Popped Secret: The Mysterious Origin of Corn - HHMI BioInteractive Video
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 1 ต.ค. 2024
- Where did corn come from? Genetic and archeological data point to what may seem like an unlikely ancestor. Discover the secret of corn in this HHMI BioInteractive educational video.
Popped Secret: The Mysterious Origin of Corn tells the story of the genetic changes involved in the transformation of a wild grass called teosinte into corn. Evidence from genetics supports archeological findings pinpointing corn’s origins to a very particular time and place in Mexico. Use this video to see how a small number of genetic changes can have a dramatic effect on an organism.
For classroom activities and resources supporting this video, or to download a copy, go to www.biointeract...
It's truly a-maize-ing
Corny pun.
😅😅😅
Dam i get it 5 years later
good Cob(Job) on the pun!
Corn originated in one region 9,000 years ago. Stop telling nonsense about the fact that ancient people had the time and desire to make popcorn and engage in selection. Among the peoples of Mexico, corn is called the "Gift of the Gods", because it was given to us by the creators of our civilization.
Boi that's Jesus teaching us about corn
Jesus didn't look like that.
That's Santa!
Jesus wasn't while he was brown or black but definitely not while.
Bio Jesus
Gods son is black, a white man can't survive in the motherland where the sun will kill him
One more gift from Mexico to the world!!! 🌽 some day will be with us in others worlds.
It's right up there with Carlos Santana!
Corn is the worst thing we have ever made it destroys our gut
@@freedeeztallbikes82 LOL, you have no idea what you’re saying. It changed the world forever. And developed many civilizations, it feeds most animals we consume.
@@pablovi77 En Perú 🇵🇪💯 maize consume ,
Chicha morada ;
Nuestros antepasados los Indios lo consumían .
In PERÚ 🇵🇪 se prepara la chicha de jora 🍻 .
En PIURA -SULLANA la preparación es muy buena , también el CLARITO🥂
Saludos cordiales a Uds , desde PERÚ 🇵🇪🌎
Me gusto el vídeo.
@@freedeeztallbikes82 Only from corn syrup because soda companies n shit are too cheap to use sugar. And it is one of the three most important seeds of the word for many reasons that I'm sure you're too ignorant to read.
You left out a big part of the story: selecting naturally mutated plants, and artificial selection.
yea, its not like they had microscopes or any other tools needed for artificial selection
@@theconsciousmovement9669 you do not need any special tools for artificial selection: just means to carry pollen for human-run cross pollination and the common sense to select only the best types.
@@brandonsingh1721 so.. what did they cross it with since Maize did not exist? (and they supposedly were grinding on stones)
@@CacaoJunajpu has anyone answered yet ,cos that was my ? and ive watched it over to make sure io didnt miss it.where did the corn come from to cross .i get natural selection etc but in science it must be repeatable.
@@claudegrayson7039 I really dont know if it´s still relevant but they crossed it with other plant of the same species. Like breeding two dogs together to get a property you´d like to have. Changes in genes usually happen randomly - that´s why it´s not guaranteed to be repeatable in a lab. You could potentially cross individuals for hundreds of generations and not get a single mutation or a mutation in a part of the gene that doesn´t actually do anything.
So basically back in the day those ancient people just kept planting the seeds of the best plants of teosinte until they randomly got a mutation which just happened to be the branching gene etc.
Mexico's gift to the world 🇲🇽
Man you ain't kidding I was just in Michoacana Mexico near Uruapan and there's miles an miles of avocados there but no it's corn
@Esco G NO, Chocolate
Mexico gave the world corn, turkey meat, cocoa (chocolate) vanilla, avocados, tomatoes, pumpkins, tequila, tobacco, chia, papaya, amaranth, hot peppers and beans
@@martincito1662 when?
@Esco G ALSO
Before the arrival of white land stealers in the U.S., native people had grown and developed over 8000 varieties of corn, all with a important place in the culture. Now, over 90% of the corn produced in america is one single corn variety, Yellow Dent Number 2.
Mexico gave the world corn, turkey meat, cocoa (chocolate) vanilla, avocados, tomatoes, pumpkins, tequila, tobacco, chia, papaya, amaranth, hot peppers and beans
No tarda en venir algún peruano a decir que esos productos son de peru.
