Learn To Cook: How To Brine Beans

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 10 ม.ค. 2025

ความคิดเห็น • 118

  • @davidkapral3602
    @davidkapral3602 5 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    After many years of hearing "never add salt until the beans are (mostly) cooked", it is a pleasure to see that America's Test Kitchen took on the myth and came up with the better way to make beans.....Brine them.....add that salt right up front during soaking! Thanks so much!!
    Now, I will share something that has made my cooking of beans more successful: Using a Le Crueset "Chef's Oven", I cook the beans in the oven, at 305 F Using lima beans as an example, I find that they are more whole , yet tender on the inside. On top of the stove the skins tend to fall off and the cooked beans are less pleasant. By using the Chef's Oven, I don't have to stir them....and they don't get overdone. I cook the limas for about 90 minutes.....at least that is when I first check to see how they are doing. Yes, the lid is slightly cracked during the cooking & Usually there is a ham bone, tomatoes and so forth in with the soup. 305 F on this oven assures there is a reasonable gentle simmer.
    Going forward, I will add the brining technique to the repertoire .

  • @tomtommyl805
    @tomtommyl805 5 ปีที่แล้ว +20

    ok, I just HAVE to kick this out here: I have been wondering for decades why, when I use raw dry beans, they are so tough. No recipe ANYWHERE ever said to brine the beans. Even when cooking for 12 hours... still tough.
    I tried your method and IT WORKS !!! I had a cajun recipe for red beans and rice and it was PERFECT !!!
    (Oh, and I'm a great fan of your show)

    • @jlakatos524
      @jlakatos524 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Older beans will have a tendency to be tougher.

    • @victorjcano
      @victorjcano 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      it can also be the minerals in your water. I've always soaked mine in baking soda

  • @olafurhh03
    @olafurhh03 9 ปีที่แล้ว +10

    The difference this method makes is unbelievable. Thank you so much. I love how you use scientific methods to make food better.

  • @HappyTrailz2u
    @HappyTrailz2u 4 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    I am IN LOVE! Tried this method with my pinto beans and added 1 Tbsp. of soda into the brine ... next day after a thorough washing I cooked them with pork side meat in my WONDERFUL Cuisinart Pressure Cooker (Bobby Flay's Fav) and once it reaches pressure, I have the most SCRUMPTIOUS beans EVER in TEN MINUTES! (Normally takes 2+ hours!) The beans truly are SO creamy inside ... THANKS SO MUCH!

    • @alphaxanon
      @alphaxanon 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Why did you add soda? Baking soda, I presume?

    • @HappyTrailz2u
      @HappyTrailz2u 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      @@alphaxanon Yes - Baking Soda ... I've always heard that it eliminates gas. Sorry for being a bit CRUDE! I'm absolutely SOLD on this working! I'm not sure if it's the pressure cooker or the soda ... but I'm telling you - we get ZERO gas from this method of cooking beans! IT WORKS every time! I have not been able to have beans in several years because of the gas and diarrhea ... until NOW! Praise the Lord, I can now have my favorite dish ... pinto beans and my homemade cornbread! YUM!

  • @LizzieBoredom9
    @LizzieBoredom9 8 ปีที่แล้ว +12

    These were fantastic! I just tried this technique with 15 bean soup. I was worried the beans would be too salty because Id' be cooking them with a leftover ham bone (with quite a bit of ham leftover on it), but I took a chance. ATK hasn't let me down yet! I'll be using this bean brining technique from now on. I brined them a little over 12 hours. The beans were creamy and no blown out beans either. Thank you! Superb beans!!

    • @AmericasTestKitchen
      @AmericasTestKitchen  8 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      +LizzieBoredom9 Awesome to hear. Thanks for cooking with us! Your soup sounds fantastic. Love a good ham bone.

  • @drewpwilson7485
    @drewpwilson7485 4 ปีที่แล้ว +12

    TH-cam in a nutshell. This video has been out for 8 years yet my search feed is full of nonsense bean videos. Thanks for the answer I was looking for. 😁

  • @scalporf
    @scalporf 7 ปีที่แล้ว +83

    I am just fascinated with the plastic wrap situation in the background.

    • @lisalisa0004
      @lisalisa0004 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      I know, right?? Lolololol!

    • @RabbitsInBlack
      @RabbitsInBlack 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      You've never done Prep Work? Wrap and Label DON"T TOUCH! I do it all the time.

