How Soil Could Be An Untapped Source Of Electricity
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 9 มิ.ย. 2021
- Bioo is generating electricity from the organic matter in soil and creating biological batteries to power agricultural sensors, a growing $1.36 billion global market. Eventually, Bioo envisions a future where biology could help to power our largest cities.
» Subscribe to CNBC: cnb.cx/SubscribeCNBC
» Subscribe to CNBC TV: cnb.cx/SubscribeCNBCtelevision
» Subscribe to CNBC Classic: cnb.cx/SubscribeCNBCclassic
About CNBC: From 'Wall Street' to 'Main Street' to award winning original documentaries and Reality TV series, CNBC has you covered. Experience special sneak peeks of your favorite shows, exclusive video and more.
Connect with CNBC News Online
Get the latest news: www.cnbc.com/
Follow CNBC on LinkedIn: cnb.cx/LinkedInCNBC
Follow CNBC News on Facebook: cnb.cx/LikeCNBC
Follow CNBC News on Twitter: cnb.cx/FollowCNBC
Follow CNBC News on Instagram: cnb.cx/InstagramCNBC
#CNBC
How Soil Could Be An Untapped Source Of Electricity
I know this is above my expertise but I am curious as to how this effects the soil. Does this take away from the energy "consumed" by plants? Things like that I am curious about
one of the scientists said they're looking to boost the efficiency of the soil which I imagine it'll mostly be the soil bacteria's energy efficiency. Some bacteria only live in some areas and might mess up some new location if they're transfered into it-- think Japanase kudzu plant being introduced to America and growing endlessly and everywhere.
Im assuming the sensors are placed so far from each other, low density per area. The effect, whatever it is, is negligible
you should learn about mass conservation
@@bioo.official WHAT?? SO IT CREATES HEAT???
@@mau345 Thank you for your contribution to the void that is armchair philosophy.
I’m sorry, I can’t keep watching this. Someone there really needs to better understand what they are talking about. You said they “harnessed acids in a potato to power a small light or clock.” No. No they did not. They are harnessed the power of 2 different types of metal to allow for a RedOx reaction to occur. The potato is just the electrolyte in between those 2 metals.
Agreed, some people are clueless
Volta battery)))But now the time when some rich people invent WC )))Reinvent volta battery.USA it's crazy country with thay startups.
Thank you. Reading the other comments, I was starting to wonder if all science had died.
yOu areN't HarNessIng tHe PoWeR oF tHe eNGiNe ItS aLL tHe OiL.
Yeah let me set fire to my fuel tank cause its the same amount of energy released, the electrolyte in a battery is important and without it redox likely wouldn't be useful to us. It's not the thing generating the energy it's the thing making that energy useful. potato battery redox doesn't work without the electrolyte
@@lolbro8701 but it’s not the oil either. It’s the chemical combustion of the gasoline with oxygen.
The potato battery is entirely possible without the potato. But it’s entirely impossible without the 2 different metals.
It’s misleading at the least to say it harnesses the power of the potato when it could be done with salt water.
Great content to recirculate & educate. Thank you.
Bloomsky has weather senors that run in solar energy, but having several days of rain or snow will rundown the battery, this tech would be a great help to keep battery charged all the time!!!
This could be a great innovative way. Wow, we should get right to with this
Who's we?
Humanity should invest in this that’s the we he’s referring to
@@kamalmuheisen1787 And here I was wondering who tf would even be gullible enough to fall for this... I didn't have to look far to find out
@@kamalmuheisen1787 It's already all happening... Great Reset... Bye Bye Pollution!
@@CosmicHarmony58 Bye Bye freedom, hello slavery.
If they made the same thing but with a water sprinkler, motion activated, for the same Chipmunks and squirrels who like eating/digging up my f****** bulbs..... I will be the biggest investor you'd ever have.🤣😂
I had a robin nest on my patio so for a month I had the privilege of watching the resident chipmunks run for their lives with a robin pecking their tails!
@@skyak4493 oh
The chipmunk need to eat your just feeding the wild life in your area.
Exact
I have one of those, it's a motion activated sprinkler that keeps deer out of my lilies.
Tell us the chemistry :)
Ya… they don’t sounds very scientific
Reminds me of Theranos
yes they are finally, now starting to use microbial fuel cells,though how large is the electrical output from these microbial fuel cells
Wonderful Explanation Agriculture
Soil degradation might be an issue.