@@jasonrazojazo
😂
We mexican farmers can often see combinations of gens occuring naturaly, similar to the ones shown for teozintle and corn mixing of the video. In my childhood I thought they were sick corn, but they look so similar to the ones of this video that now I think it was just natural mixing of gens.
Gonzalo Viramontes de niño yo jugaba con los teocintles que salían en el jardín. Parecían dientes.
@Astute Cingulus 50 years from now America will be brown again
@Astute Cingulus I seen a person get deported on a Friday back on a Sunday at work on time on a Monday
@@vatolocosforever803😂
I love it when people tell me not to eat "GMO" corn which I always replied that all corn has been GMO modified because corn doesn't exist naturally in the wild. All corn was cross bred from grasses in order to create corn so if anyone is scared of GMO corn, they shouldn't eat corn at all.
as in the corn that's resistant to round up. that had round up inside of it that we eventually eat that's the GMO people are talking about not just that the actual plant is different
Native peoples
"mexicanos, la raza del maiz"
9',000 years ago they also has popcorn but without butter and netflix.
lol
They had human sacrifices, even better than Netflix.
I don't know about butter, since there were no cows in the age of the Aztecs in Mexico. But they probably did enjoy their popcorn while they were viewing the movement of the stars and the universe....But....without a remote control.
Anglo Germany also practiced human sacrifices but they used gas chambers and trains to kill millions of innocent men, woman and children.
Is called maíz 🌽 cabrones
87 Peruvian down voted since they claim they created and domesticated Maize first.
They say they created everything, pizza, avocados, tomatoes, chocolate vanilla, tequila, hot dogs. Xolos, hamburgers, peanuts. etc. Now they say tomatoes are from peru, when we all know they are from Mexico. Tomatillo and tomatoes is as teosinte to corn.
@@jasonrazojazo Tell them the Mayans were the first civilization (Along with Hindus} in the world not just the Americas to create the number 0 and had a more advanced and practical math system centuries before Europe did and they will stay quiet and log off youtube.
@@josemezatorrez
😂
@@josemezatorrez
Now they are saying The Mayas and The Aztecs originated in Peru (not joking). 🤷🏻♀️
Wonderful comprehensive explanation! I have never seen it presented so well! I have been a breeder of Native corns and see a lot of teosinte traits in it; they are undesirable. QUESTION: I read that several archeological samples of corn were tested and they all had a small amount of genes from Tripsacum. You did not mention your opinion on the possibility of some crossing way back.
Glad it was helpful!
@@biointeractive Please make more. ❤️
Viva Mexico ❤ y el Zea mayz ❤.
Some peruvians dislike this...☹
Now they say tequila, vanilla, avocado, tomatoes, beans, mariachi, Xolos, etc are from Peru. They really like all the products from Mexico and they are on a quest to making them theirs. lol.
@@donguadalucio1405
We a quest that will not flourish…🤷🏻♀️
@@donguadalucio1405 they even called a town "acapulco" and copy out "magical tows" topograghy jajaja..
Some people in Mexico still consume and cook with Teocintle the way they did thousands of years ago. The recipes are pretty much alike corn. You can make tortillas, bread, atole, tamales etc with Teocintle.
Amaizing!
You stole my idea, how could you :,(
This documentary is fabulous. I would like to tell this story in Italian on my channel. Can I use some of the footage in my video? (with all the credits of course)
Please contact biointeractive@hhmi.org for licensing information. Thanks!
No, You can't!!!!
Excellent documentary!
But perhaps you should explain how they actually went about to transform teosinte into corn.
They weren't genealogists and didn't have fully equipped laboratories in order to achieve this. What is the natural process employed in order to produce these changes?
Selective seed saving. Just like gardeners still do today.
@@deecarlock5781 I'm no expert, but I'd imagine it could be that they were just like "hey these ones for some reason are a lot more like what we want to grow (easier, fuller, larger, whatever), let's plant these seeds." And then over a long enough period of time it just sort of happens. It's important for people to know that it's not exactly a linear process and it's VERY long.
