ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 2 ส.ค. 2016
- The Great Dying hit life hard, but the species that survived took over the planet and diversified into many interesting forms, including the dinosaurs!
A Brief History of Life
Part 1: • A Brief History of Lif...
Part 2: • When Did Life on Earth...
Part 4: • A Brief History of Lif...
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
www.nhm.org/site/research-coll...
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mesozoic...
science.nationalgeographic.com...
www.livescience.com/43295-tria...
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mesozoic...
paleobiology.si.edu/geotime/ma...
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/ver...
naturalselectionsblog.blogspot...
phys.org/news/2013-03-extincti...
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/ver...
www.smithsonianmag.com/science...
www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/1...
dinosaurs.about.com/od/dinosau...
dlblanc.com/earth/paleo/Marine...
link.springer.com/article/10.1...
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids...
www.bbc.com/news/science-envir...
www.amnh.org/exhibitions/ptero...
pterosaur.net/index.php
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mesozoic...
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mesozoic...
www.britannica.com/science/Jur...
paleobiology.si.edu/geotime/ma...
www.britannica.com/science/Cre...
scienceviews.com/dinosaurs/cre...
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I wish we could have a series that covers every era specifically
Pack Precambrian and Cambrian together
I was never especially interested in dinosaurs (no more than anyone else, at least), and maybe that's why this episode is so fascinating to me.
This etymology is amazing: The term "thagomizer" was coined by Gary Larson in humor, in a 1982 Far Side comic, in which a group of cavemen in a faux-modern lecture hall are taught by their caveman professor that the spikes on a stegosaur's tail are so named "after the late Thag Simmons".
The egg came first, since it is not specified that the egg was laid by a chicken.
Cheers
Egg literally came first, as God created Adam first. Adam had eggs (2 eggs to be exact). Thank me later.
Didn't God create animals before people?
+Michael Barrowman According to Genesis, God created Animals first, so you are right. As for the males having eggs, that is incorrect, because in most species the females carry the eggs.
Digging4Answers I didn't expect this to turn into a shitfest of religious stuff. Welp, not gonna discriminate.
I'm so glad someone else noticed that Dinosaur-shaped Chicken Nuggets were, technically, Dinosaur-shaped Dinosaurs.
eh
All I could concentrate on through the whole video was: THERE WILL SOON BE AN ADORABLE 'HANKLET' TO ADD TO THE HISTORY OF LIFE ON EARTH! Congratulations Hank and Katherine! Sorry if my excitement is overbearing but I can't help but be delighted when good things happen to awesome, intelligent people. :)
Best series on TH-cam right now
No
👎🏻
I cannot thank you guys enough for this series, seriously- thank you!!
The thagomizer: named by Gary Larson in a Far Side comic.
Killed a caveman named Thag.
Isn't that awesome? Nerd Science FTW!
+Jason Lachowsky I think it was Thag Simmons. I might be wrong it was a long time ago.
+
"Now this thing on the end is called a 'thagomizer' after the late Thag Simmons. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thagomizer
Ok I turn 15 in march and lemme tell you, dino nuggets are the best nuggets
Are you hot?
@@meghanachauhan9380 I'm hot
I am a nerdfighter that works as a park interpreter in Dinosaur Provincial Park in Alberta, Canada. I teach people about cretaceous-era dinosaurs every day. This video is awesome. Thank you so much.
Hank talking about dinosaurs, it's like a wet dream come true.
eoraptor=egoraptor?
Man, you beat me to it by 7 minutes.
they talked about that on today's episode, coincidentally.
+Butt Holepuncher does the rumor is out?
Jacob Johnson it do
the eoraptor was not actually named after egoraptor, it was named in the 1900's
"Chicken nugget shaped like a dinosaur"
-What the hell, America?
Love this series so far. Brief but informative.
I love this series! Thank you for making it.
When it comes to mass extinctions, the question in my mind has always been whether they were losses of bioDIVERSITY or losses of bioMASS. It's tricky to tell the two apart in the fossil record; we don't have a good sense of how many of any one thing was alive back then, since fossils aren't preserved in the same ratios as you find in a biosphere. We have very few worm fossils, for example, but a whole lot of clams, yet worms make up as much or more of the biomass in any ecosystem. In the end I agree that after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction there was a lot of colonization by various groups, but I'm not sure how far to take that. The question is, how many swaths of the planet were truly barren? The answer is, we don't know and probably never will.
