psych please

    • @fedrickbencollins9553
      @fedrickbencollins9553 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks to God who has sent dr Eseigbe on TH-cam channel who cured my osteoporosis and my 8 years kid We are happy now as one family again and also cures my sisters sinus infection . th-cam.com/channels/vGz1DqNpScob6MXKrACYhg.html. Thanks doc

  • @annaturk103
    @annaturk103 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you a lot Mr.Armando..your effort is great..👐👐

  • @breadtoast8960
    @breadtoast8960 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    amazing explanation

  • @anatomyathome2236
    @anatomyathome2236 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Totally amazing work
    You draw so we'll
    Helped aloy

  • @user-gq5ns6dl4n
    @user-gq5ns6dl4n ปีที่แล้ว

    The most amazing content! Wow!

  • @wiwikyuliati8032
    @wiwikyuliati8032 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks a lot Armamdo for fabilous video...it's very usefull for me

  • @edjunior4999
    @edjunior4999 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Amazing explanation👏🏻

  • @VINAYKUMAR-ce5te
    @VINAYKUMAR-ce5te 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Absolutely loved your explanation ❤️Top notch!!!!

  • @SamMy-ex8se
    @SamMy-ex8se 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent presentation😇

  • @navneetdehariya7536
    @navneetdehariya7536 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks sir for this informative video, this video really help me for understanding rhematoid arthritis pharmacology thanks a lot

  • @dindian3717
    @dindian3717 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Million dollar information 👍👍👍👍

  • @tinalawson5110
    @tinalawson5110 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great video explained it well with illustrations.

  • @yogayantra
    @yogayantra 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    In menopaused women, can osteoarthritis be linked to the lack of oestrogens, which, before menopause, play a role in keeping bones stronger ?

  • @manuchacha1
    @manuchacha1 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wow, great videos Armando!! Super clear speech and great drowings! Thank you !

  • @jj-un7yg
    @jj-un7yg 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Doing a presentation on Knee Osteoarthritis, is there a good website for the differences in biomechanics of the normal knee vs an arthritic knee?

  • @rosasouthall5803
    @rosasouthall5803 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks

  • @shankarga7808
    @shankarga7808 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    excellent 👏👏👏👏 explanation coordinated with art .

  • @shaguftanasreen9217
    @shaguftanasreen9217 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very good information

  • @TastyTreatsx
    @TastyTreatsx 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great revision

  • @gabrielatsalamandris9704
    @gabrielatsalamandris9704 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    This is such a great video. Thank you

  • @AthleteFIX
    @AthleteFIX 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Excellent video, really informative. Thank you!

  • @bjazz68
    @bjazz68 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you.

  • @applewhite9403
    @applewhite9403 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    woww tnqq sir🙏, keep up the good work

  • @BTSARMY-gi5fr
    @BTSARMY-gi5fr 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wow u always amaze me with your work! Thanks alot 💜

  • @hisumanpramanik
    @hisumanpramanik ปีที่แล้ว

    Very very thanks dear

  • @vinchesPaul
    @vinchesPaul 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    Just realized how mutch progress you have done in the quality and clarity of those vidéos ! :o (revising a bit of bones [the one from 23/08/2012]) Very proud of you, thanks for every thing Armando, you really help me !

  • @troublemaker5700
    @troublemaker5700 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    very clear explanation thanks

  • @shaikarbaz3501
    @shaikarbaz3501 9 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    Am I the one to see this vid today

  • @mareecousins2951
    @mareecousins2951 ปีที่แล้ว

    I feel it I understand it I suffer it it's bad baggage

  • @haithamabdellfatah280
    @haithamabdellfatah280 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    You are very very very good

  • @rahuldorai6628
    @rahuldorai6628 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very informative video

  • @rramnarine8919
    @rramnarine8919 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you, very informative, you have a new subscriber

  • @gratitude5740
    @gratitude5740 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Oh My God I almost fell over my own feel when this guy says “ we use PPI to prevent gastric problems” SERIOUSLY??!!!
    PPI DO CAUSE GASTRIC PRBLEMS AND OSTEOPOROSIS AND A WHOLE LIST OF PROBLEMS!

    • @yogayantra
      @yogayantra 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      it's probably what is taught in medical universities. So many errors are propagated and this for decades.