Teotihuacan Aliens eat popcorn! 👽🍿
Someone drop the answers to the worksheet in here
This is one of the best videos to watch from 2:00am-4:00am on a whim
All this hype about one gene making all the difference, when we know more than well that one gene is ALWAYS enough to make a huge difference. Why not addressing the elephant in the room instead, and ask how did our ancestors around 9K years ago made what's basically a gmo? Furthermore, the archeological record shows that the same thing happened at the same time in the old continent with their "equivalent" plant, and in South America with potatoes. You can read it in Nature by the way, for all those that are already thinking to class me into the conspiratorial class, where they at least address the problem instead of completely ignoring it. What is it that you fear so much? Is the simple nature of the unanswerable question, also known as mystery? Or the implications that answer could have?
Maze is Grass... Ive seen many species of grass that look just like corn, any gardener or horse will tell you that
LionsTooth You speak horse?
Horses speak english, but the only word they know is nay.
not exactly
This is the best documentary I've seen so far!
and these maize creators are killed for gold and land
This is educational and stupid at the same time
stupid?
@@kugelgnuwe all know one gene can make enormous differences, the hype is unnecessary, but mostly it leaves out the most important question, how did maize came to be? If you mate with a gorilla you dont make human/gorilla hybrids, and this is the same sutuation. Furthermore, an article on Science around 20 years ago pointed out how the same thing happened in the middle east with their equivalent corn type plant, and in south America with potatoes at the same time, around 9K years ago, and all 3 events were fundamental for the growth of humanity from small isolated groups to small societies and so on.
Corn came from the "Aztec Gods" who flew down from outer space on UFO's with instructions on how to build the pyramids while they watched Netflix and chilled, with popcorn of course!
While watching this I got goosebumps. I simply love science. :)
I love all the mexican pride here......... but news flash.
Mexico did not exist 9K years ago. Mexico was established in 1821.
Mexicans did not create corn. It just originated on the land that is now called Mexico.
Actually it didn’t originate in Mexico like people thought. Corn is Turkish Wheat and was brought to what is now Mexico. This video was based on research here in the US and not done anywhere else to say where the plant actually came from.
@@tonyaparham6215 hahaha
New news flash from 10k years ago. México has existed since the beginning and ancients are the same ancestors that “were given teosinte and the blueprint to genetically modify into maize.” Original name Ma=Mother=Maxico=Motherland=
México (Spanish phonetic). We are the original descendants from Ma. 1826 is when México got independence from Spain. 🤷🏻♀️
@@tonyaparham6215
Not!! It was given to our ancestors since 30k years ago. It is not wheat. 🤷🏻♀️
But the main question is. How do the ancient ppl know what / how to breed corn from tayocintay.
They bred teocinte, then selected plants with random mutations that had traits they wanted, then bred those together, repeat repeat repeat, you have corn.
Teosinte was edible on its own -- popped or milled with stones, or popped and then milled. So they were growing that and some mutations showed up and people figured out artificial fertilization (one of those ideas that only needs one person to discovered human pollenation and then everyone starts trying it). Corn is wind pollinated -- so doing hand pollination and then protecting the corn from further pollination (pulling silks, bagging developing corn) would insure your corn was the cross you wanted. (Farmers and gardeners are advised to plant different strains of corn separated by some distance).
It happened the same with tomatillo and tomatoes. Tomatillo is the father of tomatoes. Tomatillo is to tomatoes as teosinte is to maiz.
who is the mother?
No es cierto, son especies distintas.
Interesting! Native Americans were eating wild popcorn 9,000 years ago!
The Indigenous People of Mexico pronounce Maize with two syllables , May-Ezz.
it´s "ma-yezz"
The average marijuana grower knows more than the people in the comments, go figure.
I once saw on internet burned (charcoaled) teosinte found in a cave in Guatemala. Not the normal teosinte with one row of seeds, but teosinte with 2 rows of seeds! The first step to the multiple rowed mais. Off topic; I grew teosinte for some years in my garden in the Netherlands, seeds obtained from Mexico.