In terms of identifying things based on their skulls, it's not the ONLY way the synapsids/diapsids are differentiated (there are post-cranial skeletal differences), but it's a major way. Mammologists take this to the extreme. I've often wondered what it would take to write a book on the post-cranial osteology of Mammalia. The issue is that while most bones preserved are post-cranial (meaning from the neck down), the most easily identifiable remains in any vertebrate are the skulls. And most taxonomists have historically plucked the low-hanging fruit. I'm not saying the video is wrong--this IS the major way of differentiating those groups--I'm just adding that there's a nuance here that goes beyond the bones. A lot of this is due to psychology of the researchers, not necessarily due to the bones themselves.
I'm uncomfortable with saying that dinosaurs had an advantage....The issue is, we call it an advantage because they won. If the other groups around at the time had won, we'd look at their anatomy and say "Well of course they won, look at features X, Y, and Z." It's really easy to pick the winner of a horse race after the race is over, and see why they won. The trick is picking the winner BEFORE the race. There's a lot of randomness (Gould called it "contingency") in the history of life, and particularly in mass extinctions.
Crocodilians are one of the groups I think is WOEFULLY under-represented in pop culture. There's a creature in the Elder Scrolls videogames called a daedroth--a bipedal crocodile, basically. Those are fairly terrifying the first time you encounter one in the games (particularly Oblivion, with its broken leveling system). The terrifying thing is that real crocodilians would have made the daedroth look like a fluffy little kitten. We're talking huge creatures, vicious carnivores that successfully competed with the biggest dinosaur predators. We're talking predators that could run as fast as the faster big cats today. We're talking creatures out of nightmares. I love that kind of thing! :D
The issue with identifying the original ancestor of a clade is a fun one, and one that will, if you find yourself at a conference with a bunch of cladists/taxonomists, provide ample opportunities to talk to both the most knowledgeable folks in the conference and the best-looking members of either sex. It boils down to this: The first member of any clade, by definition, looks more similar to things NOT in the clade than most ancestors IN the calde. The reason is that the original ancestor of any clade is part of another clade, and has related species in that other clade (which, incidentally, the new clade is part of). It's easier to show with cladograms, but that's the reality. And the math we use to establish cladograms has a lot of trouble with that. It groups things according to similarity (that's VASTLY oversimplifying, and anyone interested can download PAST for free and look at its literature).
Speaking of this: You touch on it, but yes, strictly speaking a clade is any species and ALL its ancestors. You can also have polyphyletic groups, meaning a "group" composed of members of multiple clades--for example, lizards. These are not considered real in biology. Paraphyletic groups (para=cut) are those that include a species and SOME of its ancestors. These.....are complicated. Strictly speaking, they're wrong and bad and we shouldn't use them. But that gets you into trouble. Strictly speaking, if there's a species A, and species B evolves from A, the name for A now refers to the group A+B. You can literally be forced to name a new species despite there being NO change in that species. Taxonomists wisely opt to say that's stupid, because it is, but that's a legitimate interpretation of the principle. More problematically, you can sometimes have a single group branch off a clade and become so different that it makes sense to talk about it separately. Birds are a great example of this. There's a clear demarcation between birds and non-avian dinosaurs after the K/Pg mass extinction--birds lived, the rest didn't. So while evolutionarily they are dinosaurs, it makes ECOLOGICAL sense to refer to all non-avian dinosaurs as "dinosaurs" and birds as "birds". This is actually really common in paleontology. The issues get a lot more complicated; I'm just trying to give the 1:5,000,000 scale overview!
The thagomizer (one of my favorite pieces of dinosaur anatomy) got its name from the Far Side comic. Paleontologists are giant nerds, so literally none of us saw anything wrong with doing so. :D
I'm VERY hesitant to give numbers or percents of species that went extinct in a mass extinction. What actually happens is that we evaluate the number of some higher-order taxa that went extinct (families or orders), and estimate the average number of species in that higher-order taxa (say, 10 species per family, plus or minus six), then run the math. It's a guestimate. And I'm very dubious about the methodology, for a host of reasons.
