I love all these vignettes about small town history -- reminds me so much of the little towns in central Illinois that blossomed at the turn of the 20th century when oil was discovered under many a farm field. Your productions are just great.
Thanks for the words of support, Jon! Very much appreciated! Yes, that is part of what makes it so interesting for us as well. Every town, every station has stories to tell, revealing at every step a bit more about our American landscape. Very glad that you are enjoying these videos!
Rode the Heritage Trail round trip on Saturday and very isolated in many spots. Very nice ride, thank you for sharing the video as the inspiration to the ride. Thank you!
Thanks for watching our videos and taking the time to comment! Glad that you were inspired to ride the trail! It is indeed a very nice bicycle and walking trail - some stunning natural beauty and quiet surroundings. Thanks again!
The Chicago Central railroad was bought back by the Illinois Central in the mid nineties. The Canadian National then purchased the IC during the merger mania of the late 90's. Love the work you are doing in these presentations! Keep them coming!
Thanks for another enjoyable video about the CGW. The existence of the Heritage Trail made it easy for you to show all of where the CGW went in Dubuque County. This & the previous video enable people to get an idea of what traveling on the CGW was like. Like I said in another video, I could imagine a CGW train lead by several F-units running on the trail. & my familiarity with this part of the CGW route made it easy to know where everything was. I have to add that I love those old bridges & have spent some time standing on some of them just watching the Maquoketa River go by. As you may know, there was some opposition to the trail when it was in the planning stage. Thankfully those problems were overcome. Unfortunately, the same can't be said about the plan to extend the trail to Backbone State Park in Delaware County. As always, looking forward to the next leg of the journey.
Thanks for the thoughtful comment and for the continuing support of our channel! Yes, the Iowa Heritage Trail is a regional treasure. We would recommend it to anyone, whether cycling enthusiasts or railroad fans, or nature lovers. Regarding the bridges, we too would have liked to have spent more time at a few of them, but hours were short and so we had to press on. Also, the three bridges that we showed in this video were not situated so as to get side shots. The banks of the creek/river at these points were heavily covered with foliage - and although we attempted to get down to the banks, or further along the waterline - we couldn't find a better vantage point to show these bridges, which was unfortunate. It is unfortunate that there is so much opposition to these rails-to-trails conversions. We are not aware of any that have been failures for the communities involved. They only help to highlight both the history and the natural beauty of the area - and they create a destination for people to come and admire. Thanks again for supporting our channel!
I love the work you've put in to this series. It is excellent. So far you've only found two station structures still standing. I would hope the Illinois Railway Museum could acquire the Woodbine Station and preserve it on the museum campus.
Thanks very much for the kind words and support! Through Dyersville, we've seen three in situ stations (Elmhurst, Clare, and Elizabeth), and two displaced stations (Woodbine and Wasco). There might be a few more hiding out as farm structures here and there. We hope that Clare and Woodbine can continue to exist and perhaps be renovated in the coming years, in some fashion. Thanks for the comment and the observation!
Thanks for watching and for the supportive words! We try to do our best in our research, using primary sources and picking out interesting stories worth sharing. Thanks for commenting!
Thanks for watching the video and for supporting the channel! Glad that you enjoyed it. Yes, we've heard from others as well that they enjoy seeing the former ROW. The sped up ride is roughly the same speed of the trains, although the camera perspective is a bit lower than from a locomotive. :-)
Thanks for supporting our channel and for watching the video! These extra long videos take quite a bit longer to produce, for a whole variety of reasons. Thanks again!
Ah, you've reached my new hometown. Thanks for the information, and forgive me if I look away from your bike journey. Occasionally it triggers my vertigo....
Thank you for watching and commenting! Apologies regarding the sped up bicycle trips, as otherwise the video would be extraordinarily long. We show the entire trip as some people enjoy spotting artifacts along the former ROW. Thanks again!
Just an FYI, something most wouldn't know. Delhi, here, is pronounced DEL-hi, not like deli. Iowa can get odd like that, Nevada is na-VAY-da, Sigourney is SIG-er-nee. I had to learn when I moved here.
Another outstanding video , I actually watched your presentation of the CA&E at Wheaton college, and commented “ Excellent job “ , let’s keep this going!!