@@bioo.official does this product need a battery to operate at all? Like somebody told me to look something up that did the "same thing", but it still required me to buy four AAA batteries. I don't want to do that.
@@bioo.official Still listening to the video, but I would like to point out that although "most" of the excess electrons are lost as heat. There would still be a massive quantity of electrons that would normally be used to convert one nutrient, mineral, chemical, etc. Into something more productive for the next crop or bacteria animal etc that would be lost from harvesting, and, therefore would be limiting the overall quantity of free electrons available for things to use, that not only soil degradation would be accelerated, but that there *could* be a cascade effect up the food chain. Even if it's just because of "minor" inefficiencies. I mean we're still dealing with a massive number of electrons here.
I'm not saying "oh that won't work" I'm saying there will be consequences. When running a low draw humidity sensor on a fence post, okay whatever, slightly less productive soil for a small area around the post. If you're trying to power a city with this however.... btw, yes the guy said they weren't going to be powering aircraft and what not or bigger. The narrator, However, did mention cities. Yes, cities are larger than aircraft, I'm just going with the flow.
There's already concerns about the rate of soil degradation in many nations. As well as a host of government subsidies in order to try and prevent such issues. Including paying farmers for fields to lay fallow. So that natural processes to replenish various nutrients and minerals in the soil can happen, and we're talking about removing the literal heat source for a chunk of decomposition which ultimately feeds and powers everything. Again, that's largely just speaking to agricultural effects.
TLDR I guess: If this tech works out large scale. I foresee another subsidy to farmers and the like for them to simply leave their land alone in an attempt to save its ability to be arable soil in the first place. Perhaps, eventually, in perpetuity.
@@bioo.official Would you not waste massive amounts of copper and other metals that are hard to extract without producing massive amounts of carbon? Would you not also have to replace any wires that have produced oxide layers and lost conductivity, therefore requiring the electrodes to be replaced often and more carbon heavy? Finally, would the oxides from metals used in electrodes not be toxic, such as copper oxide, and would they not leach into the soil?
@Bioo how much & how long has your tech has been tested in areas facing torrential rain seasons?
The future looks so bright.
Talk about unpredictable 'future' scientific advances!! Just extraordinary!!!
Very interesting video. Nicely done.
Ooh, this is fascinating.
It using this I think in a pilot scheme like in small communities then understand how the scale can be adapted according the scale of the technology and the purpose the technology therefore can achieve.
Nice , Photosynthesis energy bout time we share. I look forward to experimenting. Water can also convert to energy but this might really cause a shortage.
I see one advantage in this. It works without a battery which a solar lamp/sensor needs, thus being less polluting.
That is so freakin' dope.
As result, how much dose this technology can generate the electricity during the day??
To achieve the commercial scale, we need to acknowledge this quality in advance.
I think it's just alternative not a replacement
This is pretty cool I want control of this.
Lots of potential.👍
Says drilling rig, shows pump jack.
Says smoke stacks, shows steam from cooling towers. At least make an effort people.
Come-on , it's NBC
Not like they have the capital to use accurate B-roll or vet their script.
This is shilling for multi-billion Pharma/Genetic companies.
You'd think _Bayer_ would have enough of an interest not to end up with 💩 on their face.
This is magnificent 👏
This is new to me, if its legitimate that will be intriguing.
Fantastic!
May be great solution to energy environment and food trilemma, but how it affects soil system particularly soil biodiversity
and when lightning hits ground or earthing wire?
To be fair, I don't think that conventional tech could handle a lightning strike, either.
Lightning Rod's
Excellent
1:40 I thought that was the end 😆
@Bioo: So, why don't you have your batteries storing energy from the Bioo panels, in the flower-bed, building up the energy over time to utilize it elsewhere as needed? Such as to power the home with that energy, combining it with solar energy, etc., when you don't need to use the stored energy, from the flower-bed, to light the flower-bed, at all, because, presumably you have excess?
Cool, more options
What I heard is a lot of nice claims, but no information about how this actually works, how much electricity is produced by the soil, and how. There is also no information on the Bioo site. Just because it got a lot of funding still doesn't mean it's feasible. Until they give a much better explanation of how it works it belongs in the same category as solar roadways, an impractical nice idea.