This people are lying,
Here you have people that created corn
More then 2000 years a go, but they claim this people were living in caves and used a little stone to process corn
Come on stop lying. This people that created corn were so advanced scientist now still pulling hairs out, trying to figure out how it was done
So they gave credit to people that came up with an idea of how they think corn was created, what a joke. I like to give credit to the real creators of the almighty CORN, I don't know of any other ethnicity that contributed to the planet in this scale, I now like to say thanks to the people you now know as MEXICANS thank you!! for the CORN!
that's funny, the world was getting on just fine without corn till the americas were discovered...but cool story bro.
bvbxiong nobody said that corn saved the world but it is the most productive grain crop in the world(surpassing rice and wheat). And corn did save the lives of the first European immigrants to the continent and maize did allow for the population growth and to civilize all the Tribes (maya, aztec, cherokke, inca) of the continent.
paul bika vido search real maize from actual central and South American industries (agricultural farmers) the corn that man his holding is made with chemicals lol.. real maize is beautiful and when you eat it is pure nostalgia
paul bika vido - NOT Mexicans, they were NATIVES and they are still NATIVES now.
They never referred to themselves as Natives.
Corn started as hard kernels and were genetically modified to become corn. Where did they get the other species aside from tiocentè? If you already had corn you would not need to cross breed two species to make corn
Am I the only one here because of college?
Very interesting video.
Well, well, if the corn comes from teosinty. Your recent experiment show that combining corn with teosinty similar results are obtained. Now let's go back to 10000 years ago. What was mixed with teosinty to obtain the corn we know today?
Uh, did you watch the movie? Strains of teosinte with desirable traits were bred together over time to gradually obtain the corn we know today.
Given that maize has a very hard pericarp; only the toughest mills can grind raw maize; it is a classification of mills "maisfähig", "maize capable"; and that the indigenous Americans use nixtamalization to soften it up to get it ground; and even then it's still hard to mill; to grind it really fine you need a stone mill, not a handgrinder, and you need to add water while milling,
it is odd to think that the most important step in breeding maize out of its wild ancestor was to remove a hard fruitcase, obviously a fruitcase that's even harder than modern day unpopped popcorn.
not ONE mention of why so much corn is in poo. #Science
Here cuz professor said she might ask stuff from this video in the exam.
Verizon sucks
I like his hair
Umm Mexicans and Central South Amerindians still use Rock bowls and grinders
perhaps confine yourself to genetics instead of linguistics ("correcting" everybody in US, telling them to call the thing "maize" instead of corn. PC has no limits, does it? btw/ do you and the family buy "popped maize" at the movies? have "maize on the cob" when doing a cook out? Should the song go "Maizie as Kansas in August"? funny that not s single one of those scientists you speak with, call this anything but "corn.". you are the only one with the "maize" issue
❄️
great lil film! My question is...Miaze did not exist yet..... so errr WHAT did they cross it with? (9000 years ago living in caves as hunter/gatherers with stone tools! )
They just selected for the traits they wanted.
@@biointeractive Thanks for your reply! It does not sound very plausible though.
not for nothing we mexicans were call "hijos del maiz" amazing studies.
Galileo Rubio palabra! saludos, Chichimecātl aqui
So true 😁😁😁
This was bogus
Everybody knows maiz came from 👽.
Very nicely presented👍🏽🌽 so that anyone (from science or non-science background ) can understand ! Thank you😊 What will happen to the maze thousands of years down the line will be so interesting to know😋
How do u go about starting to breed corn from tayocintay. It seems it was the only seed around. What did they cross it with n how.?
I'm feelin corny after this video ;)
The farmer's market at the beginning appears to be Madison, Wisconsin's. I haven't been in years, but I think I'd recognize it anywhere.
biology fellas
Creationist : Why do teosinte still exist if corn came from maize
Fascinating . When my husband and I went around South America we experienced a variety of corn in Peru that had kernels the size of our fingernails. The corn cob was huge! We were given about 11/2 -2 inches of the corn which probably was the equivalent of one of our standard north American corn. It was absolutely delicious!
Es el maíz gigante del valle del Urubamba en el Cuzco.
we have that here in mexico too, we called "maiz pozolero" and many others
Only reason why I ask is because it seems corn has incorporated itself into our cereal.. how the hell did corn get involved in cereals? I'm coming from ceral commercials from the 50s.
Ok, I saw what you may experiment by combining those two plants... that magic gene... but how teosinte trasformed into corn? Corn never existed to scamble the genes or something... and how ancient people altered the genes? :)
+Viorel Ianasi There is natural variation in the teosinte population from which the ancient peoples could have selectively bred teosinte so that the next generation looked slightly different from its wild ancestor. Continue selecting and breeding for the traits you want and after time you get a plant that looks totally different from its ancestor. This is the way all domestication happened and is happening. It's just artificial selection.