Thanks for the kind words and support! Very much appreciated! And thanks too for attending one of our talks. We very much enjoy doing those and get to meet a lot of great people. Thanks again!
More great storytelling and another stellar production. I really enjoyed the aerial views of Dyersville. Your drone footage is buttery smooth. Can't wait untill the next installment. Thanks for your dedication to this project. I hope you go all the way to St.Paul Minnesota.
Thanks very much for the comment and the words of support and encouragement. Very glad that you enjoyed the drone shots. Had hoped to do a bit more there, but we typically can only carry so much camera equipment on the bicycles. Thank you again!
Hi Tim, thanks to you, Alex, and Kevin for some wonderful music! We are fortunate to have access to this music and try to use it in our videos to its best advantages. Thanks again!
The National Farm Toy Museum is also located in Dyersville. It hosts the National Farm toy show annually in November. A summer show is also held in june.
Thanks for providing this add'l information. Indeed, it is one of the bigger events in Dyersville every year. Isn't the caboose and train car along Beltline Road by 5th Avenue also associated with one of the local toy or model firms?
Good job again! I noticed the bridge abutments near Kidder may have been wide enough for two tracks but maybe that never happened. Unfortunately, there is no mention of the Kidder depot on the Railroad Station Historical Society website and Google Earth street views are few and far between in that area, so that mystery remains. Not much to follow on the Iowa Northern but may have seen some bridge pilings by the North Fork Maquoketa River from Google Earth and a diagonal patch of land entering New Vienna-lots of farmland. A "new" Iowa Northern Railway was formed in modern times in Manly IA.
Yes, you are exactly right! There was room for two tracks. Maps at different times indicate that the siding moved from time to time, one time being to the west of the road and another time showing the siding to be east of the road. It's possible that the siding extended to the east when the bridge was originally built - and that the last replacement of the bridge (1920s or 1930s), the siding was either moved to the west or removed. Thanks for the excellent observation and the comment!
I enjoyed watching this video on the Chicago Great Western depots in Kidder, Iowa, Farley, Iowa and Dyersville, Iowa! The facts that you presented on the three depots and some of the structures at these locations agreed with the information on the three depots in the book Chicago Great Western: Depots Along the Corn Belt by Joseph Piersen and Jerry Huddleston. However, there was one error regarding the railroad that parallels the former Chicago Great Western right of way that you mentioned several times in your narration. You said that the Chicago Central & Pacific Railroad currently paralleled the Chicago Great Western Railroad. You also mentioned that the tracks formerly belonged to the Illinois Central Railroad. The tracks in question were owned by the Illinois Central Railroad when the Chicago Great Western Railroad was in existence. In 1985 the tracks were owned by the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad which was created on 10 August 1972 when the Illinois Central Railroad merged with the Gulf, Mobile & Ohio Railroad. The Chicago Central & Pacific Railroad came into existence on 24 December 1985 when the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad spun off its Iowa Division to Jack Haley who was the President and CEO of the Chicago Central & Pacific Railroad. The Chicago Central & Pacific Railroad operated these tracks until 1996 when the Ilinois Central Gulf repurchased the tracks from the Chicago Central & Pacific. On 29 February 1988 Illinois Cental Gulf, which had recently been spun off by IC Industries (which changed its name to Whitman Corporation after spinning off the railroad), changed its name to Illinois Central Railroad. On 11 February 1998 Canadian National Railway purchases the Illinois Central Railroad through its wholly owned subsidiary Grand Truck Corporation. Integration of operations began on 1 July 1999. Since 1 July 1999, the Canadian National Railway has operated over these tracks. (Posted 22 January 2024 at 0036 CST.)
Thanks for watching our video and for the very thoughtful and informative comment! Regarding the current railroad operator of the former IC line, our source is the "Iowa Railroads" map of 2021 prepared by the Iowa Dept of Transportation. This map indicates that the road is owned by Canadian National but is operated by the Chicago, Central, and Pacific Railroad, which is what we stated. If that has been changed or updated since 2021, then we stand corrected. But this source should be highly reliable on this point. Regarding the identity of the Illinois Central, you are very much correct that that line went through a variety of changes over time - but since we weren't doing a history of the Illinois Central (perhaps another time), we opted not to go down that rabbit-hole, as otherwise the video would have been extraordinarily long. The local histories and local newspapers typically referred to this line as the Illinois Central, which is what we too decided to use. However, the information that you provided regarding this topic is most interesting and very useful for future reference. And so thank you for sharing it! Thank you again for the interesting comment and for the continued support of our channel. It is very much appreciated!