    • @sweetymarry286
      @sweetymarry286 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      We are taught they are good

    • @fedrickbencollins9553
      @fedrickbencollins9553 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks to God who has sent dr Eseigbe on TH-cam channel who cured my osteoporosis and my 8 years kid We are happy now as one family again and also cures my sisters sinus infection . th-cam.com/channels/vGz1DqNpScob6MXKrACYhg.html. Thanks doc

  • @Mohammed-ev1up
    @Mohammed-ev1up 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    You are a life saver ❤️❤️❤️

  • @dhuhatahseen1732
    @dhuhatahseen1732 7 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    شكرا 🌷

  • @muhammadmizanfarazi9389
    @muhammadmizanfarazi9389 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Valuable Video

  • @freemachinefromscrapfreema7888
    @freemachinefromscrapfreema7888 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    After putting Epsom salt and wrap the knee sever inflamation had occured what to do to this

  • @dr.uditasingh4574
    @dr.uditasingh4574 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Always amazing ❤️

  • @studyonline1455
    @studyonline1455 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    best video ever.excellent...keep it up .

  • @mabondavis4838
    @mabondavis4838 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    hello sir, very informative video on ostearthritis. my Aunt was also suffering from this condition. she visited many hospitals but didn't get relief. at last she came to know about planet Ayurveda. she visited there, they gave her a joint support pack. now she is fine now. thanks to planet Ayurveda.

  • @sandeepkanneganti8866
    @sandeepkanneganti8866 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Can I get the overall image in a photo?

  • @RoseRose-oq6zj
    @RoseRose-oq6zj 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Very helpfull

  • @drsultansaudagar2733
    @drsultansaudagar2733 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    sir can u plz make vdo on anion gap concept ,bleeding time,clotting time,aptt,pt,....I wil b thankful to you.

    • @fedrickbencollins9553
      @fedrickbencollins9553 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks to God who has sent dr Eseigbe on TH-cam channel who cured my osteoporosis and my 8 years kid We are happy now as one family again and also cures my sisters sinus infection . th-cam.com/channels/vGz1DqNpScob6MXKrACYhg.html. Thanks doc

  • @arunvadivel9100
    @arunvadivel9100 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you

  • @vibhamallikarjun
    @vibhamallikarjun 7 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    This is amazing sir, thank you so much :)

    • @jimdwight558
      @jimdwight558 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      This video has great information about Osteoarthritis. Hope it will help 😃 👍 👍
      th-cam.com/video/Eg7PHR_MnRU/w-d-xo.html

  • @deepusiddhu1111
    @deepusiddhu1111 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    simply superb

  • @rufinaletto8160
    @rufinaletto8160 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks so much!!! Great reviews!!!

  • @dead9553
    @dead9553 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hats off🙌🏻

  • @thumbprint7150
    @thumbprint7150 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    You don't mention diet (apart from Turmeric and fish oils) which is now being extensively explored as causal of inflammation and as a cure for inflammation. Nor do you mention the terrible side effects of medication. Surely diet has to be the number one line of defence against these diseases and the number one approach to assisting in the decrease of pain and disability?

  • @maniacko
    @maniacko 7 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    What you're describing in the pathophysiology of OA sounds more like RA where inflammation of synovium is the main cause. OA is caused by mechanical damage from overuse.

    • @JStr1nger
      @JStr1nger 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      nope there is more to it than that. look for a paper by ali mobasheri and mark batt called an update on the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis

  • @sweetymarry286
    @sweetymarry286 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I would recommend selling your drawings. It serves as good flashcards for review

  • @milenaoliva6432
    @milenaoliva6432 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    THANK YOU!

  • @linkinjack09
    @linkinjack09 8 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    The best !! 💪🏽💪🏽💪🏽💪🏽

  • @prateekshabharat3740
    @prateekshabharat3740 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    thank.you.very.much.

  • @chops1739
    @chops1739 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Well, in pathophysiology it's not synoviocytes it's chondrocytes

  • @denzlleno8051
    @denzlleno8051 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    very informative.

  • @dramirfarhadbahreini6477
    @dramirfarhadbahreini6477 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Excellent .not medical fantasy like viruses.