    • @chrisbechtel8198
      @chrisbechtel8198 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Why don't my plastic wrap work that easy

    • @clariceerreguin4774
      @clariceerreguin4774 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      What is she doing back there? and does Bridgett know?😄😄

    • @alexanderbanman9288
      @alexanderbanman9288 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I extracted a hearty laugh from of this comment. 👍

  • @darlenerothenay6251
    @darlenerothenay6251 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This worked out great! Best beans I have ever made. Thank you sooooo much!

  • @apAvocado
    @apAvocado ปีที่แล้ว

    This worked with kidney beans for Monday’s Red Beans and Rice. Delicious creamy beans that held their shape.

  • @helenrennie
    @helenrennie 11 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    why would the salt not penetrate to the interior of the beans during the brine? is salting during cooking somehow bad and why? I heard of people doing the over-night soaking experiment with and without salt and report completely opposite results (some say the ones soaked with salt explode, others that the ones soaked without salt explode). Any explanations? I've never had issues with tough skins. My issue is that the skins tend to burst by the time all beans are completely done.

    • @tbillyjoeroth
      @tbillyjoeroth 5 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      I guess 6 years isn't long enough to wait for a reply....

  • @MultiStu66
    @MultiStu66 10 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    This method is wonderful and correct - the experts know and after years of "not brining" my "Soup Beans" or Pinto Beans - I have started to add salt - Result: Creamier beans, less time cooking, etc - and you can soak your Pinto Beans up to 24 - Of course - dried beans are best and worth the effort...

  • @hooverla55
    @hooverla55 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    I've been successfully using the ATK brining method for all kinds of beans for many years. However, I use a lot more salt in the brine, and then rinse the beans really well before cooking. This results in all beans, even old old beans, coming out great. The thorough rinsing results in me being able to control the amount of salt in the cooked product.
    This excellent video answers the "beans and salt" theories. But what about the "beans and acidy foods (especially tomatoes)" theories? Does cooking the beans with tomatoes cause the beans to not cook properly?

    • @apAvocado
      @apAvocado ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Only add tomatoes and/or lemon juice until after the beans are cooked through. Acidity prevents them from being cooked all the way.

    • @hooverla55
      @hooverla55 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@apAvocado Excellent advice! I learned this a few years ago (after I asked that question ) and it is sooooo true. Thanks for your advice! so appreciated!!

  • @wuziq
    @wuziq 7 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    this video answered a lot of my questions. thank u!

  • @ShayaKlechevsky
    @ShayaKlechevsky 6 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    What's the kosher/crystal salt equivalency? Is it still 2 Tbsp of Diamond Kosher salt = 1 Tbsp of table salt?

    • @adamcoe8320
      @adamcoe8320 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      I wouldn’t wast good kosher salt on a brine. I’d just use table salt.

  • @chuggeez_8851
    @chuggeez_8851 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I just LOVE these ladies & this channel!

  • @redyumi6441
    @redyumi6441 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Can you use this method on other beans like Fava?

  • @cybernoid001
    @cybernoid001 11 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    I have a question. I work in a senior center as a cook, would letting the beans brine at room temp fall into any any codes? I would love to try this with my seniors but am wary about any ramifications by the DAS or state health inspectors.

    • @brucebrown3599
      @brucebrown3599 6 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Cover them well. Remember they will be well cooked and that process will use temp to kill any bacteria that survived the brine. The brine itself is not conducive to any bacterial growth.

    • @Kolian1274
      @Kolian1274 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Can you tell me what kind of dish you Cooke withe beans I am very new in beans

    • @tomtommyl805
      @tomtommyl805 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@Kolian1274
      Great website I use is called "Allrecipes.com"... google that. A lot of people post their fav recipes on there and sometimes the recipes aren't vetted so your results might vary but I"ve had lots of good results with them and they are free.

    • @CompostWatcher
      @CompostWatcher 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@Kolian1274 veggie burgers, soup, salads

  • @Tycrome
    @Tycrome 9 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    This video should be a shown as a mandatory watch to all bean cookers, EVERYONE gets this wrong.

  • @RandalOulton
    @RandalOulton 12 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    One more question please. As of 2011, The British Food Standards Agency recommends an adult maximum of 2.4g of sodium a day; the American Heart Association's daily recommended maximum is 1.5g sodium. The sodium content of canned beans typically works out to be about 400 - 600 mg of sodium per half-cup -- a good chunk of your daily sodium allowance, whichever standards you go by.
    My question for Bridget is: were you able to measure the sodium levels of the beans that you brined after cooking?