@@BeHistoric I did some further research on the Iowa Department of Transportation Railroad Freight Map. An Iowa Department of Transportation Railroad Freight Map dated 2022 at iowadot.gov/iowarail/railroads/maps/Rail_ServiceMap.pdf indicates that CN (Canadian National) owns the tracks in question. In parentheses the letters CC appear. I presume that the CC in parentheses indicates the previous owner of the trackage. If you look north on the map, you see that the next railroad line in that direction indicates that CP (Canadiana Pacific) owns that trackage. In parentheses you will see DME. DME is the reporting mark for the Dakota Minnesota & Eastern Railroad which formerly owned the tracks. These tracks originally were owned by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad (Milwaukee Road). I did notice that the UP (Union Pacific) mainline between Clinton, Iowa and Council Bluffs, Iowa does not show CNW (Chicago & North Western) as the previous owner of that line.
Bypassing large towns on a westward trek is not unheard-of. The old ERIE RR from Buffalo to Chicago did the same thing. The largest town that the ERIE passed through was Youngstown. Bypassing Cleveland, Toledo, Ft. Wayne. ERIE was noted for it's extra wide right of way. Like the CGW, the ERIE main is almost totally ripped up.
Yes, agreed. That seemed to be the norm for the Chicago Great Western, focusing primarily on the terminal cities, and perhaps a few other large markets - but for the most part creating new RR towns all along the path between. Thanks again for the comments and for watching!
It's fascinating how simultaneously the population of 1890 was a fifth its size of today and how at the same time there were numerous industries and even entire towns that are nothing but recreational space in the present
Thanks for watching and the thoughtful comment! Yes, it is fascinating to see how towns and urban centers change over time. Here we are doing industrial archeology for industrial uses that only vanished within the past fifty years. Going back further, waterways were once spinning water-wheels for various grain and sawmills. Now it's all vanished. Thanks again for the comment!
Cnw kept the oelwein to dubuque section of the line a little while longer then from dubuque to Chicago going west past oelwein quite a few sections from oelwein to Omaha are left yet
Thanks for sharing this information! That's interesting that there is a bit more left heading southwest out of Oelwein. Thanks too for watching and commenting!
Thanks for commenting! It would indeed be interesting to see whether Amtrak picks up a few of these routes. It would be a shame if another line is lost.
@@BeHistoric Depends on November if anti rail republican's get in. Or not. Look up Governor Walker of Wisconsin. His platform was killing improvement in train services in Wisconsin. He had Koch Brothers money behind him.
Thanks for watching the video and for commenting. We use the term "station", referring to the place, which includes the depot and railyard. Most of the depots have been removed or destroyed. However, the place, the site of the former station, remains in some fashion. Our goal is to highlight and describe these staton sites, which are no longer used as railroad stations.
I wonder who was the dimwit that thought removing the mile posts was a great idea! He has to be one of the guys in Ames at the Iowa DOT. CGW had wonderful mile posts.
Thanks for watching and commenting! Some may have been in a bad state of repair, and some may have been whisked away as souvenirs. We saw quite a few mileposts along the route from Dubuque to Dyersville, although we only were able to capture a few in our video. But there are more there than we had shown.
I love all these vignettes about small town history -- reminds me so much of the little towns in central Illinois that blossomed at the turn of the 20th century when oil was discovered under many a farm field. Your productions are just great.
Thanks for the words of support, Jon! Very much appreciated! Yes, that is part of what makes it so interesting for us as well. Every town, every station has stories to tell, revealing at every step a bit more about our American landscape. Very glad that you are enjoying these videos!
Rode the Heritage Trail round trip on Saturday and very isolated in many spots. Very nice ride, thank you for sharing the video as the inspiration to the ride. Thank you!
Thanks for watching our videos and taking the time to comment! Glad that you were inspired to ride the trail! It is indeed a very nice bicycle and walking trail - some stunning natural beauty and quiet surroundings. Thanks again!