This is very interesting
So cool!
Good for future
I want to make this in my garden
I smell another Theranos level scam..... Note the cheap black suit jacket. Although it appears this young man is just a pretty face to hook investors.
How will ground freeze affect it? What is the actual chemical reaction? is it alkaline in the soil doing all the work or does it need other mined materials for the reaction?
5:31 biological light switches are so cool!
Soo where does the power go and what would happen in the soil after that could it harm the soil coz you can't get something with nothing.
Nice video.
if this technology does very well in soil, I wonder how well it would do in a bacteria rich environment or with algae?
Suggest capstone research title for this
Oh how wonderful! I’m behind anything monsanto is working on! Wonderful company!
sounds too good to be true
Good...
Interesting.
Energy from Soil is a future game changer
Not really. The power output is tiny, so it's not going to power the world - but it does reduce the cost of installing sensors, as you don't need to give each sensor a pricy solar panel and associated electronics. Sensors help farmers better target irrigation, fertiliser and chemical treatments. So the technology means slightly higher agricultural yields on lower resource requirements. Good, certainly. But not world-changing.
Cool, Arduino power
Does this work on erosion soil?
What if you used a football field size area of biopanels paired with sets of alternating charging and discharging super capacitors that can supply a constant flow of electricity into the grid or used to power other things. Example they said 3.7wats per sqft. A football field is 57,000sqft. Which means it has the energy potential of 210,000 watts as a giant biopanel system. Average home uses 36,000 wats a day. You could power 5 homes a day with a football field. Which is allot and not allot at the same time but paired with storage tech, solar and wind. You could make a solar,bio,wind farm that uses its combined production capicity of an area to supply a large boost to a local grid. Combining technologies.
Futuristic
WTF I love this
I wonder what kind of power you would get from Biochar enriched farm land, with a graphine battery system. 🤔
If you genetically engineered a mushroom, so that it's mycelium network could function like a funnel/"biowire". Shunting the free electrons from the soil, to the battery pack.
You could then sell the mushrooms (if safe for consumption) & harness the power of a larger area with fewer manufactured parts.
I love the video
Potential endless energy source basically anywhere in this universe:
a. Small aluminum cones with an electrical wire running through the center of the cones, cones spaced apart (not touching I'm thinking) but end to end.
b. Electromagnetic radiation energy in the atmosphere interacts with the aluminum cones.
c. Jostled atoms and molecules in the cone eventually have some electrons try to get away from other electrons of which those electrons gather at the larger end of the cone, of which also creates an area of positive charge at the smaller end of the cone.
d. The electron's in the wire are attracted to the positive end of the cone and the positive 'end' in the wire are attracted to the negatively charged end of the cone.
e. Basically a 'battery' has been created inside the electrical wire itself, different areas of electrical potential. Basically a 'wire battery' or a 'batteryless battery', however one wanted to call it.
f. Numerous cones placed end to end increases the number of 'batteries' in the wire.
Then of course, one could take that generated dc electricity to split H2O into H2 and O2 of which could be burned or utilized in a hydrogen fuel cell to get the electricity back with a byproduct of basically pure water. Species need pure water too.
With the increased cosmic radiation that is going to be impacting this Earth this century as well as possibly a mini-ice age, might as well put that cosmic radiation to work for us.
Hydrogen: See my Twitter page under the same name as this comment to see years worth of just some of what this world is already doing with Hydrogen. (The Twitter ID with the '001charlieb' to aid in your search of this 'me' as there are many "me's" apparently in existence).
Absolutely agree as that what causes the northern lights in Alaska at north pole or positive end of earth's magnetic dynamo always there along with lightning so much as has to discharge this wasted energy also need more ideas like this to use cosmic energy and earth dynamo magnetic generater possibly magnetic intersects may be areas where UFO get re up on there energy and why reason come here and then go away once re energized is my thought theory and always like to think of new ways off the wall thinking to get the energy there already thanks will try harvest energy by what described.
@@jodygwinn6938 Well, 2 things.
a. Look into Telluric currents and/or Earth Batteries. The energy that flows through the surface of the Earth can be tapped into. They used to do it back in the days of the telegraph. Buried metal plates, parallel to each other, perpendicular to the flow of energy, separated from each other, but not too far apart, and some even put another plate in between those two, perpendicular to those two, not touching, to help concentrate the energy between the two main plates, and one plate takes on a positive charge and one plate takes on a negative charge. An 'Earth Battery'.
