Part 03 - Tareekh-e-Islami Hind | The Conquest of Sindh | Mohammed bin Qasim | Raja Dahir | Hajjaj

Author : Nayaz Fatehpuri
The Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent mainly took place from the 13th to 17th centuries, though earlier Muslim conquests include the invasions into what is now modern-day Pakistan and the Umayyad campaigns in India, during the time of the Rajput Kingdoms in the 8th century.
Mahmud of Ghazni, who was the first ruler to hold the title Sultan and preserved an ideological link to the suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliphate, invaded vast parts of Punjab and Gujarat, starting from the Indus River, during the 11th century.
After the capture of Lahore and the end of the Ghaznavids, the Ghurid Empire ruled by Muhammad of Ghor and Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad laid the foundation of Muslim rule in India. In 1206, Bakhtiyar Khalji led the Muslim conquest of Bengal, marking the easternmost expansion of Islam at the time. The Ghurid Empire soon evolved into the Delhi Sultanate ruled by Qutb al-Din Aibak, the founder of the Mamluk dynasty. With the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, Islam was spread across most parts of the Indian subcontinent.
In the 14th century, the Khalji dynasty, under Alauddin Khalji, temporarily extended Muslim rule southwards to Gujarat, Rajasthan and the Deccan, while the Tughlaq dynasty temporarily expanded its territorial reach till Tamil Nadu. The break up of the Delhi Sultanate resulted in several Muslim sultanates and dynasties to emerge across the Indian subcontinent, such as the Gujarat Sultanate, Malwa Sultanate, Khandesh Sultanate, Bahmani Sultanate, the Madurai Sultanate and the wealthy and powerful Bengal Sultanate, a major trading nation in the world. Some of these were however followed by Hindu re-conquests and resistance from the native powers and states such as the Kamma Nayakas, Vijayanagaras, Gajapatis, Cheros and Rajput states.
The Sur Empire ruled by Sher Shah Suri conquered large territories in the northern parts of India. Prior to the full rise of the Mughal Empire founded by Babur, one of the three gunpowder empires, which included a majority of the ruling elites of South Asia. Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include a large portion of the subcontinent, but the zenith was reached at the end of the 17th century when the reign under emperor Aurangzeb witnessed the full establishment of Islamic Sharia through the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri.
The Mughals suffered a major decline in the early 18th century, mostly after their defeat in the Mughal-Maratha Wars. The attack of Jat ruler Suraj Mal on Agra and the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah's invasion were unexpected attacks, which demonstrated the weakness of the Mughal Empire. This provided opportunities for the powerful Mysore Kingdom, Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad, Maratha Empire, Sikh Empire, Nizams of Hyderabad to exercise control over large regions of the Indian subcontinent. The Maratha Empire was the dominant force of the subcontinent after the Mughals.
After the Battle of Plassey, Battle of Buxar, and the long Anglo-Mysore Wars, the British East India Company seized control of much of the Indian subcontinent. By the end of the 18th century, European powers continued to exert a large amount of political influence over the Indian subcontinent, and by the end of the 19th century, most of the Indian subcontinent came under European colonial domination, most notably the British Raj.
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