The Chicago Central railroad was bought back by the Illinois Central in the mid nineties. The Canadian National then purchased the IC during the merger mania of the late 90's. Love the work you are doing in these presentations! Keep them coming!
Thanks for the comment and the clarification. Thanks too for watching the video and for the kind words! It is much appreciated!
Thanks for another enjoyable video about the CGW. The existence of the Heritage Trail made it easy for you to show all of where the CGW went in Dubuque County. This & the previous video enable people to get an idea of what traveling on the CGW was like. Like I said in another video, I could imagine a CGW train lead by several F-units running on the trail. & my familiarity with this part of the CGW route made it easy to know where everything was.
I have to add that I love those old bridges & have spent some time standing on some of them just watching the Maquoketa River go by.
As you may know, there was some opposition to the trail when it was in the planning stage. Thankfully those problems were overcome. Unfortunately, the same can't be said about the plan to extend the trail to Backbone State Park in Delaware County.
As always, looking forward to the next leg of the journey.
Thanks for the thoughtful comment and for the continuing support of our channel! Yes, the Iowa Heritage Trail is a regional treasure. We would recommend it to anyone, whether cycling enthusiasts or railroad fans, or nature lovers. Regarding the bridges, we too would have liked to have spent more time at a few of them, but hours were short and so we had to press on. Also, the three bridges that we showed in this video were not situated so as to get side shots. The banks of the creek/river at these points were heavily covered with foliage - and although we attempted to get down to the banks, or further along the waterline - we couldn't find a better vantage point to show these bridges, which was unfortunate. It is unfortunate that there is so much opposition to these rails-to-trails conversions. We are not aware of any that have been failures for the communities involved. They only help to highlight both the history and the natural beauty of the area - and they create a destination for people to come and admire. Thanks again for supporting our channel!
I love the work you've put in to this series. It is excellent. So far you've only found two station structures still standing. I would hope the Illinois Railway Museum could acquire the Woodbine Station and preserve it on the museum campus.
Thanks very much for the kind words and support! Through Dyersville, we've seen three in situ stations (Elmhurst, Clare, and Elizabeth), and two displaced stations (Woodbine and Wasco). There might be a few more hiding out as farm structures here and there. We hope that Clare and Woodbine can continue to exist and perhaps be renovated in the coming years, in some fashion. Thanks for the comment and the observation!
Such a great series! I am so impressed with the amount of research you do for each episode. Thank you so much, David Ray
Thanks for watching and for the supportive words! We try to do our best in our research, using primary sources and picking out interesting stories worth sharing. Thanks for commenting!
Thank you for your work keeping alive the memories of the CGW! I can't wait until the next installment.
Thanks for watching the video, for commenting, and for supporting our channel! It is much appreciated!
another great vid .. love seeing the stuff i cant get to
Thanks for watching the video and for supporting the channel! Glad that you enjoyed it. Yes, we've heard from others as well that they enjoy seeing the former ROW. The sped up ride is roughly the same speed of the trains, although the camera perspective is a bit lower than from a locomotive. :-)
I was wondering! Glad you see you again!
Thanks for supporting our channel and for watching the video! These extra long videos take quite a bit longer to produce, for a whole variety of reasons. Thanks again!
Ah, you've reached my new hometown. Thanks for the information, and forgive me if I look away from your bike journey. Occasionally it triggers my vertigo....
Thank you for watching and commenting! Apologies regarding the sped up bicycle trips, as otherwise the video would be extraordinarily long. We show the entire trip as some people enjoy spotting artifacts along the former ROW. Thanks again!
Just an FYI, something most wouldn't know. Delhi, here, is pronounced DEL-hi, not like deli. Iowa can get odd like that, Nevada is na-VAY-da, Sigourney is SIG-er-nee. I had to learn when I moved here.
Another outstanding video , I actually watched your presentation of the CA&E at Wheaton college, and commented “ Excellent job “ , let’s keep this going!!
Thanks for the kind words and support! Very much appreciated! And thanks too for attending one of our talks. We very much enjoy doing those and get to meet a lot of great people. Thanks again!
More great storytelling and another stellar production. I really enjoyed the aerial views of Dyersville. Your drone footage is buttery smooth. Can't wait untill the next installment. Thanks for your dedication to this project. I hope you go all the way to St.Paul Minnesota.