And here again, one could take that dc electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen for other uses as stated above in the opening of this thread.
b. Find some entity to do my gravity test and 'if' true, potentially have the literal theory of everything for this universe. Then just tap into the eternally existent ever flowing energy for whatever one wants to do with it. (See the posts to you after this post).
@@jodygwinn6938 (copy and pastes from my files):
Here is the test for the 'gravity' portion of my TOE idea. I do not have the necessary resources to do the test but maybe you or someone else reading this does, will do the test, then tell the world what is found out either way.
a. Imagine a 12 hour clock.
b. Put a magnetic field across from the 3 to 9 o'clock positions.
c. Put an electric field across from the 6 to 12 o'clock positions.
(The magnetic field and electric field would be 90 degrees to each other and should be polarized so as to complement each other.)
d. Shoot a high powered laser through the center of the clock at 90 degrees to the em fields.
e. Do this with the em fields on and off.
(The em fields could be varied in size, strength, density and depth. The intent would be to energy frequency match the laser and em fields for optimal results.)
f. Look for any gravitational / anti-gravitational effects.
(Including the utilization of ferro cells so as to be able to actually see the energy field movements.)
(And note: if done right, it's possible a mini gravitational black hole might form. Be ready for it. In addition, it's possible a neutrino might be formed before the black hole stage, the neutrino being a substance with a very high gravitational modality with very low 'em' modalities.)
(An alternative to the above would be to shoot 3 high powered lasers, or a single high powered laser split into 3 beams, each adjustable to achieve the above set up, all focused upon a single point in space.)
'If' effects are noted, 'then' further research could be done.
'If' effects are not noted, 'then' my latest TOE idea is wrong. But still, we would know what 'gravity' was not, which is still something in the scientific world. Science still wins either way and moves forward.
@@jodygwinn6938 Revised TOE: 3/25/2017a.
My Current TOE:
THE SETUP:
1. Modern science currently recognizes four forces of nature: The strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, gravity, and electromagnetism.
2. In school we are taught that with magnetism, opposite polarities attract and like polarities repel. But inside the arc of a large horseshoe magnet it's the other way around, like polarities attract and opposite polarities repel. (I have proved this to myself with magnets and anybody with a large horseshoe magnet and two smaller bar magnets can easily prove this to yourself too. It occurs at the outer end of the inner arc of the horseshoe magnet.).
3. Charged particles have an associated magnetic field with them.
4. Protons and electrons are charged particles and have their associated magnetic fields with them.
5. Photons also have both an electric and a magnetic component to them.
FOUR FORCES OF NATURE DOWN INTO TWO:
6. When an electron is in close proximity to the nucleus, it would basically generate a 360 degree spherical magnetic field.
7. Like charged protons would stick together inside of this magnetic field, while simultaneously repelling opposite charged electrons inside this magnetic field, while simultaneously attracting the opposite charged electrons across the inner portion of the electron's moving magnetic field.
8. There are probably no such thing as "gluons" in actual reality.
9. The strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force are probably derivatives of the electro-magnetic field interactions between electrons and protons.
10. The nucleus is probably an electro-magnetic field boundary.
11. Quarks also supposedly have a charge to them and then would also most likely have electro-magnetic fields associated with them, possibly a different arrangement for each of the six different type of quarks.
12. The interactions between the quarks EM forces are how and why protons and neutrons formulate as well as how and why protons and neutrons stay inside of the nucleus and do not just pass through as neutrinos do.
THE GEM FORCE INTERACTIONS AND QUANTA:
13. Personally, I currently believe that the directional force in photons is "gravity". It's the force that makes the sine wave of EM energy go from a wide (maximum extension) to a point (minimum extension) of a moving photon and acts 90 degrees to the EM forces which act 90 degrees to each other. When the EM gets to maximum extension, "gravity" flips and EM goes to minimum, then "gravity" flips and goes back to maximum, etc, etc. A stationary photon would pulse from it's maximum extension to a point possibly even too small to detect, then back to maximum, etc, etc.