+mtuholski Thanks! :)
Ha ha ha ha ha!
Firstly when I learned that corn is called maïs I thought that it was awkward, but seemingly maïs exists also in English!
Corn refers to grain, except in US. Maiz refers to corn, except in US.
I get that teosinte is an ancestor of corn and it was popped but somewhere along the way there had to be been a strange looking teosinte plant that was replanted and used to cross pollinate. There was only one plant in the beginning. How could another version of teosinte have evolved so it could be cross pollinated over and over until it was modern day corn?
you correctly said that scientists did not find traces of intermediate types of corn. It's all pseudoscience. Corn was given to us by the creators of our civilization.
This is good work, but it failed to answer how our ancestors over 9,000 years ago were able to genetically engineer modern maize. Even now we can’t take the balsas teosinte and recreate the genetic evolution to modern maize. Perhaps I’m just ignorant, but is it not possible to do that, if it in fact from this acestor plant these gene changes took place to create modern maize? If so, how did our ancestors go about by gene editing? It couldn’t just simply be by cross breeding f2 generation after f2 generation, they wouldn’t have known otherwise to do it; And, it’s something that would have taken too much time- if naturally- to otherwise have the vision to know where these cross breedings were leading to. It’s just inconsistent. Hard for me to imagine people on earth more than 9,000 years ago just magically and even accidentally at that managed to hybridize teosinte to create modern maize.
The same way our ancestors over 9,000 years ago were able to "engineer" dog breeds: by selecting for desired traits.
@@biointeractive that actually does not answer the question at all. You can simply say that we do not know how. The aztecs claimed that the Gods provided maize, which can either mean the mutations happened naturally or some other civilisation(regarded as Gods) figured out how to sustainbly feed a growing population. Its also plausible they had some highly intelligent members of society who were able to observe and innovate, similar to how the aztecs also observed and developed floating gardens among many other innovations of their time. With religous and political control in play later on, its understandable why these humans were likely not highlighted and attributions given to Gods versus man.
Is this Madison WI?
I still don’t get it
Basically corn known as "teosinte" around 9000 years ago had a random mutation that made it have beneficial characteristics like larger and fruity corn. So they selectively bred that type of corn over and over for hundreds of years until we got the maize we have today. This is very short and doesn't cover everything btw.
I just realized ,im eating popcorn while watching this😂😂🌽🌽🌽🍿🍿
Great documentary! Thank you
Pre ap bio ? Anyone?
Great Video!!!
Interesting video about maize and its ancestor, genetics, and archeology. I would like to know how did Teocinte turned into maize? How did genes change? Accidently or how did it happened 9 thousand years back.
Artificial selection: farmers bred strains of teosinte for favorable traits and turned it into maize. See also: dog breeds.
The old 'similarity proves relatedness' fallacy. It doesn't. It may the case that maise and teosinte were separately created and they are genetically similar enough that they are capable of breeding and producing offspring.
My ancestors who lived in the middle of 5 lakes in a city like no other in the world name The Great Tenochtitlán and they already had corn, tomatoes, chocolate, vanilla, chile peppers, but …. Oh wait the pale people come over and destroy everything.
Mah-Eeess. Not "Mayz"
I'm just waiting for him to scream... We all just want to be big rockstars lol
LA capilla de Rosslyn en Francia es anterior al descubrimiento de America y hay talladas varias mazorcas de maiz....la historia es mentira
The creator made corn all lies
For the gene swap experiment, did both of the teosinte and maize genes get swapped, so that both copies of the genes were the same? If not, what would happen if they only swapped 1 of the genes, so that the maize and teosinte have 1 copy of their original gene and 1 copy of the other plant's gene?
I have a theory about corn. I think corn was never supposed to be made for human consumption. I think it was meant to feed livestock and used as a energy source. Think about it?
"supposed", "meant"? who gave corn its original purpose?
livestock¿¿ ancient mexicans had no horses, no cows, no donkeys, not even goats, no chicken
To think this is the only good video on teosinte
Zapotecs creators of corn!!!!
Trust me it’s in the books.
12:29 Americans, "This corn is really hard to eat".
Mexicans, "Why are you eating the corn? You process it ms turn it into food"... Tortillas, tamales, atole, bread, pozole, etc...