Thanks very much for the comment and the words of support and encouragement. Very glad that you enjoyed the drone shots. Had hoped to do a bit more there, but we typically can only carry so much camera equipment on the bicycles. Thank you again!
Hey there - thanks for using my, Alex & Kevin's music in your content :)
Hi Tim, thanks to you, Alex, and Kevin for some wonderful music! We are fortunate to have access to this music and try to use it in our videos to its best advantages. Thanks again!
The National Farm Toy Museum is also located in Dyersville. It hosts the National Farm toy show annually in November. A summer show is also held in june.
Thanks for providing this add'l information. Indeed, it is one of the bigger events in Dyersville every year. Isn't the caboose and train car along Beltline Road by 5th Avenue also associated with one of the local toy or model firms?
@@BeHistoric I'm not familiar with that story. It's something for me to check out.
Thanks.
OUTSTANDING yet again !!!!! anxiously awaiting the next installment.
Thanks very much for the comment and the support! We very much appreciate it! Glad that you enjoyed the video!
Another home run! Great job, learning a lot, even about my hometown this time!
Thanks again!
Thanks for watching and for the kind words! Very much appreciate the support!
Good job again! I noticed the bridge abutments near Kidder may have been wide enough for two tracks but maybe that never happened. Unfortunately, there is no mention of the Kidder depot on the Railroad Station Historical Society website and Google Earth street views are few and far between in that area, so that mystery remains. Not much to follow on the Iowa Northern but may have seen some bridge pilings by the North Fork Maquoketa River from Google Earth and a diagonal patch of land entering New Vienna-lots of farmland. A "new" Iowa Northern Railway was formed in modern times in Manly IA.
Yes, you are exactly right! There was room for two tracks. Maps at different times indicate that the siding moved from time to time, one time being to the west of the road and another time showing the siding to be east of the road. It's possible that the siding extended to the east when the bridge was originally built - and that the last replacement of the bridge (1920s or 1930s), the siding was either moved to the west or removed. Thanks for the excellent observation and the comment!
Since I worked in Dubuque and Oelwein I did drive out to Dyersville to look around when the railroad was still in service.
Thanks for the comment! Did anything strike you as noteworthy during your visits?
@@BeHistoric It was 50 years ago. It was just a worn out property.
Loved it. Can't wait for more
Thanks for the comment and the support! We appreciate it!
I enjoyed watching this video on the Chicago Great Western depots in Kidder, Iowa, Farley, Iowa and Dyersville, Iowa! The facts that you presented on the three depots and some of the structures at these locations agreed with the information on the three depots in the book Chicago Great Western: Depots Along the Corn Belt by Joseph Piersen and Jerry Huddleston. However, there was one error regarding the railroad that parallels the former Chicago Great Western right of way that you mentioned several times in your narration. You said that the Chicago Central & Pacific Railroad currently paralleled the Chicago Great Western Railroad. You also mentioned that the tracks formerly belonged to the Illinois Central Railroad. The tracks in question were owned by the Illinois Central Railroad when the Chicago Great Western Railroad was in existence. In 1985 the tracks were owned by the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad which was created on 10 August 1972 when the Illinois Central Railroad merged with the Gulf, Mobile & Ohio Railroad. The Chicago Central & Pacific Railroad came into existence on 24 December 1985 when the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad spun off its Iowa Division to Jack Haley who was the President and CEO of the Chicago Central & Pacific Railroad. The Chicago Central & Pacific Railroad operated these tracks until 1996 when the Ilinois Central Gulf repurchased the tracks from the Chicago Central & Pacific. On 29 February 1988 Illinois Cental Gulf, which had recently been spun off by IC Industries (which changed its name to Whitman Corporation after spinning off the railroad), changed its name to Illinois Central Railroad. On 11 February 1998 Canadian National Railway purchases the Illinois Central Railroad through its wholly owned subsidiary Grand Truck Corporation. Integration of operations began on 1 July 1999. Since 1 July 1999, the Canadian National Railway has operated over these tracks. (Posted 22 January 2024 at 0036 CST.)