14. I also believe that a pulsating, swirling singularity (which is basically a pulsating, swirling 'gem' photon) is the energy unit in this universe.
15. When these pulsating, swirling energy units interact with other energy units, they tangle together and can interlock at times. Various shapes (strings, spheres, whatever) might be formed, which then create sub-atomic material, atoms, molecules, and everything in existence in this universe.
16. When the energy units unite and interlock together they would tend to stabilize and vibrate.
17. I believe there is probably a Photonic Theory Of The Atomic Structure.
18. Everything is basically "light" (photons) in a universe entirely filled with "light" (photons).
THE MAGNETIC FORCE SPECIFICALLY:
19. When the electron with it's associated magnetic field goes around the proton with it's associated magnetic field, internal and external energy oscillations are set up.
20. When more than one atom is involved, and these energy frequencies align, they add together, specifically the magnetic field frequency.
21. I currently believe that this is where a line of flux originates from, aligned magnetic field frequencies.
NOTES:
22. The Earth can be looked at as being a massive singular interacting photon with it's magnetic field, electrical surface field, and gravity, all three photonic forces all being 90 degrees from each other.
23. The flat spiral galaxy can be looked at as being a massive singular interacting photon with it's magnetic fields on each side of the plane of matter, the electrical field along the plane of matter, and gravity being directed towards the galactic center's black hole where the gravitational forces would meet, all three photonic forces all being 90 degrees from each other.
24. As below in the singularity, as above in the galaxy and probably universe as well.
25. I believe there are only two forces of nature, Gravity and EM, (GEM). Due to the stability of the GEM with the energy unit, this is also why the forces of nature haven't evolved by now. Of which with the current theory of understanding, how come the forces of nature haven't evolved by now since the original conditions acting upon the singularity aren't acting upon them like they originally were, billions of years have supposedly elapsed, in a universe that continues to expand and cool, with energy that could not be created nor destroyed would be getting less and less dense? My theory would seem to make more sense if in fact it is really true. I really wonder if it is in fact really true.
26. And the universe would be expanding due to these pulsating and interacting energy units and would also allow galaxies to collide, of which, how could galaxies ever collide if they are all speeding away from each other like is currently taught?
DISCLAIMER:
27. As I as well as all of humanity truly do not know what we do not know, the above certainly could be wrong. It would have to be proved or disproved to know for more certainty.
doubt they can harness enough energy out of it, and what about the organisms that would have been harnessing that energy? what does this do to the soil? these questions need to be answered
It's Ryan from the office
How much were you paid to advertise this obvious vaporware CNBC?
Actually the ideia of the sensor is pretty good, but is just a niche use, is not like we are going to run the world with it...
@@avppr3451 But it will allow Bayer (nee Monsanto) to get their hooks even deeper into farmers operations..
@@jimurrata6785 So?
@@avppr3451 I guess that depends on how you feel about $ multi-billion companies contaminating the crops we all depend on.
The production sucks.
Obvious mistakes or misinformation not vetted.
Indeed, how much did Bayer pay for this ad, and why didn't _they_ bother to correct it?
I'd expect better from a fifth graders science report.
Wow what an amazing company
Now that's what innovation is
I'm not entirely sure the Sensor market needs Biological Batteries for the Sensor Market. I produce Wi-Fi Sensors for Gardens called Kokonaut that monitor Environment and from working on it, power consumption for Sensors is already very low. Also, Solar Cells is such a mature technology if the application needs to utilize regenerative technology that is an obvious choice. Still very fascinating & cool. Hopefully we will see this technology utilized effectively and also be cost effective
Rick and Morty vibes - Microverse Battery
CNBC videos are fantastic and based on Deep knowledge,But my request is to give audio in normal/slow speed.. although they have provided subtitles..but it hides visibility 🙏
This is fancy as hell, where an I buy their bio-switches?
Interesting idea but a drop in the ocean in terms of real energy use. You'd think solar powered sensors with durable batteries would be adequate for agricultural monitoring purposes.
Come to India Bioo
POTATO FARMERS: Nah... this sounds very much STUPID.
If they are too cheap to pay more than a euro for the sensor, who is going to pay to pick all the sensor litter out of the fields after they are done?
One small step for industrial farming, one giant leap for pollution.
Don’t they already have drones that can survey and report soil conditions back to a solar base? This is a formula for litter distribution.