Thank you for putting the blame for the K/Pg mass extinction squarely where it belongs--on the bolide impact!!! This was honestly one reason I avoided this video for a while. Too many people fall for the nonsense about a gradual extinction. There's a lot of reasons why a sudden extinction would look gradual in the rock record, though, and no reason why other things going on at hte time could have caused it. Gerta Keller and her students are the primary hold-out for the sensu stricto Uniformitarian interpretation as a slow, gradual extinction; the rest of paleontology has accepted the Alvarez Hypothesis at this point.
I'm....torn about the Cenozoic. I'm very, very tempted to agree with some researchers that we've entered a new era, the Anthropozoic. Time will tell, I guess, and it's one of the sad parts of being a paleontologist that I can see this wonderful question playing out, but know that my lifespan will be too short to see the ultimate conclusion. By the time we finally know for sure, I'll have joined the dinosaurs in the fossil record. Grim, but beautiful none the less.
All in all, this episode was far too brief for my taste, but then I'm a dinosaur guy when it comes right down to it. I'd be perfectly happy if every video on TH-cam was about dinosaurs and the creatures that shared their world! I wish you'd have covered things like the Ocean Anoxic Events and a few other issues life encountered during this era, but this is a very good overview of a very weird and wonderful phase in evolutionary history!
So what your telling me is that dinosaurs tasted like chicken... Epic.
Other way around. Chicken tastes like dinosaur.
Or chicken tastes like dinosaurs 😱😱😱😱
+Alexander Abrams-Flohr oh wow, ur comment didn't load yet for me when i replied XD
+Alexander Abrams-Flohr My mind... its been blown to bits...
@@Alexaflohr
A chicken _is_ a dinosaur. But so are ostriches who's meat more resembles beef.
I'm really enjoying this series, especially this episode on dinosaurs. thank you so much!
Hands down, best series ever!
Damn... Missed it by just 65 million years. I'll get em next time
meet you there :)
the Earth is only 6000 years-_-
@@marianne4578 lol
@@cesarangeles1204 its true tho
@@marianneorishchin8540 How so
Later dinosaurs like Arin Hanson (Eoraptor)
this has been such a good mini series! can't wait for the next one!
This series is one of the best on youtube! Keep them comming!
i wonder if some other species is going to be making videos about us and our time.
140m years ago, or acestors, the humans lived...
How big was the worm for the “early bird”?
top ten questions science still cant answer
They were small ooof
Always a pleasure to watch one of your video with your jokes and explanations ! Keep up the good work!
5:25 *RIP* Thag Simmons. Gone, but not forgotten.
But, how did stegosaurus have sex?
PS: I love you guys!
Asking the real questions!
they didn't. they layed eggs, then fertilized them.
I thought eggs that are in shells only include embryos when the female got fertilized before? The more you know i guess?
vortex594 you weren't paying attention to the clips, the difference between amphibians and animals that can breed without water is the hard shelled eggs, I don't think sperm can fertilize a hard shelled egg like a frogs.
eoraptors had quite the ego........EGORAPTOR IS WRITTEN ALL OVER THIS
I love this series! Keep it up.
Thanks for this series, it's great!
Can you do one on cerebral aneurysms? I had one rupture at 19 and would love to learn more!
Wow, dinosaurs are delicious.
I love this series so much. If possible do this style of content more. Either way keep being awesome.
this is one of my favorite series
This tastes like Eoraptor
Clever.
Eoraptor would deliver the pizza on time
+A talking dragon Thats the joke
DISREGARD DINOSAURS, HANK IS HAVING A BABY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
jk dinosaurs are cool too
Don't know about you but it's made my summer 😊
i just started jumping around my room when i heard, i was so excited, hahah
Technically Katherine is having a baby. ;)
very true!
I'm really enjoying this series.
I love this series! Please do more series about large topics after this one is complete!
how come the dinosaurs are not mentioned in the bible???
it never mentioned the world was round either.
Preeeeeetty sure that wasn't its original purpose
"God put those there to test our faith"
Because people didn't know about dinosaurs when the bible was written.
Because the bible wasn't created before the dinosaurs.
under 1000 views, under 10 minutes. 120 likes, 2 dislikes.
Cool!
And now it's 22K likes, 19 derps. (We'll ignore the grump, I see what you're getting at...that's pretty impressive in under 10 minutes. Way to teach the world, Hank!)