Then, again... Americans only eat diabetes-sugary-sweet corn... Fresh, and boiled and brushed with butter.
Valid point, but I’ve explained Americans to a friend from Mexico in this way. The life we know here is all we’ve ever known. It’s probably easy to judge harshly from the outside looking in, but it’s all we’ve ever known.
The link for the support resources is not active/working.
Thanks for letting us know--fixed!
so nice to learn corn genetics as simple as
Humans are geniuses. That they would take grass seed and painstakingly turn it into corn/maize is genius.
You give them too much credit...! These were "primitive" people...; they weren't genealogists.
It is really "Mother Nature" who did most of the work. For the most part, it was a natural process with natural progression. All they did was to sow the seeds in great quantities and optimizing the growing conditions for the plants in order to maximize their crop.
One plant in 5'000 perhaps producing a genetic variant. And they saved the seeds of this one plant because it produced more kernels, or bigger kernels or kernels with softer outer casings or ones that were partially exposed and easier to consume.
Come to think of it, it was really the Creator God who designed and control the DNA and the various genes and functions who deserve all the credit...! (and the God who gave man the understanding to take advantage of it). Thus, the real "genius" is God the Creator for "intelligent design"!
Perhaps e will award Him a "Nobel Prize" one day (or simply thank and acknowledge Him for His provision).
@@danielcoetzee5793
Our God did give us maize and the wisdom to genetically modify a “grass,” into Maize, but our God not whom your God is. Yes credit to whom credit deserves…Our Gods, Our Land, Our Mother Earth and Our People. 🤷🏻♀️
@@dominiquelasalle9860 Pardon me for "raining on your parade" and for taking away your sunshine and for casting a shadow on your hallowed ground...!: or rather don't pardon me because it is not yours to begin with !
I know you'd like to take credit for being "God's gift to mankind" and for giving mankind the gift of maize through your "wisdom", but you'll be foolish to do so!
For my God IS is your God....! He is the One God to whom all "gods" bow down. You may not acknowledge this now, but one day every knee shall bow and every tongue confess (including yours) that He alone is God over all...!
Peace to you !
@@danielcoetzee5793Navajo prayer is spreading corn pollen. Navajo ritual is spreading pollen on mountain.
thanks for this!!
Yo shoutout to whoever is in my same Food and Culture course whatsupp
This documentary makes assumptions it doesn't attempt to prove.
Still doesn't explain how they bred the crop into what it is today or how they knew.
You just keep picking variants that you like (bigger cobs, softer kernels, etc.) and bob's your uncle.
$3 for 6 great price! Looks at upload date.
Like... I wasn't even aware people DIDN'T knew that... I thought everybody knew it, for me it was obvious even as a child, maybe because I'm autistic ^^'
So I assume other people thought the same, but didn't figured out it was an interesting fact at all
Now I know who invented the movies and popcorn
Hi students taking this online class!
This video is very interesting and informative. While George Beardly simple discovered a process that the Americas found and practice thousands of years ago. The real story that begs to be told is: who and how this world wide important crop, maize, was discovered and bred, so that we can pay tribute to the true heroes In the Americas.
Did you watched the video?
Music too loud! Can hardly hear the narration.
I could be wrong but I think from the corn plants perspective they figured out how to get humans 2 better partner with their distribution. From the humans perspective, humans are amazed at what they did all by themselves with no significant outside help a la Trump. The only thing that's intelligent is me, mankind. Everything exists just to serve me . Plants, even ecosystems and more have a type of intelligence the ability to respond to climatic and planetary changes. It's different than ours. We don't have to go to other galaxies to find alien intelligence. The danger is when we humanize it, overlook it or fail to respect it. Self-serving enslavement of others rather than partnership comes at a cost whether it be a spouse, a race, an ecosystem or a planet. Being in a responsive relationship requires respect.
what a nice video
Teocintle is comsumbed today. It is much more labor intensive than modern maiz and the nixtamalization proccess is quite different. The Teocintle grains must be boiled in water with a mixture of lye and wood ashes for an extended period of time until the fruit case softens enough to grind and consume. In fact, even modern maiz is almost impossible to digest and is low in nutrients without nixtamalization. Many Europeans suffered from pellagra due to ignorting the nixtamalization proccess.