Thanks for watching our video and for the very thoughtful and informative comment! Regarding the current railroad operator of the former IC line, our source is the "Iowa Railroads" map of 2021 prepared by the Iowa Dept of Transportation. This map indicates that the road is owned by Canadian National but is operated by the Chicago, Central, and Pacific Railroad, which is what we stated. If that has been changed or updated since 2021, then we stand corrected. But this source should be highly reliable on this point. Regarding the identity of the Illinois Central, you are very much correct that that line went through a variety of changes over time - but since we weren't doing a history of the Illinois Central (perhaps another time), we opted not to go down that rabbit-hole, as otherwise the video would have been extraordinarily long. The local histories and local newspapers typically referred to this line as the Illinois Central, which is what we too decided to use. However, the information that you provided regarding this topic is most interesting and very useful for future reference. And so thank you for sharing it! Thank you again for the interesting comment and for the continued support of our channel. It is very much appreciated!
@@BeHistoric I did some further research on the Iowa Department of Transportation Railroad Freight Map. An Iowa Department of Transportation Railroad Freight Map dated 2022 at iowadot.gov/iowarail/railroads/maps/Rail_ServiceMap.pdf indicates that CN (Canadian National) owns the tracks in question. In parentheses the letters CC appear. I presume that the CC in parentheses indicates the previous owner of the trackage. If you look north on the map, you see that the next railroad line in that direction indicates that CP (Canadiana Pacific) owns that trackage. In parentheses you will see DME. DME is the reporting mark for the Dakota Minnesota & Eastern Railroad which formerly owned the tracks. These tracks originally were owned by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad (Milwaukee Road). I did notice that the UP (Union Pacific) mainline between Clinton, Iowa and Council Bluffs, Iowa does not show CNW (Chicago & North Western) as the previous owner of that line.
Bypassing large towns on a westward trek is not unheard-of.
The old ERIE RR from Buffalo to Chicago did the same thing.
The largest town that the ERIE passed through was Youngstown. Bypassing Cleveland, Toledo, Ft. Wayne.
ERIE was noted for it's extra wide right of way. Like the CGW, the ERIE main is almost totally ripped up.
Yes, agreed. That seemed to be the norm for the Chicago Great Western, focusing primarily on the terminal cities, and perhaps a few other large markets - but for the most part creating new RR towns all along the path between. Thanks again for the comments and for watching!
2nd round watching - Jamesmeier road was an underpass .. its why would do that wiggle for the road
Yes, you are absolutely right. We should have mentioned that in the video. Good point! Thanks for the comment!
It's fascinating how simultaneously the population of 1890 was a fifth its size of today and how at the same time there were numerous industries and even entire towns that are nothing but recreational space in the present
Thanks for watching and the thoughtful comment! Yes, it is fascinating to see how towns and urban centers change over time. Here we are doing industrial archeology for industrial uses that only vanished within the past fifty years. Going back further, waterways were once spinning water-wheels for various grain and sawmills. Now it's all vanished. Thanks again for the comment!
Cnw kept the oelwein to dubuque section of the line a little while longer then from dubuque to Chicago going west past oelwein quite a few sections from oelwein to Omaha are left yet
Thanks for sharing this information! That's interesting that there is a bit more left heading southwest out of Oelwein. Thanks too for watching and commenting!
There is not much traffic on the Canadian National today. If it's not saved as a Amtrak route it too will be gone. It has major cities on it of Iowa
Thanks for commenting! It would indeed be interesting to see whether Amtrak picks up a few of these routes. It would be a shame if another line is lost.
@@BeHistoric Depends on November if anti rail republican's get in. Or not. Look up Governor Walker of Wisconsin. His platform was killing improvement in train services in Wisconsin. He had Koch Brothers money behind him.
Video should be labeled as Former station sites as no disused stations are shown.
Thanks for watching the video and for commenting. We use the term "station", referring to the place, which includes the depot and railyard. Most of the depots have been removed or destroyed. However, the place, the site of the former station, remains in some fashion. Our goal is to highlight and describe these staton sites, which are no longer used as railroad stations.
I wonder who was the dimwit that thought removing the mile posts was a great idea! He has to be one of the guys in Ames at the Iowa DOT. CGW had wonderful mile posts.
Thanks for watching and commenting! Some may have been in a bad state of repair, and some may have been whisked away as souvenirs. We saw quite a few mileposts along the route from Dubuque to Dyersville, although we only were able to capture a few in our video. But there are more there than we had shown.