I'm glad you had enough interest in science and history to make it all the way to the comment area of this video, but unfortunately you (Antonio Lewis) left a comment that only annoys people when they come across it. Then again, maybe it is the videos themselves that shouldn't be on youtube, since it appears that 4 year old kids seem to be taking over youtube, so maybe it is adults like me that are trying to get an education in a place that teaches children and complaining about there being kids acting like kids. Unfortunately, since TH-cam is the most popular video website, everyone uses TH-cam to get the most exposure, so even highly intelligent adults who post educational videos for other intelligent adults, still have to deal with childish behaviour that engulfs TH-cam. When you become an adult, perhaps you will understand.
+Jay H you miserable son of a
+Jay H ...the only people who would be 'annoyed' would be the sort of person who goes to the effort to pee in somebody else's Cheerios.
Chill, and accept that all +Antonio Lewis did was point out that this excellent video was reaching a lot of people quickly, spreading science rather than just videos of people falling into swimming pools. Given the suite of comments here, you picked an odd one to focus your efforts on. I'm sure you can see standing back how that decision of effort with respect to something so harmless in the context of all the other posts here looks...super weird.
Sorry, I didn't read the whole comment, Instead I read a few words of it, and made the assumption it was a "first comment" idiot. I am sorry, I read that whole comment just now and realize it is just making a reference to an impressive statistic in a short amount of time. Sorry about that.
the last time I was this early this joke was still original
The term "Thagomizer" was actually coined in a Far Side cartoon by Gary Larson. These cartoons have so much nerd cred, that paleontologists started using it as an informal anatomical term (like "taint"). Gary Larson even has a species of louse named after him.
This is a propaganda! They want me to lose subs!
So is this the second coming? (Lol that sounds weird)
Lol
prove you are a thing not using the Bible ..just try
+naihanchin Kempo Why would the bible be used as proof?
+BadWolf 21 lol, It can't but they believe it is.
I really hope we can keep this video strictly scientific and leave religion out of this. I know it can be hard but for once can we just live in harmony together
+PTGamer
To answer your question: NO
Because that's not how humans mentally work.
You may have noticed, that humans have their eyes in front and not at the sides of theirs skull, and they also don't have a herbivor toothset. This might give you an indication why.
God created dinosaurs from Adam's thigh.
Your right dude, we can live in harmony. I use religion for things that science physically can't explain, but I don't use religion to disprove science. They CAN coexist as long as people don't put them in the same category. Religion is supernatural, while science is natural.
awdrg
creationism is the problem, not religion.
Incredible series, really lovin it.
Finally, I have been waiting for Part 3!
Placental mammal has it's hands the wrong directing and not high enough. 2/10. Praising not accepted. Try again.
Praise the sun?
No.
Check us out we are a call of duty trickshotting team
Amazing content!
I saw your old teamtage about a year ago fuckiing siked that ya back
MY TEAM
Trickshotting. Lol
trickshotting is 2009, find some original content or at least something that doesnt ruin online players time....
Thank you Sci Show. Great vid. :)
Thank you +SciShow team!!! Can't wait for part 4! When I was a kid I was a lot into dinosaurs, mostly because of the movie Jurassic Park and that sequence in Fantasia, now I'm much more interested in the evolution of the first mammals and to their path to the primates. And also I would like to find out more about the very first living beings on earth... how the hell did a bunch of molecules start 'doing stuff' like moving, eating, duplicating etc..?
From the Far Side comic: "This is called the Thagomizer, after the late Thag Simmons" - Gary Larson!
I was waiting for this!
This is a great series.
very descriptive and concise video. Really nice work
Incredibly cool and interesting! :D
Excellent series!
I LOVE THIS SERIES :)
Finally I was waiting for part 3 for like a week and a half
Ross Geller's favorite SciShow episode.
Very interesting episode!
I'm so glad scishow is making this series. I didn't receive any education on this in high school because I went to a Christian private school.
Love this series
Okay, I have a suggestion for a video. Everybody knows that paint dries, but how exactly *does* paint dry, like what chemical process allows liquids to dry?
my hypothesis is evaporation (which is a physical process). put paint in a cooler and see if it dries.
Paint is made of a fluid and pigment. When paint dries, the fluid evaporates and the pigment stains the surface
I expect there's more going on that just drying. If it were just that, when the rain falls on my house, the paint would re-hydrate and run off. Leaving my lawn looking ... AWESOME!
ssppeellll "And the pigment stains the surface"
I love this series
interesting vid. Good work!