    • @samarcher3419
      @samarcher3419 6 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      They also claim eating fat is horrible for you and eating sugar is not as bad. They don't have any credibility; people with a salt sensitivity should limit their intake but for the rest of us it's not a big deal.

  • @jimvj
    @jimvj 12 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Is this specific to cannelloni beans, or does it apply to all beans?

  • @prb25001
    @prb25001 11 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Great tip!!

  • @timivers8823
    @timivers8823 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Trying this tonight, for tomorrow's left over ham. Using pinto, but watching your other vid on red beans and rice. It should work.

  • @RandalOulton
    @RandalOulton 12 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Only once ever had tough skins on beans, and that is when the dried beans in question were several years old. So, can't say I see how "getting tender skins" is an issue. So, if tender skins in one's mind is not an issue, would there be another reason to brine the soaking water? Bridget Lancaster in the video says the salt does not penetrate into the bean, so I'm going to guess the salt doesn't affect taste in any noticeable way?

    • @mslaurateague
      @mslaurateague 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      She said that the beans cook more evenly if you brine them first. I think this would be especially helpful especially when cooking dried beans that have been stored for several years.

  • @rosiebowers1671
    @rosiebowers1671 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Can you use the same method for chickpeas too?

    • @Locomaid
      @Locomaid 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I will try it for sure. Not happy with my recent chickpea experiences. I moved to an area that doesn‘t turn over beans well in grocery stores and they are generally old and hard when I buy them. Disappointing. Today I slow cooked chickpeas on low for 12 hours and they are still not tender, despite soaking for 18 hours. Grrr.

    • @victorjcano
      @victorjcano 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@Locomaid try pressure cooker

    • @racheldrayton2245
      @racheldrayton2245 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@Locomaid - this works perfectly for me EVERY TIME th-cam.com/video/BnqbLZTUVtc/w-d-xo.html

  • @lancelotdufrane
    @lancelotdufrane 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks!

  • @lifeiswargodisall7415
    @lifeiswargodisall7415 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    It may sound crazy, but i love steamed kidney beans. Any health risk?
    I cook pressure cook the soaked kidney beans with very little water; how soft, tender and delicious!

  • @Giatros89
    @Giatros89 12 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Does this apply to all beans? I'm specifically referring to black beans for myself.

    • @tbillyjoeroth
      @tbillyjoeroth 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      How about chickpeas which have almost zero skin?

  • @missmonasuzette
    @missmonasuzette 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    I guess I don't understand why it takes an entire gallon of water to soak 1 lb of beans. Why not 2 quarts to 1 1/2 tablespoons of salt? The beans are not going to begin to reach the top of 1/2 gallon of water and will receive the same amount of salt. Anyone?...

    • @clayteller
      @clayteller 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Wondering the same thing

  • @victorjcano
    @victorjcano 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    I soak mine in baking soda. what do you think about that?

  • @robertnordtvedt88
    @robertnordtvedt88 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Also when I discard the bean soak water I eliminate my bean gas issues.

  • @lexiconlover
    @lexiconlover 6 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    Thank you Test Kitchen! This was the episode that I was seeking like the great white whale. But your website wanted payment. Now here it is in all its Glory. Am I being too dramatic? I have a ton of kids, I needed to know how to do this very very badly.

    • @ericka7086
      @ericka7086 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      No dramatics what so ever. I went to the site also. Then came here!!

  • @teresaolofson8187
    @teresaolofson8187 7 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    3T salt in 4 quarts cold water 2 cups of beans?

    • @FastEddie3000
      @FastEddie3000 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      1 lb. Of pinto beans (or beans of similar size) equals 2 cups

    • @SL-vs7fs
      @SL-vs7fs 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Hah! Glad I am not the only one wondering about the ridiculous amount of water used for 2 C of beans.

  • @SL-vs7fs
    @SL-vs7fs 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    It’s a 6% salt solution. You can use much less water. Go 4:1 by weight or volume.

  • @tomtommyl805
    @tomtommyl805 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    why does my sound system work with all the other U tube videos but not with this one ??

    • @HappyTrailz2u
      @HappyTrailz2u 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I had this happen to me the other day ... I just shut down my computer for a while, re-booted and now everything is playing fine. Hope this works for you in the future.

  • @MsMars.
    @MsMars. 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I just tried your quick brine method with pinto beans. The result? It did not work well. The Pinto beans did cook much more quickly, however they still fell apart and the skins were not soft. I saw no value in saving time by brining first because it took the same amount of time when combining the brining time with the cook time. My goal was to have a cooked bean with soft skins and perfectly cooked tender inside. I will try this with cannellini beans next time as this is how you tested it.. with cannellinis. Was wondering, however, why so much water for such a small amount of beans when brining? 4 quarts is an awful lot for that amount of dried beans and seems completely unnecessary and a waste of salt. Why not cut it in have to 2 quarts of water and one and a half tablespoons of salt?