If this works, why not use it in building foundations for night power?
Anyone else thinking, Wow the future of my children is going to be beyond my wildest dreams!
Amazing to think of all we are capable of discovering if we just dreamed more.
Before jumping on board this train, let's not forget that this the same channel which introduced us to Nikola. Thats all.😊
Now this is good. 📡👽🇺🇸 Alien approved.
The idea of using this to power agricultural sensors is promising, but the idea that it could power cities to any significant degree is bull crap, and I'm disappointed in CNBC for including that line (which seems like it came straight from Bioo's marketing department) in the video description, and not treating it with any critical thought in the video itself.
Biogas from decomposition of organic waste can be energy too
Wonder if they can do this on farms
We have a water draught
Now that's innovation, not like stupid uber or lyft or facebook.
Smart now if the product becomes cheap thats the only leap it will make
Thanks for your feedback. To take advantage
W...h....t....s....A.....p....p +1.....(3....0...4..)... 3...6..,.2..-...7...6..4=5....
Coooooooool
There is clearly a limit to it's usefullness as a permanent power generator, as the energy still fundamentally came from the sun
This is NOT a piano! 5:56
Slow cook food inside a hot compost heap!
So the plants that emit light in Avatar are real
1/4 the power density of solar... Why not put a solar battery and rechargeable battery on the sensors, like garden lights?
I'm sure there will be niche applications for their technology, but it's not going to go mainstream.
Lighting gardens and cities,? There's the infrastructure in place to power the devices.
Powering cities? Put up solar panels and storage.
I think one of the biggest hurdles they'll face is with licencing. How much will this cost compared to a cheap solar panel and rechargeable battery?
Another problem is demand. What demand is there for these small sensors?
Many farmers use agronomists to analyse their soil, determine what chemicals to apply etc. Soil pH doesn't require constant monitoring, fertiliser demand is determined by soil analysis, herbicide and pesticide demand is determined by looking at the crop and management. For example, a large agronomist firm might have access to satellite data, showing soil moisture, crop cover and other data. They'll do soil analysis to determine what fertilisers to apply and where.
Are the small sensors going to replace that?
And who going to walk out in a 3000 acre field and pickup and place these sensors before you plow and plant.
Absolutely Mind Blowing....till Date this shall be the Biggest Breakthroughs
More than the Advent of Internet Or Mobile or any such things
Its great....Govt should Fund and promote it large scale
Not enough for power use.
How much was CNBC paid to partner on this commercial?
IT SHOULD START SELLING STREET LIGHTING POWERED BY SOIL. THAT COULD SAVE SO MUCH ENERGY
Yeah, Thanks for your feedback. To take advantage
W...h....t....s....A.....p....p +1.....(3....0...4..)... 3...6..,.2..-...7...6..4=5.
Due the micro organisim die during the process?
Some More Videos Agriculture Bhooming
This kinds of things makes me restore faith in our future :) *happy noises*
Maybe it can effect the fertility of soil
Most things taken off the ground are hardly replenished. That’s all I can say
You a crazy guys !It's only "Galvanic cell" or more simple "Volta battery".
Voltaic pile.
@@denelson83 you right 👍
O yeah nichol tesla already new this
What if we end up with the electrons in our food ??
?
We already do.
Are they publicly traded ?
Now how about turn fruit and vegetable farms in mass production for both food and electricity ?
@@bunnyrabbituk3069 indeed it is thanx
The future is in good hands because this world has so many great and intelligent minds
T•h•a•n•k• f•O•r • w•a•t•c•h•i•n•g• t•o•d•a•y•s• v•i•d•e•o
✓ +•1•7•7•3•3•0•3•3•2•2•0
What am I missing here? Why don’t these sensors in farmers fields have a small solar panel to keep the batteries charged up like so many small lights and devices today? Just Curious. I assume I’m missing something and it’s not that simple.
Yes, solar is expensive and takes up a lot of space and still needs a batery, the sensor you just stick it out of the soil when you are going to harvest....
The sensor with the soil power is a sbustitute for the sensor with chemical AA batteries which are better than solar...
You are missing nothing, this is a solution in search of a problem.
At 1:45 I think you have it reversed. The cathode is negative and the anode is positive. Of course, this is just terminology.
*Terminalogy