I love these videos.
I really like these episodes
i love how he shows the sources
The "Thagomizer" was named by the Cartoonist Gary Larson in a Far Side comic. Paleontologists, many of whom were Far Side fans, decided to use the name officially.
great job. keep it up please. I hope someday you do a even more in-depth version s.
Damn it Hank, i played this video to bore me to sleep, now i want to know more about Cenozoic!!
Can't be a coincidence that the Eoraptor was mentioned in an episode of Game Grumps today and now I'm watching SciShow mentioning eoraptors as well
Hey Hank. Please make the next one. I like this.
you guys are teaching me alot
this takes me back to primary school library :3
Don't forget about the Deccan Traps! Likely also a large contributor to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction
It's interesting to think about why the first true mammals evolved so soon after the first dinosaurs. Some evolutionary biologists have suggested that since dinosaurs ruled the planet all day, mammals were forced to stay small and nocturnal, and that lifestyle drove the evolution of the higher mammalian brain for sensory perception and motor control.
I thought it has been generally accepted that the formation of the deccan traps also was what lead to the end of cretaceous extinction. Accepted enough to be addressed in this video. And the asteroid impact was just the second part of this one-two punch.
KILLED IT.
Dinosaur time is my favorite time of day.
finally this took forever
Gary Larson fans would appreciate that he actually came up with the term "thagomizer" in one of his comics and paleontologists just kinda rolled with it.
didn't watch bcz busy for a few days. Still liked cuz i love you guys.
Thank you
The Cenozoic has been going on for 66 million years and has been divided into three periods, the cretaceous lasted for more than 70 million years. Just a little random fact I found interesting. I know that we're still basically just getting started
Quite the coincidence that I watch this episode that talks about the Eoraptor the same day I watch the episode of Game Grumps that explains the origin of Egoraptor's was from him miss-reading the name of the very same dino.
Neat
6:40 I know those things, they are basically like a Komodo Dragon, cross bred with a sea snake, except they grew to over 60 feet in length, and weighed around 8 tonnes at max, and they basically took over the entire ocean, they were *the* Apex Predators of the Cretaceous oceans
It is cool to see such video. It is interesting and useful. The only thing I feel like it is missing in hole this stream is how do we know all this stuff. For many people this is as valid as a fairy tale or a myth - "just an opinion", "it is just a theory not a fact". This is because they do not understand how can we know such things - to be honest, I do not understand all of it as well. It would be nice to see a videos with explanation of "How do we know that we know what we know", either as separate video, or included in any other regular materials. ;)
that plesiosaur skeleton is from my local museum :D yay houston
I feel like we should recognize that the term "Thagomizer", referring to the spiky bits on the end of stegosaurus' tail, actually comes from comic artist Gary Larson of The Far Side fame.
Keep making these videos pls
I Love that the semi-official term "Thagomizer" was actually coined by Gary Larson in his "Far Side" comic.
Hey SciShow! I've got two questions:
1. Since mammals and dinosaurs evolved around the same time, what advantage did dinosaurs have that allowed them to achieve dominance first?
2. What was it that made Archosaurs so excellent at evolving to fly? Seems remarkable that this one group spawned both pterosaurs and birds. The only other group that has held dominance in the skies for such an extended period of time would be the insects.
1. Reptiles need less air and can reproduce faster on average.
2. Well, evolution.
+Commentator
I'd rather say reptiles need less energy, because they are poikilotherm, which is not a bad thing, if it is comparatively warm.
Also: ever heard of rabbits ? Mammals can reproduce pretty quick. I'd say on average a lot faster than reptiles (at least those still alive)
Frank Schneider Rabbits mate a lot
This is cool
Fun fact, the thagomizer didn't have any name until it was coined in a Gary Larson "Far Side" comic.
YES! make more
nice video :)
Nice 'update' on dinosaurs-long time coming-but some of the implications are strange, like the Cryolophosaurus ellioti of Antarctica 192 Mya either evolved in 7 Myr meanwhile everything else took 15-20 Myr (what did it eat before waiters existed), else it preexisted, that global extinction of 199 Mya, that maybe wasn't, global, but evolved from whence....