  • @gm7304
    @gm7304 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Brigitt and Julia made Whoopie pies, and I was in the middle 😛

  • @cyriloghughu2928
    @cyriloghughu2928 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    My soaked beans after cooking. taste sour. What is the remedy for this?

  • @MultiStu66
    @MultiStu66 11 ปีที่แล้ว +10

    Seriously, this "brining" method as stated in video works well on all beans. I have tried and had success on all. The "salt does not permeate the skin of the bean as stated by this chef, so all salt-a phobics for whatever reason should still use this method for tender perfect beans everytime. The salt you add to season causes your problems, not the salt in the brine. Get educated, be smart, but still season. Nobody likes bland beans and salt is only one cause of hypertension!

    • @MrJAMESDAD1
      @MrJAMESDAD1 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      MultiStu66 she didn't say you'd taste the salt.You have to season your beans.She isn't brining chicken.

  • @marki4074
    @marki4074 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I've watched this video over and over.... so after brining them overnight can you cook the beans in a salty solution as in a smoked ham Shank stock / broth. I understand that cooking them in a salt solution cause them to become Mealy but does that apply when you also brine them overnight

    • @tbillyjoeroth
      @tbillyjoeroth 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      A year later still no reply? This channel is not helpful all the time.

    • @apAvocado
      @apAvocado ปีที่แล้ว

      Drain and rinse the brined beans really well. Start with fresh water to cook.

  • @MsMars.
    @MsMars. 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Tried your quick brine/soak method again a second time, this time with cannellini beans instead of pinto, and it did not turn out well. While cooking, the beans split, some of the skins sheared off and they were a mess. Tender inside though. Nonetheless, impossible to use in a salad because they looked awful.

    • @cinnamonwilliams8310
      @cinnamonwilliams8310 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

      After soaking just remove the skin before cooking. Tedious yes, but it will solve the problem 😊

  • @alexanderbanman9288
    @alexanderbanman9288 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I was brining already without salt, now I will start adding salt when I brine. The salt tech poggers 😯

  • @tommyroberts867
    @tommyroberts867 7 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Can you do the same with pinto beans?

    • @blastadon
      @blastadon 6 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      I do and it works great.

    • @eugenesedita
      @eugenesedita 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Tommy Roberts
      Yup, no prob.

  • @chemmii
    @chemmii 9 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Soaked pinto beans for 12 hrs in your brine method, cooked for 2 hrs. And still had some beans that,were not soft! This may work well for Liam beans but not for pinto.

    • @animamundii
      @animamundii 7 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      I bet it wont work for black beans as well. I gotta cook those fuckers for 3 hours every time. With soaking overnight.

    • @jaylenepeterson-nyren7331
      @jaylenepeterson-nyren7331 7 ปีที่แล้ว +8

      I heard some where that old beans don’t soften.
      I never store big bags of beans anymore. It seems to work.

    • @Locomaid
      @Locomaid 6 ปีที่แล้ว +7

      The problem is the age of the beans, not the cooking method. Sometimes the suppliers mix old and new beans and some are still hard while others are soft and mushy. Frustrating. The brine affects the skin, not the inside, btw

    • @johnstack5008
      @johnstack5008 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      2 hours is not enough cook time after an overnight brining. I usually cook for 3 1/2 to 4 hours baked in the oven at 300F. Using the Instant Pot it's 8 minutes - High Pressure - Natural release.

  • @arleenanderson2729
    @arleenanderson2729 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Does this method take care of the gas

    • @apAvocado
      @apAvocado ปีที่แล้ว

      Soaking and draining the soak water, and rinsing really well helps with the gas. Pressure cook them on the stove and that should eliminate all remaining gas.

  • @SL-vs7fs
    @SL-vs7fs 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Why do you need a gallon of water for 2 cups of beans? That’s 16 cups of salty water!

    • @AllAboutTheHarvest
      @AllAboutTheHarvest 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I was wondering the same? Can I decrease the water and salt ratio? I'm looking at making a larger quantity of beans and I'd need to use a ridiculous amount of water (and containers to hold them).

    • @HangingTurkey
      @HangingTurkey 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      America's Test Kitchen did an update article on this. They found 2 qts of water and 1.5 tablespoons of salt was adequate for 1 pound of beans

    • @apAvocado
      @apAvocado ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@HangingTurkey Thank you for updating us all. Thank you.

  • @semco72057
    @semco72057 6 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    That is nice to know and if I found a woman who could cook like you I would still be married and I would be a happy camper.

    • @Locomaid
      @Locomaid 6 ปีที่แล้ว +5

      Sidney Mathious : If YOU could cook like her, you wouldn‘t need to get married at all... 😉

  • @mikelberke8239
    @mikelberke8239 7 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Why is it necessary to cook beans in three times the water after they have been presoaked overnight and doubled in size? It seems like a lot of wasted water

    • @karlrovey
      @karlrovey 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      Various reasons including evaporation, space for aromatic vegetables, and further water absorption.

    • @tbillyjoeroth
      @tbillyjoeroth 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      it's NOT

  • @mkd6878
    @mkd6878 9 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    How much sodium does this add to a serving (? 1/2 cup or what?) We eat way too much sodium and people like my husband with CHF are harmed terribly by this.

    • @lastniceguy1
      @lastniceguy1 8 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Yes, people with CHF (congestive heart failure) are VERY affected by salt. Salt will cause the body to absorb 70 times in water. My son has it to and most don't know they do until is to late. I think however, with the rinsing and cooking without the salt, it would add very little, if measurable, to a serving

    • @hiddenbayes
      @hiddenbayes 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      According to Cooks Illustrated, 1/2 cup of cooked beans that were brined in this way absorbed about 52 milligrams of sodium.

  • @bustabass9025
    @bustabass9025 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Reading these comments, I haven't heard this much whining since having to endure kindergarten nap time back in '56! [Laffin'😄]

  • @Skobeloff...
    @Skobeloff... ปีที่แล้ว

    "It doesn't take much salt"... then proceeds to use 3 Tbsp of salt 🤨

  • @Skobeloff...
    @Skobeloff... ปีที่แล้ว

    looks like a disposable plastic wrap advert.

  • @PerfectionObsessive
    @PerfectionObsessive 12 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I brined my beans but the room around me developed high blood pressure.

  • @cefarther3945
    @cefarther3945 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    This brining made the peels tough and the insides kinda' mushy. I think it depends on your water. I boil my water now for 5 minutes before using, however, salt kept the peels leathery. I tried it a few times and a few different ways, this advice is wrong. Just do nothing with salt until it's done, that's the best advice I could find.

  • @SOULRELIEF22
    @SOULRELIEF22 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    JESUS is RETURNING SOON! ALLELUIA! 🙏🙌
    THANK YOU! 💞

  • @breakingthisdown
    @breakingthisdown 12 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Dude, is it really necessary to use all of that water to soak them? That seems absolutely outrageous.

    • @karlrovey
      @karlrovey 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      It is necessary. Soaking isn't just about allowing the beans to absorb water. It also serves to remove naturally occuring chemicals our bodies can't digest. More water means more of those chemicals are removed.
      They're also preparing large quantities of food. If you make smaller portions, you need less water. You can half the recipe and it will still work.

    • @tbillyjoeroth
      @tbillyjoeroth 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@karlrovey it's ONE pound of beans! You can soak 1# in half as much water and half as much salt (same proportion).

    • @galupas
      @galupas 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@tbillyjoeroth Don't whine about it, just DO it, your kitchen, your kitchen, YOUR rules. Use as much or as little water as YOu want to, no one is holding a gun to your head demanding that you MUST do it. Ok?

    • @galupas
      @galupas 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      You can use as much or a little water as you wish, just use a half a cup for every ton of beans if you want to, whatever floats your boat or blows your hair back and be as outrageous as you want.

  • @macktruk13
    @macktruk13 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    but you can"t use the soak to cook the beans...bye bye flavor and vitamins

    • @apAvocado
      @apAvocado ปีที่แล้ว +1

      But you'll be saying bye bye to gas

  • @breakingthisdown
    @breakingthisdown 12 ปีที่แล้ว

    Don't assume shit. I see that you're also assuming that I give a crap about what you think of my use of 'Dude'. Wrong! ^^ I could not care less what you think. As if a video about beans requires much credibility. What are we talking about here, invisibility cloaks? The possibility of time-travel?
    I am not whining - I care about the environment and prefer to try and save water should that be a possible option, so kindly eff off. Maybe get bent out of shape over something of substance next time.

    • @Locomaid
      @Locomaid 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      breakingthisdown: see above. toilette flushing